MDPV "Bath Salts" - Emerging Drug Trends

Emerging Substances of Abuse – 3, 4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) and other Synthetic Cathinones (a.k.a. “Bath Salts”) Glenn Duncan LPC, LCADC, CCS, ACS Presentation Last Updated 27-May-12Copyright © 2012, Glenn Duncan Do not reproduce any workshop materials without express written consent.

What are Synthetic Cathinones Synthetic cathinones are related to the parent compound cathinone. Since the mid-2000s, unregulated ring-substituted cathinone derivatives have appeared in the European and American recreational drugs market. The most commonly available synthetic cathinones sold on the recreational market in the period up to 2011 appear to be 3, 4- Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), mephedrone, and methylone. These products are usually encountered as highly pure white or brown powders. Cathinone derivatives are claimed to have effects similar to those of cocaine, amphetamine or MDMA (ecstasy), but little is known of their detailed pharmacology.

3, 4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone - MDPV

What is MDPV (bath salts) The term ‘bath salts’ refer to commercially available products that have as part of their composition a legal stimulant (synthetic cathinone) called 3, 4- Methylenedioxypyrovalerone, or MDPV. Currently illegal in New Jersey and illegal nationally (3 synthetic cathinones [MDPV, Mephedrone and Methylone] were placed on temporary emergency ban October 21, 2011 by the DEA). They are sold mostly on the internet, but can also be found in select shops locally. Theyre known by a variety of names, including “Red Dove,” “Blue Silk,” “Zoom,” “Bloom,” “Cloud Nine,” “Ocean Snow,” “Lunar Wave,” “Vanilla Sky,” “Ivory Wave,” “White Lightning,” “Scarface” “Purple Wave,” “Blizzard,” “Star Dust,” “Lovey, Dovey,” “Snow Leopard,” “Aura,” and “Hurricane Charlie.” While they have become popular under the guise of selling as ‘bath salts’, they are sometimes sold as other products such as insect repellant, or plant food with names like “Bonsai Grow” among others. Much like the marketing of Synthetic Cannabinoids (Spice/K2) as incense, MDPV has been market as “bath salts” and just like Spice/K2 MDPV is specifically labeled “not for human consumption.”

MDPV’s chemical ‘cousins’ There are other drugs with a similar chemical structure to MDPV. These include α-pyrrolidinopropiophenone (α-PPP). Little is known about this compound, but it has been detected by laboratories in Germany as an ingredient in "ecstasy" tablets seized by law enforcement authorities. 4-methyl-α-pyrrolidinopropiophenone (MPPP) is a stimulant drug. It is very structurally similar to α-PPP. MPPP was sold in Germany as a designer drug in the late 1990s and early 2000s, although it has never achieved the same international popularity as its better-known relations α-PPP and MDPV. 3,4-methylenedioxy-α-pyrrolidinopropiophenone (MDPPP) is a stimulant designer drug. It was sold in Germany in the late 1990s and early 2000s as an ingredient in imitation ecstasy (MDMA) pills. It shares a similar chemical structure with α-PPP and MDPV.

Gen2 of “Bath Salts” (Naphyrone) Cosmic Blast, marketed as a jewelry cleaner, is a stimulant/hallucinogen that is being marketed in the same way bath salts were. Drug sellers don’t seem to care about US drug law in that samples of Cosmic Blast that have been tested in toxicology laboratories have been known to contain. MDPV. It can also contain Naphyrone (which became popular in the UK after their ban of Mephedrone recently). Naphyrone also known as O-2482 and naphthylpyrovalerone, is a drug derived from pyrovalerone that acts as a triple reuptake inhibitor, producing stimulant effects and has been reported as a novel designer drug. No safety or toxicity data is available on the drug). Anecdotal reports of Naphyrone are it can stay in your body for long periods and since it is a reuptake inhibitor of Serotonin, which is implicated in body heat regulation, body temperatures can soar upwards of 107-108 degrees.

