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Developing the Butter Value Chain In Ethiopia 
Berhanu Gebremedhin, Azage Tegegne, Dirk Hoekstra, Samson Jemaneh, 
Kaleb Shiferaw and Aklilu Bogale 
22 Annual Conference of the Ethiopian Society of Animal Production (ESAP), 
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 28-30 August 2014
Presentation Outline 
• Background 
• Research method 
• Results of LIVES Community baseline survey 
• Results of the IPMS butter rapid market 
appraisal study 
• Conclusions and implications
Background 
• 54 million cattle, 25.5 million sheep, 24.06 million 
goats and 0.92 million camel are found in the rural 
sedentary areas of the country (CSA, 2012/2013). 
• About 12%, 2.8 % and 30% of the cattle, goat and 
camel population, respectively, are kept for milk 
production. (CSA, 2012/13) 
• In 2011, annual milk production is estimated at 
3.80 billion liters from cattle and 165.12 million 
liters from camels. (CSA, 2012/13) 
• The dairy sector constitutes about 13.7% of the 
agricultural GDP and 39.4% of livestock GDP in 
2011 (FAOSTAT, 2012/13)
Background (2) 
• In 2011, the value of total milk production 
was 1.099 billion US dollars compared with 
1.216 billion US dollars for Kenya which have 
total cattle herd of only 34% of that of 
Ethiopia (FAOSTAT, 2012/13). 
• The per capita milk consumption in 2009 was 
only about 16 kg/year, which was lower than 
African and the World per capita averages of 
27 kg/year and 100 kg/year, respectively 
(FASOSTAT, 2009).
Traditional versus modern butter making 
Fresh Milk 
Aging/ 
Fermentation 
Butter Milk 
Separation 
Sour Milk/ 
Yogurt/Ergo 
Churning 
Cream Skim Milk 
Whey 
Heating 
Churning 
Fresh/Sweet Cream 
Butter 
Lactic 
Butter 
Heating 
Local cheese/Ayib 
Butter Oil 
Ghee 
Spices
Research Method 
• Analysis of LIVES baseline survey data conducted in 
10 zones in the 4 major highland Regions of 
Ethiopia in 2013. Major objectives are: 
– to determine the importance of the butter system for 
dairy farmers, and 
– investigate if there is spatial dimension as to where butter 
production is more important. 
• Analysis of data from a rapid market appraisal study 
conducted by the IPMS project in its 10 Pilot 
Learning Woredas. Major objective is : 
– describe the butter production and marketing system
The LIVES project 
Zone Area (Percent) Human population 
(percent) 
Cattle (percent) Sheep (percent) Goats (percent) 
East Tigray 
10377.5 (0.92) 157836 (0.21) 732701 (1.37) 287625 (1.13) 993935 (4.40) 
Central Tigray 
6099.4 (0.54) 698278 (0.95) 405097 (0.76) 518835 (2.04) 240341 (1.06) 
North Gondar 
45934.1 (4.07) 911653 (1.24) 2446359 (4.59) 757210 (2.98) 1147203 (5.07) 
South Wello 
17059.6 (1.51) 320738 (0.43) 1673334 (3.14) 1944501 (7.64) 737587 (3.26) 
West Gojam 
13525.4 (1.20) 782904 (1.06) 2044085 (3.83) 836413 (3.29) 238528 (1.06) 
Jimma 
18126.1 (1.60) 348215 (0.47) 2317678 (4.35) 824485 (3.24) 310642 (1.37) 
West Shoa 
14788.8 (1.31) 398585 (0.54) 2101502 (3.94) 903165 (3.55) 314629 (1.39) 
East Shoa 
9988.7 (0.88) 507825 (0.69) 1031652 (1.93) 320326 (1.26) 475393 (2.10) 
Sidama 
6538.2 (0.58) 431183 (0.58) 2077636 (3.90) 377506 (1.48) 298866 (1.32) 
Gamo Gofa 
11285.0 (1.00) 527682 (0.72) 1438752 (2.70) 800704 (3.14) 336941(1.49) 
Total 153722.8 
(13.6) 
5084899 
(6.9) 
16268796 
(30.5) 
7570770 
(29.8) 
5094065 
(22.5)
Community baseline survey sample PAs 
Zones 
No of 
Districts 
No of PAs No of LIVES PAs* No of dairy PAs** 
No of dairy sample 
PAs*** 
Central Tigray 3 66 
61 
48 
11 
Eastern Tigray 4 84 
77 
53 
14 
North Gonder 3 128 
94 
54 
13 
South Wollo 3 106 
95 
51 
13 
West Gojam 3 120 
80 
39 
9 
West Shoa 3 108 
87 
36 
8 
East Shoa 3 99 
73 
60 
16 
Sidama 3 107 
38 
38 
9 
Total 
25 818 605 379 93
Results of the LIVES baseline 
survey
Proportion of improved dairy cows and lactating cows 
621775, 
94% 
37074, 
6% 
Local 
Improved 
Lactating cows Non-lactating cows 
28123 
37761 9, 43% 
0, 57%
Milk yield 
Breed Average yield /day (lt) Lactating days (no) 
local 1.75 190 
Local – national 1.32 180 
Improved 7 242
Butter production and sale 
• A total of 4,932.6 tons of butter was 
produced by all 379 LIVES project PAs in a 
year. 
