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BIG-BANG COSMOLOGY : 
Scientific& Religious View Points 
H.S. VIRK 
Professor Emeritus, Eternal University, 
Baru Sahib, HP, India
Cosmological Ideas before Einstein 
Aristotlian Ideas: Universe consists of Terrestrial and 
Celestial spheres, following different laws. 
Newtonian Ideas: Newton considered the creation of 
the Universe as an act of God; Space and Time 
appear as absolutes and the Earth occupies a unique 
position in the Universe. 
Gas-Cloud hypothesis: Kant and Laplace consider the 
creation of the Universe out of gases and vapours 
such as hydrogen, methane, carbon dioxide, 
cyanogen and water. The planets and the sun were 
created out of the same nebular gas medium.
Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity 
and 
RELATIVISTIC MODELS OF THE UNIVERSE 
Einstein’s general theory of relativity presented in 
1915, is in reality a cosmological theory. Various 
Models were proposed based on this theory: 
• Parabolic Model; Elliptical Model; Hyperbolic Model. 
The three models of the universe start from a 
condition of infinite density which is called a singular 
state. The creation or expansion of the universe from 
singular state is referred to as ‘Big Bang’.
Big bang cosmology in religion and science
Some Interesting Facts about the Universe 
• Size of Universe = 80 billion light year 
~ 1million billion billion km (0.76x1024 km). 
• Universe contains 100 billion galaxies, each having 
million-billion stars in it. 
• Virgo Cluster has 1000 galaxies inside, some of them 
are colliding. 
• Black holes are present in the centre of galaxies. 
• A star has a tendency to become a Black Hole if its 
mass exceeds 5 Solar masses.
HYMNS on CREATION in VEDAS 
• In the beginning was Hiranyagarbha, The Seed of Elemental 
Existence,The only Lord of all that was born. 
• The whole of this Universe is stationed in the Omnipresent 
and the Omnipotent God . 
• We see him in various forms.He brings to light all these 
Worlds.Him they call the Kala(Time), Infinite, pervading the 
Infinite Space. 
• In this creation are held in balance the three regions, 
terrestrial, interspatial and celestial, and the three divine 
realms pertaining to body, mind and spirit, provided with 
three eternal functions-physical,mental and transcendental.
UPNISHADIC VIEWPOINT 
• According to Dussen there are four views of creation in 
Hindu philosophy based on Upnishadas: 
• Matter is eternal and Purusha (creator) has always been 
independent of God. God does not create the matter but 
moulds it into creation as a potter maketh the earthen pots. 
• Purusha is the cause and creator of matter. But after the 
creation, God does not interfere in its working and it 
continues according to its own fundamental laws. 
• God himself transforms into creation i.e., changing his 
Nirguna form into Saguna form. 
• Creation is a play of Maya. It is a mere illusion. Only God is 
real.
Semitic Religions 
• According to the Holy Bible, the creation of universe 
is the manifestation of God. The whole process of 
creation was completed in six days. The first book of 
Moses, called Genesis, opens with the lines: In the 
beginning God created the heaven and the earth. 
• In 1650, Bishop Usher of Ireland calculated the date 
of creation as 4004 B.C. according to the ‘Genesis’ 
story of the Bible. This date has been pushed back 
by a long span that has elapsed since the appearance 
of man on earth confirmed by recent archeological 
find (Neanderthal man in Europe).
Cosmology in Sikh Religion 
The truth of primordial existence of God before 
the creation of time and space is also explained 
by Guru Nanak in Japu: 
Awid scu jugwid scu] hY BI scu nwnk 
hosI BI scu] 
Existed before the beginning of time and space; 
Existed throughout the various ages in the past; 
Exists in the present; and 
Will exist in the future.
AGE of the UNIVERSE 
According to the Hindu view, age of the universe is infinite. 
There are innumerable Brahmas who are employed in the 
process of creation. Each Brahma has life-time of 100 years. 
On astronomical time scale the year is much bigger than our 
solar year. Some of the units are given below: 
• 1 Maha Yuga = S+D+T+K (Four Yugas) 
= 432x104 Solar Years 
• 1000 Maha Yugas= Kalp=Day=Night (of Brahma). 
