3. DRUG CRIME
Drug related crime in Australia is closely related to many other acts of crime and criminal activities. The culture of drug use and its
relationship to crime has changed dramatically over the last two centuries, and continues to do so.
“Cannabis plants were sent to Australia by Sir Joseph Banks on the First Fleet, in hope that the new colony might grow enough
hemp to supply the British Navy with rope.” (Bolt 2010. Drugs and the law). “Cannabis importation and use was prohibited by
federal legislation in 1926 (implementing the 1925 Geneva Convention on Opium and Other Drugs)” (Bolt 2010. Drugs and the
law).
In 1953 Australia was the worlds’ largest user, per capita, of heroin. Heroins’ prohibition came about as a result of international
pressure to conform to laws already in place in other countries. The Australian Medical Association displayed strong opposition, as
there had been no major social issue with the drug, before this time.
“The notion of making drug use illegal did not really emerge in western societies until the late nineteenth century.” (Bolt, online
addition 2011. Drugs and the law) www.legalanswers.sl.nsw.gov.au
Image source – www.drugs.health.gov.au
4. THE ACT OF CRIME
Drug crimes are committed by a vast range of criminals, be it as individuals or an organised crime group, also known as a drug ring or
syndicate. There are many variations of drug crimes, the most serious offences relate to the production and supply of illicit substances.
“The illicit drug market is the primary criminal market that organised crime groups operate in. Other illicit markets include fraud and
financial crime, firearms markets and intellectual property crime. Although drugs are likely to remain the primary market that
organised criminal groups operate in, the future of organised crime may involve new sectors and activities.”
(Annual report Ch.2 Criminal Intelligence, page 42 – Serious and Organised Crime 2011-2012)
www.crimecommision.gov.au
The Australian Institute of Criminology states, “In its most recent annual report the AIC presented findings that two in every three
offenders (66%) detained by the police tested positive to at least one drug, not including alcohol” (Gaffney et al. 2010).
Source: AIC DUMA Q3/4 2009 [computer file] (Gaffney et al.2010) www.aic.gov.au
5. INFAMOUS CRIMINALS
Terry Clark
Terry Clark became the head of the “Mr Asia” heroin syndicate (spanning across New Zealand, Australia,
Singapore, Thailand, England and America) in Australia in the late 1970’s after killing Martin Johnstone, his
“partner in crime”. Clark was renowned for murdering to solve business disputes. The title of “Mr Asia” came
from a New Zealand journalist who knew of Johnstones’ involvement in drug crimes but could not release
his name. Johnstone had made a fortune selling buddah sticks (Cannabis) in New Zealand and wanted to
capitalise on the heroin trade in Australia. The two men, Johnstone and Clark moved to Australia in the mid-
seventies and soon flooded Australias’ streets with high quality China White heroin, importing hundreds of
kilograms of heroin into the country.
Clark was arrested in England for the murder of Johnstone and died of a suspected heart attack in prison in
1983. (adapted from an article from The Daily Telegraph 22/5/10, and Richard Hall - The Mr Asia Connection:
The True Story of Underbelly’s Terry Clark, The Five Mile Press 2010)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/archive/d/d3/20130108213207!Terrance_John_Clark.jpgRobert Trimbole
Robert Trimbole masterminded large amounts of cannabis grown on several properties around the Griffith
area throughout the 1970’s. He kept face in the community having a panel beating shop and his empire
grew rapidly, building a portfolio of many different types of businesses, funded by the proceeds of the
supply of cannabis. He was known to have police on his payroll to inform him of possible raids on his
properties and eventually became involved in the heroin trade after meeting Terry Clark, through a
business partner, who knew that Trimbole had the connections to help them evade police harassment. He
laundered a lot of his money through gambling and was also known to be involved in race fixing. It was
alleged that Trimbole had put a hit out on a man named Donald Mackay, after Mackay informed the
Sydney drug squad of one of Trimboles’ crops, which was then raided seized and four people were
arrested. Trimbole eventually fled overseas and escaped extradition from Ireland in 1984. He died in Spain
in 1987, aged 56.
The Fixer: The Rise and Fall of Australian Drug Lord Robert Trimbole. BY Patrick Bellamy.