– Assuming a conversion factor of 16 liters of milk per a 
kg of butter, butter production accounts for about 62% 
of the total milk production. 
– Most of this butter is produced and sold by females in 
male- and female-headed households. 
– An estimated 3,707.3 tons of butter (75.2% of the 
produce) was sold with a market value of 418 million 
Birr (about 22 million USD).
Proportion of dairy producing households 
who sell milk and butter 
Sell 
11% 
Milk 
Consume/ 
process 
89% 
Sell 
84% 
Butter 
Consume 
16%
Milk production by breed 
33% 
67% 
Improved Cows Local Cows
Relative price of butter vis-à-vis fluid milk 
• The prices of butter and milk across the PAs averaged 
around Birr 112.75/kg and Birr 6.91/liter, respectively. 
– This translates in to a price ratio of about 1:16.3, which is 
roughly the same as the conversion rate of 16 liters of 
milk into 1 kg of butter. 
– The price ratio based on the IPMS baseline data 
collected in 2005 was 1:9.4. 
• Therefore, the value of butter has appreciated by about 
73% indicating the increasing importance of butter relative 
to milk in the LIVES targeted areas.
Effect of distance on household decision to participate 
in fluid milk market versus butter market 
• Sample PAs were categorized into two with 
the help of GIS models: 
– PAs with 50% or more of their geographical area 
within a one-hour walking distance from 
population centers of more than 5,000 
inhabitants. 
– PAs with 50% or more of their geographic area 
beyond the one hour walking distance.
Classification of PAS by distance 
50% of the PA area fall within 
< = 1HR > 1HRS 
Number of domain PAs 
24 344 
Number of sampled PAs 
8 85 
Average number of households producing milk from local cows per PA 
343 451 
Average number of households producing milk from Improved cows per PA 
204 31 
Average number of households selling per 
PA 
Milk 56 46 
Butter 266 383
Revenue from sale of milk and butter per 
sample PA 
1.0 
0.2 
1.7 
1.1 
2.0 
1.5 
1.0 
0.5 
0.0 
<=1 >1 
In Million Birr 
Milk Revenue 
Butter Revenue
Extrapolated butter sales revenue 
41.3 
373.4 
400 
350 
300 
250 
200 
150 
100 
50 
0 
<=1 >1 
In million (Birr)
Revenue from sales of milk versus butter 
• As expected, sales revenues from milk/sample PA 
decline dramatically (by 80%) with increase in travel 
distance. 
• It is interesting to note that average sales revenue 
of butter/sample PA in nearby PAs is in fact higher 
than the sales revenue from butter in the more 
distant PAs. 
• However, if the results of the sample PAs for butter 
are extrapolated to the two dairy domain areas 
(more or less than 1 hour travel distance) total 
revenue from butter sales in areas more than one 
hour travel distance are 9 times more than in areas 
within a one hour travel distance
Key points 
• Crossbred cows of 6% of the total dairy cattle population, account for 
33% of the total milk production. 
• The proportion of lactating cows is only 43% of total dairy cattle 
population, which has significant implications for total household milk 
production and feed utilization. 
• Traditional (lactic) butter production and marketing is highly 
commercialized in that 84 % of the farm household who produce butter 
sell butter and 75 % of the butter produced is sold. 
• Unlike the sale of fluid milk, which mainly takes place in and near urban 
centers, butter is produced and sold in rural areas. 
• Butter churning takes place at household level mainly by females, both 
in male and female-headed households. 
• Relative price of butter versus fluid milk has increased.
Results of the butter rapid market 
appraisal
Demand - Supply 
• The demand for butter depends on various 
factors including season of the year, fasting, 
holidays, wedding season, and availability of 
cash crops. 