• 1000 Maha Yugas = 14 Manvantar + 15 Junctions. 
After working out the above relation, we can get: 
• 1 Manvantar = 71x432x104 Solar years.
Concept of SUNN in SUKHMANI 
• sloku ] srgun inrgun inrMkwr suMn smwDI Awip ] 
Awpn kIAw nwnkw Awpy hI iPir jwip ] 
• AstpdI ] jb Akwru iehu kCu n idRstyqw ] pwp puMn qb kh qy 
hoqw ] jb DwrI Awpn suMn smwiD ] qb bYr ibroD iksu sMig 
kmwiq ] jb ies kw brnu ichnu n jwpq ] qb hrK sog khu iksih 
ibAwpq ] jb Awpn Awp Awip pwrbRhm ] qb moh khw iksu 
hovq Brm ] Awpn Kylu Awip vrqIjw ] nwnk krnYhwru n dUjw 
]1] {pMnw 290-291}
• suMn klw AprMpir DwrI ] Awip inrwlmu Apr ApwrI ] 
Awpy kudriq kir kir dyKY suMnhu suMnu aupwiedw ] 1 ] 
• pauxu pwxI suMnY qy swjy ]isRsit aupwie kwieAw gV rwjy ] 
Agin pwxI jIau joiq qumwrI suMny klw rhwiedw ] 2 ] 
• suMnhu bRhmw ibsnu mhysu aupwey ] suMny vrqy jug sbwey ] 
iesu pd vIcwry so jnu pUrw iqsu imlIAY Brmu cukwiedw ] 3 ] 
• suMnhu spq srovr Qwpy ] ijin swjy vIcwry Awpy ] 
iqqu sq sir mnUAw gurmuiK nwvY iPir bwhuiV join n pwiedw ] 4 ] 
• suMnhu cMdu sUrju gYxwry ] iqs kI joiq iqRBvx swry ] 
• pMc qqu suMnhu prgwsw ]......... 
• (AGGS, M. 1, p. 1037-38)
• Guru Arjun, the fifth Nanak, describes the primordial 
trance of God before the creation process starts as a 
manifestation of God : 
• For countless days, He remained invisible. 
For countless days, He remained absorbed in Sünn. 
For countless days, there was utter darkness, and 
Then the Creator revealed Himself. 
 kyqiVAw idn gupqu khwieAw ] 
kyqiVAw idn suMin smwieAw ] 
kyqiVAw idn DuMDUkwrw Awpy krqw prgtVw ] 
(AGGS, M. 1, p. 1081)
Big-Bang Cosmology in AGGS 
• Arbd nrbd DuMDUkwrw ] Drix n ggnw hukmu Apwrw ] 
nw idnu rYin n cMdu n sUrju suMn smwiD lgwiedw ]1] 
KwxI n bwxI paux n pwxI ] Epiq Kpiq n Awvx jwxI ] KMf 
pqwl spq nhI swgr ndI n nIru vhwiedw ]2] nw qid surgu 
mCu pieAwlw ] dojku iBsqu nhI KY kwlw ] nrku surgu nhI 
jMmxu mrxw nw ko Awie n jwiedw ]3] bRhmw ibsnu 
mhysu n koeI ] Avru n dIsY eyko soeI ] nwir purKu nhI 
jwiq n jnmw nw ko duKu suKu pwiedw ]4]
• jw iqsu Bwxw qw jgqu aupwieAw ] bwJu klw 
Awfwxu rhwieAw ] bRhmw ibsnu mhysu 
aupwey mwieAw mohu vDwiedw ]14] ivrly 
kau guir sbdu suxwieAw ] kir kir dyKY hukmu 
sbwieAw ] KMf bRhmMf pwqwl ArMBy 
gupqhu prgtI Awiedw ]15] qw kw AMqu n jwxY 
koeI ] pUry gur qy soJI hoeI ] nwnk swic rqy 
ibsmwdI ibsm Bey gux gwiedw ]16]3]15] 
{pMnw 1035-1036}
• For billions of years, there was nothing but 
utter darkness. There was neither day nor 
night, nor moon, nor sun, but the Lord alone 
sat in profound trance. Neither there was 
creation, nor air, nor water. There were no 
continents, nor underwords, nor seven 
oceans, nor rivers nor the flowing of water. 