Robert Trimbole, image sourced from - (www.trutv.com - <Crime Library>)
6. HISTORICAL CRIMES
Sallie-Anne Huckstep – www.smh.com.au
The murder of Sallie-Anne Huckstep was one of the most controversial murders in Sydneys’ history. Huckstep was
a prostitute and a heroin addict, who had been dating a heroin dealer Warren Lanfranchi. Huckstep claimed that
Lanfranchi had been murdered in 1981 by an alleged corrupt detective, Roger Rogerson. Huckstep made several
media allegations about a relationship between Rogerson and notorious criminal Arthur (Neddy) Smith, and
claimed that Rogerson had murdered her boyfriend, Lanfranchi.
These allegations and the allegations from another detective, Michael Drury, that Rogerson had tried to bribe him
to change evidence (about to be used in a trial), sparked a major investigation into police corruption.
Sallie-Anne was murdered in Centennial Park in 1986 and Smith was charged with her murder but then later
acquitted. Smith was a convicted rapist and armed robber who then got into heroin dealing, after becoming a
stand over man for Murry Riley, a former Australian representative in rowing, who had started a heroin supply
syndicate.
There are many unanswered questions and a great deal of speculation surrounding the murder and corruption
issues. One thing is for certain though, heroin played a very big role in society and crime in Sydney throughout the
1970’s and 1980’s. (Fairfax press releases)
7. THE LEGAL SYSTEM
The original laws against drugs were mainly import duties on Opium, the first being in 1857, then later, regulation and control of
medicinal substances (under various state Poisons Acts). Over time this changed to incorporate separate laws in regards to trafficking,
supply, possession and consumption. In 1985 a focus was put on Harm reduction in federal and state parliaments although ‘supply
reduction’ was still the main issue for resource allocation, in regards to drug related crime.
“The Drug Misuse and Trafficking Act 1985
The NSW Drug Misuse and Trafficking Act 1985 classifies a wide range of drugs as 'prohibited drugs' (and 'prohibited plants' in the case of
cannabis, opium and coca). The Act creates offences for:
• use of prohibited drugs
• possession of prohibited drugs
• supply and trafficking of prohibited drugs (with the seriousness of the offence depending
on the quantities involved)
• cultivation and possession of prohibited plants
• manufacture of prohibited drugs
• aiding and abetting and taking part in offences involving prohibited drugs or plants
• possession of drug-use implements.
Specific offences are covered in more detail the section, Possession, use and supply.
The drugs covered by the Act are listed in a schedule. They include the common street drugs - cannabis (marijuana), heroin, ecstasy,
amphetamines, LSD, cocaine, methadone - and many others.”
(Drugs and the law by Steve Bolt, online edition 2011.)
www.afp.gov.au provides a media release (through media centre) about Australias’ largest ever ‘ice’ seizure. It includes the media
released article as well as eight photos and a two minute video of some of the scenes from the seizure.
The policing of drug laws is maintained by state and federal police as well as customs and border control and is subject, to which
jurisdiction “the act of the crime” comes under. In most cases drug trafficking is a major operation that involves very sophisticated
criminal organisations.
Image source – www.afp.gov.au
9. Gang crimes means the attempt to commit, conspiring to commit, or solicitation or two or more criminal acts, provided
the criminal acts were committed on separate dates or by two or more persons who are members of, or belong to,
the same criminal street gang”
These can consist of assault with a deadly weapon or by means of force likely to produce great bodily injury; robbery;
Unlawful homicide or manslaughter; Sale, possession for sale, transportation, manufacture, offer for sale, or offer to
manufacture controlled substances; Shooting at an inhabited dwelling or occupied motor vehicle; Discharging or
permitting the discharge of a firearm from a motor vehicle; Arson; Intimidation of witnesses and victims; Grand
theft; Grand theft of any firearm, vehicle, trailer, or vessel; Burglary; Rape; Looting; Money laundering; Kidnapping;
Mayhem; Aggravated mayhem; Torture; Felony extortion; Felony vandalism; Carjacking; Sale, delivery, or transfer of
a firearm; Possession of a pistol, revolver, or other firearm; Threats to commit crimes resulting in death or great
bodily injury; Theft or unlawful taking or driving of a vehicle; Counterfeiting, designing, using, or attempting to use
an access card; Felony fraudulent use of an access card or account information; Unlawful use of personal identifying
information to obtain credit, goods, services, or medical information; Wrongfully obtaining Department of Motor
Vehicles documentation; Prohibited possession of a firearm; Carrying a concealed firearm; Carrying a loaded
firearms.