• Since demand and supply of butter increases 
or decreases depending on the months of the 
year, most price fluctuations are seasonal.
Butter sale 
• In almost all the PLWs (except Ada’a), butter is primarily 
produced for sale and women in the household are 
responsible for butter making and marketing. 
– They decide on the amount of butter to be sold and are responsible 
for managing the income. 
– Revenue from butter sales is used primarily for covering household 
expenses and some amount is channeled for saving or investment, 
fertilizer and purchase of inputs for livestock. 
• In some PLWs, traditional milk and butter saving groups play 
the role of enabling households pool their income from 
butter sales. 
– In Dale woreda, a traditional butter group known as shufo exists 
whereby a group of women come together and each member takes 
turn to receive butter produced by all other members.
Butter marketing and storage 
• In almost all PAs, butter producers use cups, jugs or other 
local containers to transport their product to the market on 
foot – 
– The use of improved and modern packages for traditional butter is 
not common in the visited woredas. 
• Different types of traditional and modern measuring 
(weighing or otherwise) equipment for marketing. 
– In Raya Alamata, different kinds local units such as kuchimo, cup or mug are used. A 
shape, locally known as “mulmul” is also used for measuring butter. 
– In Meiso, local units known as gnogno, militia and shrimiri are used 
• Butter producers indicated that as long as the butter 
handling process is done with proper sanitation and the 
containers are well fumigated, the butter could stay for 
about a month without losing its quality.
Butter quality 
• There are no formally established standards 
and grades for butter. 
– Both sellers and buyers often use traditional butter 
quality indicators such as origin, color, smell, consistency 
and degree of adulteration with foreign materials. 
– Yellow-red is preferable to white butter in most of the 
woredas. 
– Most buyers suspect that white butter is adulterated 
with foreign materials. 
• Origin of butter is also an important quality 
indicator in woredas where butter is mostly 
supplied from outside the woredas (eg. 
Ada’a, Alaba, Goma and Dale).
Butter Market channels 
Butter 
Producers 
Assembler/ 
Collector 
Butter 
Shops/ 
Retailers, 
Rural Consumers 
Urban Consumers 
Market Channel I 
Market Channel II 
Market Channel III) 
Minor market channels
Butter market Channels (2) 
• Producer – consumer market channel 
dominate butter sale for consumption in 
the woreda 
• Producer – trader channel dominate for 
sales outside the districts.
Extension Service 
• No extension service specifically targeting 
butter production and marketing was 
reported by farmers 
• Butter producers commented that extension 
staff have limited knowledge on butter 
production, and milk processing 
technologies.
Conclusions and implications –Fertility 
• To improve the production of fluid milk in 
rural areas, thus increasing the production of 
butter, fertility management need to be 
improved. 
• Genetic improvement, especially crosses of 
local breeds with high fat content breeds, 
should also be encouraged in rural areas. 
• Since AI is not usually available or as 
effective in rural areas, use can be made of 
mobile teams and hormone assisted oestrus 
synchronization and mass insemination.
Conclusion and implications-Fertility 
• The percentage lactating dairy cows/dairy cows is less than 
50%, which indicates that calving intervals are around 2 
years. 
– this in turn means that a cow performs at half its capacity 
(assuming one calf a year is the theoretical optimum). 
– a key factor known from published literature include fertility 
problems related to quantity and quality of feed which influence 
estrus cycling (long “anestrus” period ) as well as early embryonic 
mortality. 
– Another factor to consider is farmers’ knowledge/attitude to 
fertility management, including calving interval. 
– Extension message on fertility management combined with 
feeding/fodder development should be promoted to address this 
problem.
Conclusion and implications -Feed 
• Improving the availability and use of feed resources 
to improve milk yield and cow fertility especially 
during the dry season is critical. Various tested 
interventions may be used for this purpose, 
including: 
– cut and carry systems for grazing areas, 
– improved use of crop residues by chopping and straw 
treatment methods as well as silage and hay making. 
– Use can also be made of planted grasses and legumes on 
field bound 
– Promotion of feed supplements
Conclusions and implications: Processing 
&Marketing 
• To improve processing of butter, collective 
action to churn butter could result in 
reduced labor burden on women as well as 
reduced labor cost per unit of butter. 
• Introduction of improved, larger capacity, 
butter churns as well as group formation 
may be explored to encourage such 
development. 
• Marketing of butter may be improved 
through collective action.