Mephedrone (another drug, but not MDPV) Because of the emerging nature of these drugs, most specificially MDPV to the US marketplace, there seems to be confusion regarding MDPV and other drugs such as Mephedrone (4-MMC) being used in bath salts. Mephedrone, also known as 4-methylmethcathinone (4-MMC), or 4- methylephedrone, is a synthetic stimulant drug of the amphetamine and cathinone classes. Slang names include “meph,” “drone,” and “MCAT.” It is reportedly manufactured in China and is chemically similar to the cathinone compounds found in the khat plant of eastern Africa. It comes in the form of tablets or a powder, which users can swallow, snort or inject, producing similar effects to MDMA, amphetamines and cocaine. In July, 2010, the DEA listed Mephedrone a “drug and chemical of concern.”

Mephedrone (another drug, but not MDPV) Dr. Adam Winstock, of Kings College, London, Department of Addictions, who has published 5 papers on these drugs (MDPV and 4-MMC), state they are distinct drugs that are virtually ever mixed. However, a DEA report from December 2010 states that “preliminary testing indicates that the active ingredients in many brands [of bath salts] contain MDPV (3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone) and/or mephedrone.” Again because of the emergent nature of this class of substances, there has been some questioning as to what is in the composition of ‘bath salts’, though most evidence is leaning towards MDPV as being the compound of choice currently in ‘bath salts’. Bruce Talbot, a former police officer and expert on emergent drug trends expressed the following concerns regarding MDPV and what would likely happen when MDPV becomes illegal. He suspects now that MDPV, Mephedrone and Methylone have finally been added to an emergency ban they will likely “be replaced by 4-methyl-α- pyrrolidinopropiophenone (MPPP) and 3,4-methylenedioxy-α- pyrrolidinopropiophenone (MDPPP).” Mephedrone is another that would be substituted.

MDPV Timeline MDPV was developed in the 1960s, and has been used for the treatment of chronic fatigue, but caused problems of abuse and dependence. 1969: Boehringer Ingelheim files a patent application for MDPV. 2005: MDPV appears as a recreational drug; first mention on Drugs-Forum. 2007: First seizure of MDPV as a recreational drug, by customs officials in the German state of Saxony. The drug had been shipped from China. 2008: First seizure of MDPV in the United States. 2009: MDPV made illegal in Denmark. 2010: MDPV made a controlled drug in the UK, Sweden, Germany, Australia and Finland. First reports of the widespread retail marketing of bath salts containing MDPV in the US. The US considers both Mephedrone (July, 2010) and MDPV (December, 2010) "a drug and chemical of concern". 2011: MDPV sale and possession are banned in 31 US States, with legislation being introduced in many other states.

Additional facts regarding MDPV MDPV is also illegal in Germany, Australia, Finland and Israel. In the United States, MDPV was packaged as “bath salts” but easy research from the internet showed that “bath salts” such as ‘Ivory Wave’ were being packaged as legal alternative stimulant drugs, and avoid prosecution by putting “Not For Human Consumption” on the packaging. However, some of these can barely contain themselves for what they really are, with one brand having a picture of Al Pacino’s ‘Scarface’ on its packaging. They are sold over the internet, and on the street, in convenience stores, discount tobacco outlets, gas stations, pawnshops, tattoo parlors, and truck stops, among other locations. The various brands are sold in 50-milligram to 500-milligram packets. Prices range from $25 to $50 per 50-milligram packet.