(http://gangs23456.tripod.com/id3.html)
GANG RELATED CRIME
10. Alphonse Gangitano
Alphonse Gangitano was one of the biggest members of
the Melbourne Underground Crime. As a child he
dreamed of being a gangster, his first arrest was in
1970’s in which he then joined the ‘Carlton Crew’. He
was named ‘The Black Prince of Lygon Street’. As the
group expanded they then go involved within
gambling and methamphetamine labs. He worked very
closely with Mick Gatto and Jason Moran. Alphonse
had a love for violence and committed his first killing
for cold hard cash. He had two children who he loved
dearly. His life came to an end when he was murdered
in 1998 in his own laundry.
Brian Leslie O’Callaghan
Brain O’Callaghan was described as Melbourne’s
heaviest underworld figures during the 1970’s. He
was a well known robber whom was highly
regarded among gang criminals. He escaped from
Long Bay prison in 1979 when his mate Raymond
Bennett was murdered. He worked with the
Kangaroo Gang getting jewellery. Bookie robbery
was his greatest talent but his heroin addiction
drove him broke. He died at age 62.
(Capo, Herald Sun, October 12th 2010)
INFAMOUS CRIMINALS
11. HISTORICAL CRIMES
. Melbourne Gangland Wars
Melbourne Ganglands wars was made aware from early 1990’s right up until April 2010. Many different men were involved as well
as their wife's. It was brought to everyone's attention within 1998 when Alphonse Gangitano was murdered. Different guys
from different areas of Melbourne were in different gangs. Main gang was ‘The Carlton Crew’ which was ran by Mick Gatto
they were highly involved with amphetamines and “speed” market as well as gambling. This then lead to deaths and shootings
trying to out do one another and be the best in the market. Police were always trying to get on top of it and trying to bring
down all the big ones! Some got caught up in the moment then some won their cases and sent them to jail!!
Below is a link to a timeline of Melbourne’s Underworld
http://www.3aw.com.au/blogs/3aw-generic-blog/timeline-of-melbournes-underworld/20100419-sou8.html
. Milperra Massacre
Mil[erra Massacre was a firearm battle between a rival motorcycle gang members on Father’s Day September 2nd 1984. It began
because a group of Comancheros broke away and formed their own group, being the first Bandidos Motorcycle Club chapter in
Australia. Seven people were killed that day, six motorcycle gang members and one 14 year old female bystander, 28 people
were injured with 20 of them needing medical help. It started about one 1pm when both the motorcycle clubs went to a
motorcycle swap meet in the Viking Tavern heavily armed, cars full with heavy machinery. Each clubs were positioned on ether
side of the car parks when William George Ross also known as “Jock” waived his machete in the air signaling fight and both
clubs charged at each other. Over 200 police turned up at the scene during the massacre but they members of the gang
continued to fight. A total of 43 people were charged with seven counts of murder.
12. LEGAL SYSTEM
Legal system has only recently within the last few years come down harder more than ever on gang crimes around Australia, a lot
more murders and crimes such as drug trafficking has some up to the surface. The technology today allows it easier for the
police to catch people and keep a close watch on them. Each state in Australia has different laws for example NSW just banned
Motorcycle Club in wearing their club patch out in public as well as riding around in groups as they cause to much public
disturbance. Victoria on the other hand stated that their laws are already tough enough for dealing with organised crime so
they wont be introducing a new law.
Victoria introduced certain powers making sure that the Victorian Police had the power to investigate organised crime.
They implemented:
The Crimes (Controlled Operations) Act 2004, which enables police to engage in activities which may otherwise be illegal, while
undertaking ‘undercover’ duties;
The Surveillance Devices (Amendment) Act 2004, which provides police with powers in relation to the installation, use,
maintenance and retrieval of surveillance devices for the purposes of investigating serious and organised crime;
Tthe Crimes (Assumed Identities) Act 2004, which allows for the lawful acquisition and use of assumed identities to facilitate
investigations and intelligence gathering; and
The Evidence (Witness Identity Protection) Act 2004, which provides for the protection of the identity of covert operatives who
may be required to give evidence.