There was neither death nor time. There was 
no Brahma, nor Vishnu or Shiva.
• When He so willed, He created the world and 
supported the firmament without support. 
He created Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva and 
extended the love of mammon. He founded 
the continents, solar systems and 
underworlds, and from the absolute self He 
became manifest.
Big bang cosmology in religion and science
Experimental Observations 
• Radio telescopes have recorded evidence 
for various components of the expanding 
Universe. Star formation out of the Gas 
Clouds in the Galaxies is still going on. 
Evidence of Supernova explosions, 
Pulsars, Quasars, Neutron Stars and Black 
Holes is provided by Radio telescopes.
Big bang cosmology in religion and science
My Connection with God Particle
God Particle (Higgs Boson) and Big 
Bang Cosmology 
• The discovery of Higgs boson will help us 
understand as to what happened just after the 
Big Bang, also known as creation of the Universe? 
The Higgs boson will complete our description of 
the visible matter in the universe, and of the 
fundamental processes governing the Big Bang 
since it was a trillionth of a second old. The Higgs 
boson may have played a role in generating the 
matter in the universe, and may be linked to dark 
matter. It may even provide a clue how the 
universe inflated to its present size.
Interactions of Higgs Boson
Implications of God Particle for 
Science and Gurbani 
• If God particle is not there, the creation 
process will not advance further and there will 
be no life in the Universe. Big Bang created lot 
of energy but material particles are created by 
the intervention of Higgs field and Higgs 
boson. According to Einstein’s famous 
equation, E=mc2, the energy and matter are 
equivalent and inter-convertible. How can we 
use this analogy in the field of Sikh religion?
God is both Transcendent & Immanent 
• It is clearly stated in Gurbani that God exists in 
both nirgun (transcendent) and sargun 
(immanent) states simultaneously. 
srgun inrgun inrMkwr suMn smwDI Awip ] 
Awpn kIAw nwnkw Awpy hI iPir jwip ] 
The Formless is attributed and un-attributed; 
And gone into absorption in the cosmic void. 
Saith Nanak: He has made creation, 
Himself on it meditates. (SGGS, M. 5, P. 290)
Analogy of Nirgun and Sargun 
• The discovery of God particle can solve the riddle 
of creation of Universe after the Big Bang but it 
does not help us to understand what happened 
before it or at the point called ‘singularity’. The 
problem of ‘singularity’ faced by the Big-Bang 
model of the Universe is solved by Guru Nanak by 
bringing in God as the creator of the Universe. 
God particle has provided a beautiful analogy of 
transformation of nirgun (energy) state to sargun 
(matter) state of the Universe.
Invisible to Visible (Sukham to Asthool) 
• In Gurbani, God is also referred to exist in two phases: 
subtle (sukham) and solid (asthool). 
• nank s] sUKmu s]eI AsTUlu . 
O Nanak, He is the subtle, and He is also the manifest. 
(SGGS, M. 5, P. 281) 
• riv rihAa srbt OaeI sUKm] AsTUl . 
He is the source of life. He is all-pervading, permeating 
all places;He is in subtle essence and manifest form. 
(SGGS, M. 5, P. 987)
Can We Create God? 
• The discovery of God particle is a step forward to 
unification of fundamental forces, which may 
lead to Theory of Everything (TOE). 
• Guru Nanak proclaims in Japu, God is self-existent 
(s{B;) and cannot be created: 
TaipAa n jaie kIta n h]ie . Aap[ Aaip inr;jnu s]ie . 
He cannot be established, He cannot be 
created. He Himself is Immaculate and Pure. 
(SGGS, Japu, P. 1)
Universal Message of Gurbani in SGGS 
• Grand Unification of Forces in the Universe has 
implications in the Spiritual realm. Let us HOPE 
that there will be unification of all religions of the 
World leading to Global Harmony and Peace. 