The Effects of MDPV MDPV is a powerful stimulant that functions as a dopamine-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI). It has stimulatory effects on the central nervous system and cardiovascular system. 1. physical: rapid heartbeat, increase in blood pressure, vasoconstriction, sweating. 2. mental: euphoria, increases in alertness & awareness, increased wakefulness and arousal, anxiety, agitation, perception of a diminished requirement for food and sleep. MDPV reportedly has four times the potency of Ritalin and Concerta. MDPV is sometimes labeled online as legal cocaine or legal amphetamines. The effects have a duration of roughly 3 to 4 hours, with after effects such as tachycardia, hypertension, and mild stimulation lasting from 6 to 8 hours. High doses have been observed to cause intense, prolonged panic attacks in stimulant-intolerant users, and there are anecdotal reports of psychosis from sleep withdrawal and addiction at higher doses or more frequent dosing intervals.

Synthetic Cathinones Effects Summary Sheet Aggression  Hypertension (high  Nausea, stomach cramps, Agitation blood pressure) and digestive problems Breathing difficulty  Increased alertness/  Nosebleeds Bruxism (grinding awareness  Psychotic delusions teeth)  Increased body  Pupil dilation Confusion temperature, chills,  Renal failure sweating Dizziness  Rhabdomyolysis (release  Insomnia of muscle fiber contents Extreme anxiety sometimes  Kidney pain [myoglobin] that could progressing to violent  Lack of appetite lead to kidney problems) behavior  Liver failure  Severe paranoia Fits and delusions  Loss of bowel control  Suicidal thoughts Hallucinations  Muscle spasms  Tachycardia (rapid Headache  Muscle tenseness heartbeat)  Vasoconstriction  Tinnitus (narrowing of the blood vessels)

Any Dangers Involved in MDPV Yes. Until a drug is tested, it cannot be considered safe. MDPV and its ‘chemical cousins’ have not been tested by the FDA and thus little is known as to the harm potential. Some anecdotal stories involving ‘bath salt’ usage and their potential for harm come in news stories from across the nation, local emergency room reports and data collected from the American Association of Poison Control Center. In New Jersey, on March 16, 2011 a young man reportedly addicted to Bath Salts and also suffering from Bipolar Disorder, killed his girlfriend at his home. This tragic death of a Rutgers University student prompted three NJ legislatures to introduce a bill to ban the active ingredients in these “bath salts”. There have been reports that clients are reporting chest pains, increased blood pressure, increased heart rate, agitation, hallucinations, extreme paranoia, and delusions and suicidal thoughts. One online report from Louisiana has attempted to correlate 3 deaths with prior usage of MDPV. Many of the anecdotal reports are saying these compounds found in “bath salts” can quickly cause people to crave re-use of the substance, and are strongly addicting.

Addiction Potential of Cathinones? New research (December 14, 2011) by scientists at the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) indicates that the active compounds in "bath salts" (mephedrone and methylone) bind to monoamine transporters on the surface of some neurons. This in turn leads to an increase in the brain chemical serotonin, and to a lesser extent, dopamine, suggesting a mechanism that could underlie the addictive potential of these compounds. “Our data demonstrate that designer methcathinone analogs are substrates for monoamine transporters, with a profile of transmitter-releasing activity comparable to 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, or ecstasy).” “Given the widespread use of mephedrone and methylone, determining the consequences of repeated drug exposure warrants further study.”

Federal Ban Finalized on October 21 ,2011 On October 21, 2011, the United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) exercised its emergency scheduling authority to control three synthetic stimulants (Mephedrone , 3,4 methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) and Methylone) used to make products marketed as “bath salts” and “plant food”. Except as authorized by law, this action makes possessing and selling these chemicals, or the products that contain them, illegal in the United States. This emergency action was necessary to prevent an imminent threat to the public safety. These chemicals will be controlled for at least 12 months, with the possibility of a six month extension, while the DEA and the United States Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) further study whether these chemicals should be permanently controlled. In this press release, DEA Administrator Michele M. Leonhart stated “these chemicals pose a direct and significant threat, regardless of how they are marketed, and we will aggressively pursue those who attempt their manufacture and sale.”