Conclusions and implications -Targeting 
• Distance/travel time to fluid milk markets is a key 
consideration in targeting butter production: 
– “fresh” butter production can be targeted in or near consumption 
centers where fluid milk is sold and processed commercially. 
– Lactic butter production should be targeted in areas further away (in 
time and distance) from consumption centers. 
• Such geographical targeting should, however, be considered 
in a dynamic context in which distance/travel time can be 
changed. 
– First of all, travel time and (sometimes) distance can be influenced 
by road construction. 
– Secondly, travel time can be influenced by transport intervention, 
including means of transport and collective action for bulking milk 
along roads. 
– Thirdly, travel time can be influenced by availing milk cooling 
technologies.
Developing the butter value chain in Ethiopia

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Developing the butter value chain in Ethiopia

  • 1. Developing the Butter Value Chain In Ethiopia Berhanu Gebremedhin, Azage Tegegne, Dirk Hoekstra, Samson Jemaneh, Kaleb Shiferaw and Aklilu Bogale 22 Annual Conference of the Ethiopian Society of Animal Production (ESAP), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 28-30 August 2014
  • 2. Presentation Outline • Background • Research method • Results of LIVES Community baseline survey • Results of the IPMS butter rapid market appraisal study • Conclusions and implications
  • 3. Background • 54 million cattle, 25.5 million sheep, 24.06 million goats and 0.92 million camel are found in the rural sedentary areas of the country (CSA, 2012/2013). • About 12%, 2.8 % and 30% of the cattle, goat and camel population, respectively, are kept for milk production. (CSA, 2012/13) • In 2011, annual milk production is estimated at 3.80 billion liters from cattle and 165.12 million liters from camels. (CSA, 2012/13) • The dairy sector constitutes about 13.7% of the agricultural GDP and 39.4% of livestock GDP in 2011 (FAOSTAT, 2012/13)
  • 4. Background (2) • In 2011, the value of total milk production was 1.099 billion US dollars compared with 1.216 billion US dollars for Kenya which have total cattle herd of only 34% of that of Ethiopia (FAOSTAT, 2012/13). • The per capita milk consumption in 2009 was only about 16 kg/year, which was lower than African and the World per capita averages of 27 kg/year and 100 kg/year, respectively (FASOSTAT, 2009).
  • 5. Traditional versus modern butter making Fresh Milk Aging/ Fermentation Butter Milk Separation Sour Milk/ Yogurt/Ergo Churning Cream Skim Milk Whey Heating Churning Fresh/Sweet Cream Butter Lactic Butter Heating Local cheese/Ayib Butter Oil Ghee Spices
  • 6. Research Method • Analysis of LIVES baseline survey data conducted in 10 zones in the 4 major highland Regions of Ethiopia in 2013. Major objectives are: – to determine the importance of the butter system for dairy farmers, and – investigate if there is spatial dimension as to where butter production is more important. • Analysis of data from a rapid market appraisal study conducted by the IPMS project in its 10 Pilot Learning Woredas. Major objective is : – describe the butter production and marketing system
  • 7. The LIVES project Zone Area (Percent) Human population (percent) Cattle (percent) Sheep (percent) Goats (percent) East Tigray 10377.5 (0.92) 157836 (0.21) 732701 (1.37) 287625 (1.13) 993935 (4.40) Central Tigray 6099.4 (0.54) 698278 (0.95) 405097 (0.76) 518835 (2.04) 240341 (1.06) North Gondar 45934.1 (4.07) 911653 (1.24) 2446359 (4.59) 757210 (2.98) 1147203 (5.07) South Wello 17059.6 (1.51) 320738 (0.43) 1673334 (3.14) 1944501 (7.64) 737587 (3.26) West Gojam 13525.4 (1.20) 782904 (1.06) 2044085 (3.83) 836413 (3.29) 238528 (1.06) Jimma 18126.1 (1.60) 348215 (0.47) 2317678 (4.35) 824485 (3.24) 310642 (1.37) West Shoa 14788.8 (1.31) 398585 (0.54) 2101502 (3.94) 903165 (3.55) 314629 (1.39) East Shoa 9988.7 (0.88) 507825 (0.69) 1031652 (1.93) 320326 (1.26) 475393 (2.10) Sidama 6538.2 (0.58) 431183 (0.58) 2077636 (3.90) 377506 (1.48) 298866 (1.32) Gamo Gofa 11285.0 (1.00) 527682 (0.72) 1438752 (2.70) 800704 (3.14) 336941(1.49) Total 153722.8 (13.6) 5084899 (6.9) 16268796 (30.5) 7570770 (29.8) 5094065 (22.5)
  • 8. Community baseline survey sample PAs Zones No of Districts No of PAs No of LIVES PAs* No of dairy PAs** No of dairy sample PAs*** Central Tigray 3 66 61 48 11 Eastern Tigray 4 84 77 53 14 North Gonder 3 128 94 54 13 South Wollo 3 106 95 51 13 West Gojam 3 120 80 39 9 West Shoa 3 108 87 36 8 East Shoa 3 99 73 60 16 Sidama 3 107 38 38 9 Total 25 818 605 379 93