(Bartel, 2010, p.7)
13. LEGAL SYSTEM CONT…
Jurisdiction Legislation
South Australia-
Statutes Amendment (Anti-Fortification) Act 2003
Statutes Amendment (Liquor, Gambling and Security Industries) Act 2005
Statutes Amendment (Power to Bar) Act 2008
Serious and Organised Crime (Control) Act 2008
New South Wales-
Crimes Legislation Amendment (Gangs) Act 2006
Crimes (Criminal Organisations Control) Act 2009
Western Australia - Corruption and Crime Commission Act 2003
Queensland-
Criminal Proceeds Confiscation Act 2002
Police Powers and Responsibilities Act 2000
Victoria-
Crimes (Assumed Identities) Act 2004
Crimes (Controlled Operations) Act 2004
Evidence (Witness Identity Protection) Act 2004
Major Crimes (Investigative Powers) Act 2004
Surveillance Devices (Amendment) Act 2004
Tasmania-
Police Offences Amendment Act 2007
Northern Territory-
Justice Legislation (Group Criminal Activities) Act 2006
Serious Crime Control Act 2009
Australian Capital Territory-
Crimes (Controlled Operations) Act 2008
Crimes (Assumed Identities) Act 2009
(Bartels, L, 2010,p1, table 1)
15. VIOLENT CRIME
Violent crime is any crime that includes the use of un-consensual violent act/s against a person/victim.
This includes the offences of homicide, assault, sexual assault and robbery. Violent crimes are not just
limited to an act of violence, threatening to use violence is also an offence.
Violence is in our television shows, news, movies and video games almost on a daily basis, young
children are exposed to it and its effects everyday. Seeing violent activities everyday makes us believe
that violent crimes are happening constantly. However of every 100 crimes recorded by the police in
Australia, less than 10% were violent, whilst public opinion believed that 80% were violent crimes.
(Hayes & Prenzler, 2012)
However some violent crimes are not reported especially sexual assaults and rapes. This unknown
number is called the dark figure of crime, which we may never fully know. (Hayes & Prenzler, 2012)
Violence however is not necessarily a crime, depending on context. Context and reason are also
considered in a court to determine if an act of violence is a crime.
A wife who has been beaten by her husband fights back whilst this is a violent act it is considered self-
defense and not a criminal action.
16. INFAMOUS CRIMINALS
Ivan Milat- the backpacker murders
The backpacker murderer, Ivan Milat, possibly the most
famous serial killer in Australia killed at least several
people in the New South Wales outback. All of Milat’s
victims were backpackers or tourists aged between 19-
22. He was arrested on May 22 in 1994 after a pair of
trial runners discovered the corpses of Caroline Clark
and Joanne Walters, eventually more victims followed.
All of his victims had bee stabbed and dumped in
Belanglo State Forest. He is currently serving seven
consecutive life sentences plus 18 years.
(Murderpedia.com, N.D.)
Martin Bryant- port author massacre
Born in Tasmania, Martin Bryant had a low I.Q. and
worked as a handyman. However on April 28, 1996 he
walked into a café at Port Arthur and shot and killed 35
people, the next day he was under arrest. He received 35
life sentences and is residing at Tasmania’s Risdon Prison.
Unfortunately it is not fully known why he embarked on
this massacre, many books have been written trying to
comprehend this tragedy. There are also a number of
conspiracy theories surrounding that fateful day in April.
(Bryant Martin, 2013)
17. HISTORICAL CRIMES
Ned Kelly
Australia’s most famous thief, Ned Kelly born in 1855 in Victoria became the leader of the
Kelly gang. He was in and out of police custody for theft related crimes until Ned shot 3 police
dead. The wanted men went on to take over sheep stations, hotels and banks taking their
gold and money. Ned was armed with his infamous headpiece, breast piece, back piece and
apron which weighed 41kg altogether.