Dangers/Legal Issues In 2010 there were 303 calls about MDPV (bath salt) products according to the American Association of Poison Control Centers’ National Poison Data System (NPDS). As of April 30, 2012 poison centers reported 1007 calls for all of 2012 (6,138 calls in 2011). This shows the trend of how popular this class of drug has become, and the dangers associated with its increased popularity (1,007 calls in the first 4 months of 2011 and 2,027 calls in the same time period of 2010). Since the National ban MDPV, Mephedrone and Methylone on October 21, 2011, November 2011 saw 231 calls reported, December 2011 - 222 calls, January 2012 - 222 calls, February 2012 - 230 calls, March 2012 – 264 calls, and April 2012 saw 285 calls. This is clear evidence that the national and state bans are having an impact on the use of, and medical necessity reasons to contact emergency rooms, for the chemicals that comprise “bath salts”. A continued watch of this emerging trend, since the national ban was enacted can be found at http://www.aapcc.org as they update their statistics monthly.

Which States have made Bath Salts Illegal? As of October 24, 2011, here are the known states to have banned Bath Salts; banning either Mephedrone, MDPV, Methylone and/or other cathinones (this list has literally grown rapidly, so please understand if a state has not been listed here that recently passed a ban): Alabama (MDPV, Mephedrone) Arkansas (MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone, 3-FMC, 4-FMC [Flephedrone], BK-PMMA [Methedrone]) Delaware (MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone) Florida (MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone, 3-FMC, BK-PMMA) Georgia (MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone, 4-FMC [Flephedrone], BK-PMMA [Methedrone]) Hawaii (MDPV, Mephedrone) Idaho (MDPV, Mephedrone) Illinois (MDPV) Kansas (MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone, 3-FMC, 4-FMC [Flephedrone], BK-PMMA [Methedrone], Butylone) Kentucky (MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone) Louisiana (MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone, 4-FMC [Flephedrone], BK-PMMA [Methedrone]) Maine (MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone, 3-FMC, 4-FMC [Flephedrone], BK-PMMA [Methedrone], Butylone) Mississippi (MDPV, Mephedrone) Missouri (MDPV, Mephedrone, MPBP [4-Methyl-α-pyrrolidinobutiophenone]) New Jersey (MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone, 3-FMC, 4-FMC [Flephedrone], BK-PMMA [Methedrone]) New Mexico (MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone, 3-FMC, 4-FMC [Flephedrone], BK-PMMA [Methedrone])

Which States have made Bath Salts Illegal? As of October 24, 2011, here are the known states to have banned Bath Salts; banning either Mephedrone, MDPV, Methylone and/or other cathinones (this list has literally grown rapidly, so please understand if a state has not been listed here that recently passed a ban): New York (MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone, 3-FMC, 4-FMC [Flephedrone], BK-PMMA [Methedrone]) North Carolina (MDPV, Mephedrone) North Dakota (Mephedrone only) Ohio (MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone, 3-FMC, 4-FMC [Flephedrone], BK-PMMA [Methedrone]) – Effective October 15, 2011. Oklahoma (MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone, 3-FMC, 4-FMC [Flephedrone], BK-PMMA [Methedrone]) Oregon (MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone, 4-FMC [Flephedrone], BK-PMMA [Methedrone], Butylone) Pennsylvania (MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone, 3-FMC, 4-FMC [Flephedrone], BK-PMMA [Methedrone]) South Carolina (MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone) Tennessee (MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone, 3-FMC, 4-FMC [Flephedrone], BK-PMMA [Methedrone]) Texas (MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone, 3-FMC, 4-FMC [Flephedrone], BK-PMMA [Methedrone]) Utah (MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone, 3-FMC, 4-FMC [Flephedrone], BK-PMMA [Methedrone], Butylone) Virginia (MDPV, Mephedrone) Washington (MDPV, Mephedrone, and synthetic cannabinoids, analogues) – Effective November 3, 2011 West Virginia (MDPV, Mephedrone) Wisconsin (MDPV, Mephedrone) Wyoming (MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone, 3-FMC, 4-FMC [Flephedrone], BK-PMMA [Methedrone]) Multiple other states are quickly passing 90 day, 120 day emergency bans.

