TomTom Dynamic Routing

TomTom Dynamic Routing TechnologyHeiko Schilling

Navigate to … … how it works On-board Off-board: routes.tomtom.com Identical Software Stack both on-board & off-board Both on-board & off-board

Navigate to … … how it works

Navigate to … … how it works Did you know that: -  Up to 15 alternative routes between START & FINISH -  But People use/know only 1 or 2 [Jansen & Den Adel, 1987] [Bovy & Stern 1990] -  Unawareness causes traffic jams

Standard Speed Input: Flat Speed Profile (Single Value)A8 Zaanstad ➔ AMSConfidential & Internal - TomTom International b.v. 9

IQR Speed Input: Time-Dependent Speed ProfileA8 Zaanstad ➔ AMS, towards townConfidential & Internal - TomTom International b.v. 11

IQR Speed Input: Time-Dependent Speed ProfileAMS ➔ A8 Zaanstad, outwards townConfidential & Internal - TomTom International b.v. 69 12

IQR Speed Input: Step Function of Speed ValuesAMS ➔ A8 Zaanstad, outwards townper profile one look-up table with 7x24x12 values (5 min slots)Confidential & Internal - TomTom International b.v. 13

Route Planning with Time-Dependent Speeds Destination @ 17:00 B A @ 15:59 12 min @ 15:55 - 15:59 @ 15:00Start 14

Route Planning with Time-Dependent Speeds Destination @ 17:02 Destination @ 17:07 C 13 min @ 15:55 - 15:59 13 min @ 16:00 - 16:05 @ 16:00 (+1 min) A 18 min @ 16:00 - 16:05 12 min @ 15:55 - 15:59Start 15

Route Planning with Time-Dependent Speeds 17:02 17:07 16:00 (+1 min)15:00 The network in front of you is changing with the minute ... and so does your fastest route! 16

Time-expanded Network Time Implicitly we are working on a much more complex time-expanded network. 17

Continuous Re-calculation 17:02 17:07 16:00 continuously search in the back (+1 min) for faster routes or ETA adjustment15:00 •  How many bifurcation points? •  How many route calculations? •  Timeliness? •  Better de-tours? •  Different approach possible? 18

TomTom’s Challenge: To find the Best Routeamongst all Options for any Traffic SituationEurope Map: 50 million crossings, 120 million roads…. and 800 sextillion (21 zeros) possible routes All routes together consume space equal to 50 billion times the current size of the internet Calculating all routes would take 25 trillion years So finding the best route takes time … but we’ve found a solution that is FAST & EXACT . TomTom IP: on- & off-board solution for FAST & EXACT Route Planning (Apollo) [WO 2011004026: NAVIGATION DEVICES AND METHODS CARRIED OUT THEREON],[WO 2011004029: NAVIGATION DEVICES]… Over 100 scientific publications in Mathematics/CS Community [Schilling, PhD’06], [Lauther, ‘04], [Sanders, Schulte, ESA’08], [Delling, ESA’09], [Goldberg, SODA’02] …

On-Board Planning Time (200 km route) TomTom 10 20 30 40 50 60 sec. 100% - - - - 95% - - - -Quality 90% - - - - 85% - - Competitor Systems - - 80%

Fast & Exact Routing: On-Board Planning Time (200 km) TomTom 20% BETTER* routes in Europe 30% BETTER* routes in North America (*) compared to standard routing technologies

FAST & EXACT Routing – Off-Board Planning Time: 10–35ms 200.000 routes requests categorized according to distance: •  without Apollo we broke up the worker after a few days and 143.000 calculations •  with Apollo 200.000 OD pairs were calculated in a few hours FAST & EXACT Routing Worker Standard Routing Worker

FASTFast EXACTRouting Demo & & Exact Routing Demo DEMOStandard Calculation Time: 35 Seconds Fast Calculation Time: 1 Second 2 identical devices 2 identical devices • ARM9 CPU, 266 MHz, 64 MB RAM, 32 bit memory bandwidth ARM9 CPU, 266 MHz, 64 MB RAM, 32 bit memory bandwidth IQ Route Request on a Benelux 2008.10 Map with a 9 Mb sidefile IQSchengen, Luxembourg Benelux 2008.10 Map with a NL (City •  Route Calculation on a (City Center) à Eemshaven, 9 Mb sidefile Center) Schengen, Luxembourg à Eemshaven, Netherlands • Identical results: 597 km in 5:43 hrs with 38 instructions Identical results: 597 km – 5:43 hrs – 38 instructions

FAST & EXACT Routing Demo Standard FASTCalculation Time: Calculation Time: 35 seconds 1 second 2 identical devices ARM9 CPU, 266 MHz, 64 MB RAM, 32 bit memory bandwidth IQ Route Calculation on a Benelux 2008.10 Map with a 9 Mb sidefile Schengen, Luxembourg à Eemshaven, Netherlands Identical results: 597 km – 5:43 hrs – 38 instructions

Apollo: Exact Route PlannerLuxembourg 2008.10 map•  Identical ETT w/o Apollo = 86%•  Faster ETT with Apollo = 14%•  Slower ETT with Apollo = 0% IQR improved 35% of routesBenelux 2008.10 map•  Identical ETT w/o Apollo = 83% Apollo improves•  Faster ETT with Apollo = 17% 20+ % on top•  Slower ETT with Apollo = 0%WCE & NAM 2008.10 map•  Faster ETT with Apollo = 20 %(non-Apollo standard A* route planner using all heuristics vs. Apolloroute planner; Route comparison on ~ 10.000 random origin-destination pairs)

Sunday Lunch Time: Apollo saved you 12 minutes of 1:26 hrs A* std route Apollo route

Thursday afternoon: Apollo saved you 13 minutes of 1:11 hrs A* std route Apollo route

User Benefits ofFAST & EXACT Route Planning

User Benefit: Fast Re-Planning

User Benefit: Dynamic RoutingContinuously Searches for Better Route

Best Possible Route at Any Point in TimeBased on Historic Traffic/Speed Profiles London (W) à London (E)Travel Time [minutes] Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday Time [hours in week]

User Benefit: Routing Time MachinePreview Best Route in Advance

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TomTom Dynamic Routing

by Heiko Schilling

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