Universal message of Gurbani is a panacea for 
this troubled world: 
• jgtu jl;wa riK l{ AapNI ikrpa Wair . ijtu wuAar{ xubr{ itt{ l{hu 
xubair . 
The world is going up in flames - shower it with 
Your Mercy, and save it! Save it, and deliver it, by 
whatever spiritual door U like? (SGGS, M.3, P. 853)

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Big bang cosmology in religion and science

  • 1. BIG-BANG COSMOLOGY : Scientific& Religious View Points H.S. VIRK Professor Emeritus, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, HP, India
  • 2. Cosmological Ideas before Einstein Aristotlian Ideas: Universe consists of Terrestrial and Celestial spheres, following different laws. Newtonian Ideas: Newton considered the creation of the Universe as an act of God; Space and Time appear as absolutes and the Earth occupies a unique position in the Universe. Gas-Cloud hypothesis: Kant and Laplace consider the creation of the Universe out of gases and vapours such as hydrogen, methane, carbon dioxide, cyanogen and water. The planets and the sun were created out of the same nebular gas medium.
  • 3. Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity and RELATIVISTIC MODELS OF THE UNIVERSE Einstein’s general theory of relativity presented in 1915, is in reality a cosmological theory. Various Models were proposed based on this theory: • Parabolic Model; Elliptical Model; Hyperbolic Model. The three models of the universe start from a condition of infinite density which is called a singular state. The creation or expansion of the universe from singular state is referred to as ‘Big Bang’.
  • 5. Some Interesting Facts about the Universe • Size of Universe = 80 billion light year ~ 1million billion billion km (0.76x1024 km). • Universe contains 100 billion galaxies, each having million-billion stars in it. • Virgo Cluster has 1000 galaxies inside, some of them are colliding. • Black holes are present in the centre of galaxies. • A star has a tendency to become a Black Hole if its mass exceeds 5 Solar masses.
  • 6. HYMNS on CREATION in VEDAS • In the beginning was Hiranyagarbha, The Seed of Elemental Existence,The only Lord of all that was born. • The whole of this Universe is stationed in the Omnipresent and the Omnipotent God . • We see him in various forms.He brings to light all these Worlds.Him they call the Kala(Time), Infinite, pervading the Infinite Space. • In this creation are held in balance the three regions, terrestrial, interspatial and celestial, and the three divine realms pertaining to body, mind and spirit, provided with three eternal functions-physical,mental and transcendental.
  • 7. UPNISHADIC VIEWPOINT • According to Dussen there are four views of creation in Hindu philosophy based on Upnishadas: • Matter is eternal and Purusha (creator) has always been independent of God. God does not create the matter but moulds it into creation as a potter maketh the earthen pots. • Purusha is the cause and creator of matter. But after the creation, God does not interfere in its working and it continues according to its own fundamental laws. • God himself transforms into creation i.e., changing his Nirguna form into Saguna form. • Creation is a play of Maya. It is a mere illusion. Only God is real.
  • 8. Semitic Religions • According to the Holy Bible, the creation of universe is the manifestation of God. The whole process of creation was completed in six days. The first book of Moses, called Genesis, opens with the lines: In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. • In 1650, Bishop Usher of Ireland calculated the date of creation as 4004 B.C. according to the ‘Genesis’ story of the Bible. This date has been pushed back by a long span that has elapsed since the appearance of man on earth confirmed by recent archeological find (Neanderthal man in Europe).
  • 9. Cosmology in Sikh Religion The truth of primordial existence of God before the creation of time and space is also explained by Guru Nanak in Japu: Awid scu jugwid scu] hY BI scu nwnk hosI BI scu] Existed before the beginning of time and space; Existed throughout the various ages in the past; Exists in the present; and Will exist in the future.