Washington State – Legislation Done Right? On October 3rd, 2011 the Board of Pharmacy in Washington State moved to not only permanently outlaw the substances and their active ingredients, but also a broad swath of related chemicals that, in some instances, havent even been invented yet. Department of Health spokeswoman Julie Graham says it is the first time Washington has "taken action to ban broader, general classifications of chemicals.“ "Its designed to keep a little bit ahead of the chemistry," Graham says. "There are two kind of fundamental chemical make-ups for the Spice [synthetic marijuana] or the bath salts. Basically, what this rule does is it says that any use of these two formulas or tweaking of the chemicals there within that classification will be covered under the law. It covers the existing ones and modifications to those basic chemical structures.

New Jersey Legal Issues On April 29th, 2011 MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone and 3 other synthetic cathinones were banned in New Jersey. This ban in New Jersey was caused by very swift action by the legislature and Division of Consumer Affairs. On March 16, 2011, it was announced Assembly Deputy Speaker John McKeon (D-Essex), Assemblywoman Linda Stender (D- Union), and state Senator John Girgenti (D-Passaic) sponsored the legislation introduced into the Assembly and Senate, that led to the ban on MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone and the 3 other synthetic stimulants 6 weeks later. The 6 banned substances are:n 3,4 – Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV)n 4 – Methylmethcathinone (Mephedrone, 4-MMC)n 3,4 – Methylenedioxymethcathinone (Methylone, MDMC)n 4 – Methoxymethcathinone (Methedrone, bk-PMMA, PMMC)n 4 – Fluoromethcathinone (Flephedrone, 4-FMC)n 3 – Fluoromethcathinone (3-FMC)

New Jersey Legal Issues The only downside to this legislation is that it appears to suffer the same problems as the Synthetic Cannabinoid legislation, in that it specifically names Mephedrone and MDPV (and 4 other synthetic cathinones) as the proposed banned substances. It is possible that ‘bath salts’ will continue to be sold legally in NJ, only made with other, still unbanned synthetic stimulants. On March 1st, the DEA announced the ban of 5 synthetic cannabinoids (JWH-018, JWH-073, JWH-200, CP 47,497 and CP 47,497 C8), however, before the ban was in place, generation 2 of synthetic cannabinoids was already being sold in NJ non- chain convenience stores touting none of the nationally banned substances are in their product. This NJ legislation on “Bath Salts” has the possibility of repeating this already occurring problem with synthetic cannabinoids.

Legal Issues of MDPV Because of the state ban on April 29, 2011, this currently means in New Jersey MDPV and many of its derivatives and analogues (or chemical cousins to use the term from a previous slide), are no longer accessible. In other states where bans have not been in place, the product is being sold as ‘bath salts’ and labeled “Not For Human Consumption”, thus there are no age restrictions on the purchase of these products (as you have with other legal, intoxicating substances such as alcohol). Governor Christie made this temporary action permanent by signing Pamelas Law, banning the sale and possession of the 6 aforementioned synthetic cathinones. Pamelas Law was named after Pamela Schmidt, a 22-year-old Rutgers student who is believed to have been murdered by her boyfriend, Bill Parisio, who is said to have been under the influence of “bath salts” at the time of the March incident. However, toxicology results of Mr. Parisio taken shortly after the murder showed there were none of these synthetic cathinones in his system.