  • 9. Results of the LIVES baseline survey
  • 10. Proportion of improved dairy cows and lactating cows 621775, 94% 37074, 6% Local Improved Lactating cows Non-lactating cows 28123 37761 9, 43% 0, 57%
  • 11. Milk yield Breed Average yield /day (lt) Lactating days (no) local 1.75 190 Local – national 1.32 180 Improved 7 242
  • 12. Butter production and sale • A total of 4,932.6 tons of butter was produced by all 379 LIVES project PAs in a year. – Assuming a conversion factor of 16 liters of milk per a kg of butter, butter production accounts for about 62% of the total milk production. – Most of this butter is produced and sold by females in male- and female-headed households. – An estimated 3,707.3 tons of butter (75.2% of the produce) was sold with a market value of 418 million Birr (about 22 million USD).
  • 13. Proportion of dairy producing households who sell milk and butter Sell 11% Milk Consume/ process 89% Sell 84% Butter Consume 16%
  • 14. Milk production by breed 33% 67% Improved Cows Local Cows
  • 15. Relative price of butter vis-à-vis fluid milk • The prices of butter and milk across the PAs averaged around Birr 112.75/kg and Birr 6.91/liter, respectively. – This translates in to a price ratio of about 1:16.3, which is roughly the same as the conversion rate of 16 liters of milk into 1 kg of butter. – The price ratio based on the IPMS baseline data collected in 2005 was 1:9.4. • Therefore, the value of butter has appreciated by about 73% indicating the increasing importance of butter relative to milk in the LIVES targeted areas.
  • 16. Effect of distance on household decision to participate in fluid milk market versus butter market • Sample PAs were categorized into two with the help of GIS models: – PAs with 50% or more of their geographical area within a one-hour walking distance from population centers of more than 5,000 inhabitants. – PAs with 50% or more of their geographic area beyond the one hour walking distance.
  • 17. Classification of PAS by distance 50% of the PA area fall within < = 1HR > 1HRS Number of domain PAs 24 344 Number of sampled PAs 8 85 Average number of households producing milk from local cows per PA 343 451 Average number of households producing milk from Improved cows per PA 204 31 Average number of households selling per PA Milk 56 46 Butter 266 383
  • 18. Revenue from sale of milk and butter per sample PA 1.0 0.2 1.7 1.1 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 <=1 >1 In Million Birr Milk Revenue Butter Revenue
  • 19. Extrapolated butter sales revenue 41.3 373.4 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 <=1 >1 In million (Birr)
  • 20. Revenue from sales of milk versus butter • As expected, sales revenues from milk/sample PA decline dramatically (by 80%) with increase in travel distance. • It is interesting to note that average sales revenue of butter/sample PA in nearby PAs is in fact higher than the sales revenue from butter in the more distant PAs. • However, if the results of the sample PAs for butter are extrapolated to the two dairy domain areas (more or less than 1 hour travel distance) total revenue from butter sales in areas more than one hour travel distance are 9 times more than in areas within a one hour travel distance
  • 21. Key points • Crossbred cows of 6% of the total dairy cattle population, account for 33% of the total milk production. • The proportion of lactating cows is only 43% of total dairy cattle population, which has significant implications for total household milk production and feed utilization. • Traditional (lactic) butter production and marketing is highly commercialized in that 84 % of the farm household who produce butter sell butter and 75 % of the butter produced is sold. • Unlike the sale of fluid milk, which mainly takes place in and near urban centers, butter is produced and sold in rural areas. • Butter churning takes place at household level mainly by females, both in male and female-headed households. • Relative price of butter versus fluid milk has increased.
  • 22. Results of the butter rapid market appraisal
  • 23. Demand - Supply • The demand for butter depends on various factors including season of the year, fasting, holidays, wedding season, and availability of cash crops. • Since demand and supply of butter increases or decreases depending on the months of the year, most price fluctuations are seasonal.