  • 10. AGE of the UNIVERSE According to the Hindu view, age of the universe is infinite. There are innumerable Brahmas who are employed in the process of creation. Each Brahma has life-time of 100 years. On astronomical time scale the year is much bigger than our solar year. Some of the units are given below: • 1 Maha Yuga = S+D+T+K (Four Yugas) = 432x104 Solar Years • 1000 Maha Yugas= Kalp=Day=Night (of Brahma). • 1000 Maha Yugas = 14 Manvantar + 15 Junctions. After working out the above relation, we can get: • 1 Manvantar = 71x432x104 Solar years.
  • 11. Concept of SUNN in SUKHMANI • sloku ] srgun inrgun inrMkwr suMn smwDI Awip ] Awpn kIAw nwnkw Awpy hI iPir jwip ] • AstpdI ] jb Akwru iehu kCu n idRstyqw ] pwp puMn qb kh qy hoqw ] jb DwrI Awpn suMn smwiD ] qb bYr ibroD iksu sMig kmwiq ] jb ies kw brnu ichnu n jwpq ] qb hrK sog khu iksih ibAwpq ] jb Awpn Awp Awip pwrbRhm ] qb moh khw iksu hovq Brm ] Awpn Kylu Awip vrqIjw ] nwnk krnYhwru n dUjw ]1] {pMnw 290-291}
  • 12. • suMn klw AprMpir DwrI ] Awip inrwlmu Apr ApwrI ] Awpy kudriq kir kir dyKY suMnhu suMnu aupwiedw ] 1 ] • pauxu pwxI suMnY qy swjy ]isRsit aupwie kwieAw gV rwjy ] Agin pwxI jIau joiq qumwrI suMny klw rhwiedw ] 2 ] • suMnhu bRhmw ibsnu mhysu aupwey ] suMny vrqy jug sbwey ] iesu pd vIcwry so jnu pUrw iqsu imlIAY Brmu cukwiedw ] 3 ] • suMnhu spq srovr Qwpy ] ijin swjy vIcwry Awpy ] iqqu sq sir mnUAw gurmuiK nwvY iPir bwhuiV join n pwiedw ] 4 ] • suMnhu cMdu sUrju gYxwry ] iqs kI joiq iqRBvx swry ] • pMc qqu suMnhu prgwsw ]......... • (AGGS, M. 1, p. 1037-38)
  • 13. • Guru Arjun, the fifth Nanak, describes the primordial trance of God before the creation process starts as a manifestation of God : • For countless days, He remained invisible. For countless days, He remained absorbed in Sünn. For countless days, there was utter darkness, and Then the Creator revealed Himself.  kyqiVAw idn gupqu khwieAw ] kyqiVAw idn suMin smwieAw ] kyqiVAw idn DuMDUkwrw Awpy krqw prgtVw ] (AGGS, M. 1, p. 1081)
  • 14. Big-Bang Cosmology in AGGS • Arbd nrbd DuMDUkwrw ] Drix n ggnw hukmu Apwrw ] nw idnu rYin n cMdu n sUrju suMn smwiD lgwiedw ]1] KwxI n bwxI paux n pwxI ] Epiq Kpiq n Awvx jwxI ] KMf pqwl spq nhI swgr ndI n nIru vhwiedw ]2] nw qid surgu mCu pieAwlw ] dojku iBsqu nhI KY kwlw ] nrku surgu nhI jMmxu mrxw nw ko Awie n jwiedw ]3] bRhmw ibsnu mhysu n koeI ] Avru n dIsY eyko soeI ] nwir purKu nhI jwiq n jnmw nw ko duKu suKu pwiedw ]4]
  • 15. • jw iqsu Bwxw qw jgqu aupwieAw ] bwJu klw Awfwxu rhwieAw ] bRhmw ibsnu mhysu aupwey mwieAw mohu vDwiedw ]14] ivrly kau guir sbdu suxwieAw ] kir kir dyKY hukmu sbwieAw ] KMf bRhmMf pwqwl ArMBy gupqhu prgtI Awiedw ]15] qw kw AMqu n jwxY koeI ] pUry gur qy soJI hoeI ] nwnk swic rqy ibsmwdI ibsm Bey gux gwiedw ]16]3]15] {pMnw 1035-1036}
  • 16. • For billions of years, there was nothing but utter darkness. There was neither day nor night, nor moon, nor sun, but the Lord alone sat in profound trance. Neither there was creation, nor air, nor water. There were no continents, nor underwords, nor seven oceans, nor rivers nor the flowing of water. There was neither death nor time. There was no Brahma, nor Vishnu or Shiva.