Pennsylvania Legal Issues In Pennsylvania (on June 23, 2011), SB 1006 was passed by the House, Senate and approved by the Governor. This bill SB 1006 bans 6 synthetic cathinones including MDPV and Mephedrone (this PA bill bans the same 6 synthetic cathinones that NJ temporarily banned on April 28, 2011 and became law on August 22, 2011.). This bill is also proposing to ban Salvia divinorum & Salvinorin A, and 8 synthetic cannabinoids and their analogues. An amendment added to the PA SB 1006 also includes language barring all chemicals that are similar to the substances that are currently found in bath salts, synthetic cannabinoids and 2C (hallucinogens such as 2C-E, 2C-I, 2C-P, 2C-H and their analogues, congeners, homologues, isomers, salts and salts of analogues, congeners, homologues and isomers), and prohibits those chemical compounds from being used to create the same effect as the current bath salts, sytnthetic cannabinoids and 2C chemical structures. This addition to the law will make Pennsylvania’s the strongest such law in the nation.

National vs. State-by-State Bans Because national public health officials have MDPV, Mephedrone and Methylone on their radar, it has been placed on a 12 month temporary national ban that started on October 21, 2011. In December, 2010, the DEA made a brief statement: “Currently, MDPV is not a scheduled drug under the Controlled Substances Act (CSA). However, if intended for human consumption, MDPV can be considered an analogue of a schedule I drug under the CSA (Title 21 United States Code 813). Therefore, law enforcement cases involving MDPV can be prosecuted under the Federal Analogue Act of the CSA.” However, all “bath salts” clearly state “Not for Human Consumption”. What this means is that (if in your state) MDPV is not a scheduled drug currently, if the intention is to use it for human consumption, its structural similarity to illegal drugs of abuse means that it could be considered by law enforcement officials as a controllable substance analogue (under the Federal Analogue Act).

National vs. State-by-State Bans Just because a federal ban is enacted on a drug, it does not mean local authorities will take action on this drug. States still need to enact legislation to ban the substances in order for state (then local) authorities to take action. Federal bans will go after larger distributors, but it will be locally determined as to whether users and smaller, local distributors (such as non-chain convenience stores and gas stations) will be sought after without a state ban.

Will the State and National Bans Work? This is from a recent study out of the United Kingdom. Mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone) and related cathinones were controlled in the United Kingdom on 16 April 2010. An analysis of presentations to the emergency department of patients with acute toxicity related to the use of mephedrone demonstrated that there was a peak in presentations prior to and a significant fall in presentations following the control of mephedrone. This suggests that the control of mephedrone in the United Kingdom may have been effective in reducing the acute harm associated with the drug.

Urine Detection Information Redwood Toxicology Laboratory shows currently they have detection for MDPV and Mephedrone. They do not have detection for α-PPP, MPPP or MDPPP in urine drug screens. The cost for the 2 panel is $40 ($30 if you do enough volume and have your entire drug screen business with Redwood Lab.), and $55 ($40) for the 14 panel test. There is reportedly a 48-72 hour detection window, depending on dosing. Redwood has a 2 panel drug test (MDPV, Mephedrone) and a 14 panel drug test which tests for the following drugs: n BZP (Benzylpiperazine) n Butylone (β-keto-N-methylbenzodioxolylpropylamine, bk-MBDB) n Cathinone (Khat or Benzoylethanamine) n Ethylone (3,4-methylenedioxy-N-ethylcathinone, MDEC, bk-MDEA) n MBDB (Methylbenzodioxolylbutanamine, Methyl-J, “Eden”) n mCPP (meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine) n MDA (3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine, tenamfetamine) n MDEA (3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine, MDEA, MDE, “Eve”) n MDPV (Methylenedioxypyrovalerone, Cloud 9, Ivory Wave, White Lightning) n MDMA (3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, ecstasy, “E”, “X”) n Mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone [4-MMC], 4-methylephedrone, “Meph”, “MCat”) n Methcathinone (α-methylamino-propiophenone, may be confused with mephedrone) n Methylone (3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylcathinone, bk-MDMA, MDMC, “M1”) n TFMPP (3-Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine, “Legal X”)