  • 24. Butter sale • In almost all the PLWs (except Ada’a), butter is primarily produced for sale and women in the household are responsible for butter making and marketing. – They decide on the amount of butter to be sold and are responsible for managing the income. – Revenue from butter sales is used primarily for covering household expenses and some amount is channeled for saving or investment, fertilizer and purchase of inputs for livestock. • In some PLWs, traditional milk and butter saving groups play the role of enabling households pool their income from butter sales. – In Dale woreda, a traditional butter group known as shufo exists whereby a group of women come together and each member takes turn to receive butter produced by all other members.
  • 25. Butter marketing and storage • In almost all PAs, butter producers use cups, jugs or other local containers to transport their product to the market on foot – – The use of improved and modern packages for traditional butter is not common in the visited woredas. • Different types of traditional and modern measuring (weighing or otherwise) equipment for marketing. – In Raya Alamata, different kinds local units such as kuchimo, cup or mug are used. A shape, locally known as “mulmul” is also used for measuring butter. – In Meiso, local units known as gnogno, militia and shrimiri are used • Butter producers indicated that as long as the butter handling process is done with proper sanitation and the containers are well fumigated, the butter could stay for about a month without losing its quality.
  • 26. Butter quality • There are no formally established standards and grades for butter. – Both sellers and buyers often use traditional butter quality indicators such as origin, color, smell, consistency and degree of adulteration with foreign materials. – Yellow-red is preferable to white butter in most of the woredas. – Most buyers suspect that white butter is adulterated with foreign materials. • Origin of butter is also an important quality indicator in woredas where butter is mostly supplied from outside the woredas (eg. Ada’a, Alaba, Goma and Dale).
  • 27. Butter Market channels Butter Producers Assembler/ Collector Butter Shops/ Retailers, Rural Consumers Urban Consumers Market Channel I Market Channel II Market Channel III) Minor market channels
  • 28. Butter market Channels (2) • Producer – consumer market channel dominate butter sale for consumption in the woreda • Producer – trader channel dominate for sales outside the districts.
  • 29. Extension Service • No extension service specifically targeting butter production and marketing was reported by farmers • Butter producers commented that extension staff have limited knowledge on butter production, and milk processing technologies.
  • 30. Conclusions and implications –Fertility • To improve the production of fluid milk in rural areas, thus increasing the production of butter, fertility management need to be improved. • Genetic improvement, especially crosses of local breeds with high fat content breeds, should also be encouraged in rural areas. • Since AI is not usually available or as effective in rural areas, use can be made of mobile teams and hormone assisted oestrus synchronization and mass insemination.
  • 31. Conclusion and implications-Fertility • The percentage lactating dairy cows/dairy cows is less than 50%, which indicates that calving intervals are around 2 years. – this in turn means that a cow performs at half its capacity (assuming one calf a year is the theoretical optimum). – a key factor known from published literature include fertility problems related to quantity and quality of feed which influence estrus cycling (long “anestrus” period ) as well as early embryonic mortality. – Another factor to consider is farmers’ knowledge/attitude to fertility management, including calving interval. – Extension message on fertility management combined with feeding/fodder development should be promoted to address this problem.
  • 32. Conclusion and implications -Feed • Improving the availability and use of feed resources to improve milk yield and cow fertility especially during the dry season is critical. Various tested interventions may be used for this purpose, including: – cut and carry systems for grazing areas, – improved use of crop residues by chopping and straw treatment methods as well as silage and hay making. – Use can also be made of planted grasses and legumes on field bound – Promotion of feed supplements
  • 33. Conclusions and implications: Processing &Marketing • To improve processing of butter, collective action to churn butter could result in reduced labor burden on women as well as reduced labor cost per unit of butter. • Introduction of improved, larger capacity, butter churns as well as group formation may be explored to encourage such development. • Marketing of butter may be improved through collective action.
  • 34. Conclusions and implications -Targeting • Distance/travel time to fluid milk markets is a key consideration in targeting butter production: – “fresh” butter production can be targeted in or near consumption centers where fluid milk is sold and processed commercially. – Lactic butter production should be targeted in areas further away (in time and distance) from consumption centers. • Such geographical targeting should, however, be considered in a dynamic context in which distance/travel time can be changed. – First of all, travel time and (sometimes) distance can be influenced by road construction. – Secondly, travel time can be influenced by transport intervention, including means of transport and collective action for bulking milk along roads. – Thirdly, travel time can be influenced by availing milk cooling technologies.

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