Livestock and human health: The good, the bad, the gaps

Livestock and human health: the good, the bad, the gaps Delia Grace, ILRI ILRI APM, Addis Ababa, April 2010

Human Health Bads & Goods Huge impact Moderate or ? impact Small impact Zoonoses EID Drug resistance An.SF & Chronic dis. Occupational hazard Nutrition Dis. resistance Psycho-social benefits Ecosystem services

Big Bad: Zoonoses
Most diseases (60%)are zoonotic
But most burden of disease is not
But in poor countries 1 in 10 will die from a zoonosis Adapted from Ecker et al., BMC Microbiol. Killer infections

8 diseases > 90% of burden ( Diarr, Tb, Tetanus, Schisto, Leishman, sleeping sickness, Chagas, Arbov. )
Not just human health
Kill and sicken animals
Add risk to production
Keeping small farmers out of markets
Imposing penalties on informal sector
Roth et al., WHO Bull

Big bad: EID
Newly discovered;
Recently increased in incidence or prevalence;
Recently expanded in geographic or climatologic range;
Jumped from animals to humans

Big bad: EID
Even more EIDs are zoonotic (75%).
The worst diseases have come from animals: Smallpox, AIDS, Spanish Flu, Black Death
Currently most come from wildlife.
Appear to be increasing in incidence.
One new disease every 7 months.

Moderate bad: Drug resistance
Using drugs in animals causes resistance
Livestock drug use in poor countries probably not so important, use by poor farmers even less
1. Human drug use far bigger cause of resistance
2. Big problem growth promoters & mass treatments
> 40% livestock < 3% vet drugs -- 3.

The health goods
Animal source foods -> better nutrition-> help fight off disease
Strong relation: diarrhoea, resp infect., tb, AIDS
Variable: influenza, typhus
Little: malaria, plague, tetanus
Ecosystem services: regulation of disease
Preventing disease spillovers
Offering disease control options
Canaries in the mine

Consensus
It’s big and looming larger
Its complicated
‘One world, One health’ way forward

Randolph et al., JAS Randolph et al., JAS Animals Owned Nutritional (Growth) Status Health Status + + Probability of Zoonotic Disease Animal Production Food Crop Production Food Crop Sales Animal & Product Sales + + + + - HH Income + + (Child) Dietary Intake + Level of Care/Feeding Behaviour + Labor Allocated to Livestock + - Labor Demands on (Female) Caregiver Hired Labor - Total Labor Demands + + + Health Inputs + Food Crop Purchases ASF Purchases HH Crop Consumption HH ASF Consumption + + + - + Nutrient Interactions Chronic Disease Risk + - Land allocation to feed Traction, nutrient cycling + - + + + + + (Female) Caregiver Income + + Wage Labour by (Female) Caregiver - - + Environmental Toxin Concentration - + Cognitive Performance + + AIDS Complications - Arrows between variables indicate hypothesized causal relationships. The + or - signs indicate hypothesized direction of effects. test test

Controversies
We’ve never had it so good versus
We face unprecedented threats and impacts
A warmer, wetter, sicker world versus
Many other drivers more important than climate
Being poor makes you sick versus
Being sick makes you poor
Emerging infectious disease versus
Neglected tropical disease

Malaysia: climate and malaria 1967-1971 : MEP 1982: Vector-borne Diseases Control Program- Policy, program & strategy development 2003: National Drug Resistance Surveillance Program 1961: Pilot Malaria Eradication Project 2006: National Treatment Review Committee: ACT 1990-92 : Field trial on insecticide treated bednet (ITN) 1993: Nationwide Use of ITN 2004: Renewed studies on simian malaria 1972-1981: Anti-Malaria Program 0 50000 300000 1961 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 Number of Cases Temperature 25 30

Gaps
Risk assessment & communication
Risk management
One World, One Health into action
Managing EID globally and zoonoses locally

Human health Bads & Goods Take homes
60% of diseases are zoonotic.
One in 10 people in poor countries will die of a zoonotic disease
75% of Emerging Infectious Diseases are zoonotic.
Expect a new EID every 7 months.
What you worry about and what will kill you are probably not the same…

Thank you for your attention

Livestock and human health: The good, the bad, the gaps

by ILRI on Apr 14, 2010

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