How bad are doing “bath salts” for you? This bad … Man arrested after being found standing over goat, wearing womens underwear http://bit.ly/mr2xny May 3, 2011. CHARLESTON, W.Va. – An Alum Creek man has been arrested after neighbors allegedly found him standing over the dead body of a boy’s stolen pet pygmy goat while wearing womens underwear. The goat was named Bailey, was on a leash attached to a tree in the front yard. The small white-and-gray goat wore a pink collar. The 19 year old man told deputies he had been high on bath salts for the last three days, said a detective with the sheriffs office. Two of the three people who were with the boy who’s pet pygmy goat was abducted, went to the suspects home to look for the goat and found the front door open. They went inside the house, and one went into the middle bedroom where she found the suspect in a bra and womans panties standing three feet from the goats body. The suspect then ran out of the house wearing only a muscle shirt and thong underwear. Bath salts are ‘cross dress, kill a little boy’s pet pygmy goat, then run in public’ bad.

Bibliography American Association of Poison Control Centers. (2011). Bath Salts Data Updated May 23, 2012. http://www.aapcc.org/dnn/Portals/0/Bath%20Salts%20Data%20for%20Website%205.23.2012.pdf American Psychiatric Association Online (2011). Why "Bath Salts" Are Addictive. http://alert.psychiatricnews.org/2011/12/why-bath-salts-are-addictive.html (accessed 12/28/11) Bangor Daily News Online – Maine Politics. (2011). ‘Bath salts’ ban takes effect; state’s top cop seeks to halt drug’s march into Maine. http://bangordailynews.com/2011/07/06/politics/lepage-signs-bill-creating-penalties-for-bath-salts/ DEA. (2011). Chemicals Used in "Bath Salts” Now Under Federal Control and Regulation. (DEA Will Study Whether To Permanently Control Three Substances). http://www.justice.gov/dea/pubs/pressrel/pr102111.html DEA. (2010). Brief Statement Regarding Emerging Drug MDPV. http://www.justice.gov/dea/index.htm DEA. (2010). Increasing abuse of bath salts. http://www.justice.gov/ndic/pubs43/43474/sw0007.doc DEA. (2010). Methylenedioxypyrovalerone [(MDPV) (1-(1,3-Benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1- pentanone] http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/drugs_concern/mdpv.pdf DEA. (2010) 4-methylmethcathinone, Mephedrone, 4-MMC - Drugs and Chemicals of Concern. http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/drugs_concern/mephedrone.htm

Bibliography Drugs Forum. Information regarding MDPV accessed on February 22, 2011. http://www.drugs-forum.com/forum/showwiki.php?title=MDPV FoxNews.com. (2011). Delaware Officials Ban Sale of Bath Salts’ http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2011/09/30/delaware-officials-ban-sale-bath-salts/ Huffington Post. (2011). Rutgers Student William Parisio, Accused In Pamela Schmidts Murder, Used Bath Salts To Get High. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/03/16/pamela-schmidt-dead_n_836536.html Huffington Post. (2011). Bath Salts Drug Not Involved In Murder Leading To Pamelas Law Ban, NJ Prosecutor Says. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/09/02/nj-murder-bath-salts-drug-ban-william-parisio-pamela-schmidt_n KMBC.com – Abuse of Fake ‘Bath Salts’ Sends Dozens to ER. http://www.kmbc.com/news/26256067/detail.html Linkedin.com. (2011). Emerging Drugs of Abuse Threads (Information quoting Dr. Adam Winstock and Mr. Bruce Talbot). The Emerging Drugs of Abuse forum is managed by J. Randall Webber. National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2011). Message from the Director on "Bath Salts" - Emerging and Dangerous Products. http://www.nida.nih.gov/about/welcome/MessageBathSalts211.html