In 1880 Ned and his gang were involved in a shootout with the police. Most of the gang was
shot and killed. Ned was captured and in October of the same year he was sentenced to
death.
Kelly was hanged on 11th November 1880. His last words were speculated to be ‘Such is life’.
(Barry, J.,1975)
Myall Creek Massacre
In the early days of British settlement in Australia there were countless massacres of the aboriginal
people, the massacre at Myall Creek on Sunday 10th June 1838 was special however. Eleven stockmen
came across a group of 28 aborigines camping by the creek.
The stockmen brutally slaughtered everyone camping there, including women and children. The
stockman were arrested, the first time in Australia’s history were Caucasian men were arrested,
charged and hanged for the murder of aboriginals. People were horrified by the massacre with bodied
being dismembered and burnt. On the 18th December 1838 several men were hung for the part in the
massacre.
(Myall Creek Massacre, N.D.)
18. To find law regarding violent acts for the Commonwealth of Australia it is best to consult the Criminal Law Consolidation Act of 1935. Each state has their own
separate codes and laws that may differ in definition or punishment. Part 3 – offences against the person etc. of the Criminal Law Consolidation Act of 1935 revolves
around violent acts.
MURDER Part 3 Division 1 (Commonwealth of Australia, 1935)
Sect 11- Murder:
Any person who commits murder shall be guilty of an offence and shall be imprisoned for life
Murder is an extreme offence that those convicted receive life imprisonment. Section 12A goes on to explain that any intentional act of violence that causes the
death of another is also guilty of murder.
MANSLAUGHTER Part 3 Division 1 (Commonwealth of Australia, 1935)
Section 13-
1) Any person who is convicted of manslaughter shall be liable to be imprisoned for life or to pay such fine as the court awards or to both such imprisonment and fine.
Section 13 goes on to address death by motor vehicle, that the convicted person must be disqualified from holding or obtaining a driver’s license for a minimum of
10 years. Section 13a delves into issues of suicide and assisted suicide.
RAPE/SEXUAL ASSUALT Part 3 Division 11 (Commonwealth of Australia, 1935)
Section 48
1) A person (the "offender") is guilty of the offence of rape if he or she engages, or continues to engage, in sexual intercourse with another person who—
a) does not consent to engaging in the sexual intercourse; or
b) has withdrawn consent to the sexual intercourse,
and the offender knows, or is recklessly indifferent to, the fact that the other person does not so consent or has so withdrawn consent (as the case may be).
Maximum penalty for someone convicted of rape is life imprisonment, per accusation of rape. Division 11 also includes sexual manipulation, unlawful sexual
intercourse, indecent assault and many more sexual offences.
To view more in-depth copy of each Division a full copy can be viewed at
http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/clca1935262/
THE LEGAL SYSTEM
20. There are a broad range of possible definitions for the terms ”Serial Murder” or “Serial Killer” therefore Australian academics
and crime specialists tend to use the classification used by the FBI;
“Serial murders are those that involve three or more separate events (Douglas et al. 1992), and most importantly, are repetitive
sequential homicides of any nature”.
The Australian Institute of Criminology has what they call the National Homicide Monitoring Program (NHMP). The NHMP
researches and collects data on all known homicides and reports on the details of the crime and the characteristics of the
offender(s). During a period beginning July 1989 and ending June 2006, the NHMP have reported that there were over 5,000
homicides and that included 11 groups of Serial Murder with 13 identified killers. All but one of these groups only involved 1
offender (the exclusion being the “Snowtown Murders” as mentioned below. Twelve out of the 13 serial killers were male
and the majority were unemployed at the time of their arrest (Mouzos and West; 2007).
Serial Killers have been divided into four basic categories to classify their motivation behind their behavior (Holmes & DeBurger
1998);
Visionary
Voices or visions in the killers mind (usually from God/Angels or the Devil/Demons) encouraging the murders,
Hedonistic
Generally motivated by Lust or by the thrill. Lust killings generally coincide with sex (before, during or after death),
Mission-orientated
Driven by the outcome that murder will achieve, such as removing pedophiles from society – they have a sense of
achievement, like they have done a good deed,
Control/Power orientated
They have the need to feel important and powerful. They achieve this by taking total control of the victim and the situation.