  • 17. • When He so willed, He created the world and supported the firmament without support. He created Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva and extended the love of mammon. He founded the continents, solar systems and underworlds, and from the absolute self He became manifest.
  • 19. Experimental Observations • Radio telescopes have recorded evidence for various components of the expanding Universe. Star formation out of the Gas Clouds in the Galaxies is still going on. Evidence of Supernova explosions, Pulsars, Quasars, Neutron Stars and Black Holes is provided by Radio telescopes.
  • 21. My Connection with God Particle
  • 22. God Particle (Higgs Boson) and Big Bang Cosmology • The discovery of Higgs boson will help us understand as to what happened just after the Big Bang, also known as creation of the Universe? The Higgs boson will complete our description of the visible matter in the universe, and of the fundamental processes governing the Big Bang since it was a trillionth of a second old. The Higgs boson may have played a role in generating the matter in the universe, and may be linked to dark matter. It may even provide a clue how the universe inflated to its present size.
  • 24. Implications of God Particle for Science and Gurbani • If God particle is not there, the creation process will not advance further and there will be no life in the Universe. Big Bang created lot of energy but material particles are created by the intervention of Higgs field and Higgs boson. According to Einstein’s famous equation, E=mc2, the energy and matter are equivalent and inter-convertible. How can we use this analogy in the field of Sikh religion?
  • 25. God is both Transcendent & Immanent • It is clearly stated in Gurbani that God exists in both nirgun (transcendent) and sargun (immanent) states simultaneously. srgun inrgun inrMkwr suMn smwDI Awip ] Awpn kIAw nwnkw Awpy hI iPir jwip ] The Formless is attributed and un-attributed; And gone into absorption in the cosmic void. Saith Nanak: He has made creation, Himself on it meditates. (SGGS, M. 5, P. 290)
  • 26. Analogy of Nirgun and Sargun • The discovery of God particle can solve the riddle of creation of Universe after the Big Bang but it does not help us to understand what happened before it or at the point called ‘singularity’. The problem of ‘singularity’ faced by the Big-Bang model of the Universe is solved by Guru Nanak by bringing in God as the creator of the Universe. God particle has provided a beautiful analogy of transformation of nirgun (energy) state to sargun (matter) state of the Universe.
  • 27. Invisible to Visible (Sukham to Asthool) • In Gurbani, God is also referred to exist in two phases: subtle (sukham) and solid (asthool). • nank s] sUKmu s]eI AsTUlu . O Nanak, He is the subtle, and He is also the manifest. (SGGS, M. 5, P. 281) • riv rihAa srbt OaeI sUKm] AsTUl . He is the source of life. He is all-pervading, permeating all places;He is in subtle essence and manifest form. (SGGS, M. 5, P. 987)
  • 28. Can We Create God? • The discovery of God particle is a step forward to unification of fundamental forces, which may lead to Theory of Everything (TOE). • Guru Nanak proclaims in Japu, God is self-existent (s{B;) and cannot be created: TaipAa n jaie kIta n h]ie . Aap[ Aaip inr;jnu s]ie . He cannot be established, He cannot be created. He Himself is Immaculate and Pure. (SGGS, Japu, P. 1)
  • 29. Universal Message of Gurbani in SGGS • Grand Unification of Forces in the Universe has implications in the Spiritual realm. Let us HOPE that there will be unification of all religions of the World leading to Global Harmony and Peace. Universal message of Gurbani is a panacea for this troubled world: • jgtu jl;wa riK l{ AapNI ikrpa Wair . ijtu wuAar{ xubr{ itt{ l{hu xubair . The world is going up in flames - shower it with Your Mercy, and save it! Save it, and deliver it, by whatever spiritual door U like? (SGGS, M.3, P. 853)