Bibliography New Jersey Star Ledger. (2011). N.J. Senate, Assembly lawmakers to introduce bill banning bath salts drug. http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2011/03/nj_legislation_banning_bath_sa.html Office of National Drug Control Policy. (2011). Statement from White House Drug Policy Director on Synthetic Stimulants, a.k.a “Bath Salts”. http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/news/press11/020111.html The Poison Review. (2011). NBC’s Today Show reports on ‘bath salts’. http://www.thepoisonreview.com/2011/02/02/the-today-show-reports-on-bath-salts-mdpv/ Psychonaut Webmapping Research Group. (2009). MDPV Report. Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London: London, UK. http://www.nascsa.org/NEWS/PsychonautMDPVreport.pdf NJs Pamelas Law. (2010). http://e-lobbyist.com/gaits/text/288194 - NJ Law banning 6 Synthetic Cathinones (MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone, Methedrone, Flephedrone, and 3-FMC). Pennsylvanias House Republican Caucus - Stern’s Fight to Get Bath Salts Listed as a Controlled Substance Moves One Step Closer to Becoming Law. http://www.pahousegop.com/NewsItem.aspx?NewsID=11643 Redwood Toxicology Laboratories. (2011). http://www.redwoodtoxicology.com/documents/services/3396_designer_stimulant_sellsheet.pdf

Bibliography SeattleWeekly.com. (2011). Washington Permanently Bans Bath Salts and Synthetic Marijuana--and Some Chemicals That Havent Been Invented Yet. http://blogs.seattleweekly.com/dailyweekly/2011/10/washington_permanently_bans_bath_salts_and_synthe Synthetic Cathinones. (2011). European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/synthetic-cathinones Westfield Patch. (2011). http://westfield.patch.com/articles/christie-bans-bath-salts Christie Bans "Bath Salts" Wikipedia: alpha-Pyrrolidinopropiophenone. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-pyrrolidinopropiophenone Wikipedia: Mephedrone. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mephedrone Wikipedia: MPPP. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4%27-Methyl-%CE%B1-pyrrolidinopropiophenone Wikipedia: MDPPP. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3%27,4%27-Methylenedioxy-%CE%B1-pyrrolidinopropiophenone Wikipedia: MDPV. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDPV

Bibliography WJHG.com – Florida makes sales and possession of bath salts illegal. http://www.wjhg.com/home/headlines/Florida_makes_sales_and_possession_of_bath_salts_illegal_1146819 Wood, D. M., Greene, S. L. & Dargan, P. I. (2011). Emergency department presentations in determining the effectiveness of drug control in the United Kingdom: mephedrone (4- methylmethcathinone) control appears to be effective using this model. Emergency Medical Journal. http://emj.bmj.com/content/early/2011/10/27/emermed-2011-200747.abstract Information from the slide “Synthetic Cathinones Effects Summary Sheet” was taken from: Martha Hunt, M.A., CAMF, Health Promotion & Wellness, Naval Hospital Twentynine Palms, MCAGCC, Box 788250, Twentynine Palms, CA 92278. PowerPoint presentation entitled “Bath Salts or Designer Cathinones”, August 9, 2011. Accessed September, 14, 2011.

About This Presentation A comprehensive article on this topic is available at: http://www.hdap.org/mdpv.html If you are interested in the emerging drug trend of Spice/K2 (Synthetic Cannabinoids), please visit http://www.hdap.org/spice.html or view the corresponding PowerPoint presentation at http://slidesha.re/gbgRgD. Glenn Duncan LPC, LCADC, CCS, ACS is the Executive Director of Hunterdon Drug Awareness Program, an outpatient and intensive outpatient substance abuse program located in Flemington, NJ. Glenn is also a professional trainer and consultant, providing trainings on both emerging drug trends and clinical supervision. Glenn can be contacted at glennduncan@comcast.net or gduncan@hdap.org. You can view his professional profile at http://www.linkedin.com/in/glennduncan.

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MDPV "Bath Salts" - Emerging Drug Trends

by Glenn Duncan on Feb 22, 2011

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MDPV "Bath Salts" - Emerging Drug Trends — Presentation Transcript