Killers who are power driven tend to draw out the murder over a period of time to prolong the sense of satisfaction and
achievement
These categories have been divided further over the years so that each murderer can be classified into a unique group, giving
reference to their behaviours, motivations and characteristics. In general, research conducted throughout the world
suggests that most serial murders are sexually driven. The offenders are on average more intelligent that other criminals and
more often than not, Caucasian males between 20 and 40 years of age.
SERIAL KILLERS
21. Male serial killers are found to use more personal and physical modes of killing
such as strangulation, beating and using weapons to stab their victims. Men are
likely to target the face, head or genital region and also are more likely to
constrain the victim and sexually assault them.
Women as serial murderers on the other hand are less personal. Females tend
to be somewhat removed from the victim physically, and will generally poison
their victim when they are acting alone. Males and females are usually driven by
different motives. Women are generally motivated by revenge, security or
financial gain where as men are driven more by power, sex and the thrill of the
crime. (Kraemer, Lord & Heilbrun 2004; Hickey and Homes 1991; Ridel 1998).
SERIAL KILLERS
22. John Justin Bunting
(Pictured on the right along with co-accused Robert Joe Wagner)
Bunting has been described as Australia’s worst serial killer. With eleven victims in total,
he used his hatred for homosexuals and pedophiles to select his male victims which led
to one of Australia’s largest investigations – the “Bodies in the Barrels Murders”.
The alleged murders carried out between 1992 and 1999 have made the mid-north
South Australian town called Snowtown, infamous for the hideous crimes which were
discovered in the vault of an old bank. Only one murder was actually carried out in
Snowtown, the other 10 victims being killed in various suburbs surrounding Adelaide.
Using his hate for obese people, homosexuals, drug users and suspected pedophiles,
Bunting formed a group of 4 males, of which he was the leader. He would select their
victims from people known to himself or his followers before torturing and beating
them to death. Twelve people in total fell victim to the groups desire to kill, but John
Bunting was only found guilty for 11 of those murders.
SERIAL KILLERS
23. Leonard John Fraser
Known as “The Rockhampton Rapist”, Fraser was convicted of the rape and
murder of three women and a nine year old girl. Suspected of being responsible
for several disappearances in the Rockhampton community but was never
convicted of any charges relating to those victims, despite having confessed to
raping and murdering them.
There was insufficient evidence to formally charge Fraser for the crimes to which
he confessed although there were many tokens and even locks of hair from
other unknown victims. Many of the females whose whereabouts remain
unknown from the time that Fraser took his first victim, are thought to have
been lost to Fraser’s murderous urge.
SERIAL KILLERS
24. Serial killings are covered under the Criminal Law Consolidation Act 1935 Section 11 – Murder.
“Any person who commits murder shall be guilty of an offence and shall be imprisoned for life”
In Australia, the death penalty was abolished in 1968 under the
Death Penalty Abolition Act 1973:
“An Act to abolish Capital Punishment under the Laws of the Commonwealth, of the States and of the
Territories, and under certain other Laws in relation to which the Powers of the Parliament extend”
Since the law to abolish the death penalty was introduced, the criminal act of serial murder is now
sentenced under the same laws as murder (the Criminal Law Consolidation Act 1935 Sect. 11 – as
mentioned previously). Offenders, if convicted are sentenced to one Life Sentence for every victim
they are found guilty of murdering. A Life Sentence (also known as “Penal Servitude for Life”) has no
exact length of time, but rather the minimum term is set at sentencing.
SERIAL KILLERS & THE LAW
25. DRUG RELATED CRIME
State Library of NSW – Hot topics series, No.59 revised in 2011.
(Bolt 2010. Drugs and the law) and (Bolt online edition 2011. Drugs and the law)
www.legalanswers.sl.nsw.gov.au
Department of Health and Ageing - Heroin - Image source
www.drugs.health.gov.au
Australian Crime Commission – Annual report
Ch.2 Criminal Intelligence page 42. Serious and Organised Crime
www.crimecommission.gov.au
Australian Institute of Criminology – Table 2 – Image source
(gaffrey et al.2010)
www.aic.gov.au
The Daily Telegraph 22/05/10
Terry Clark – Image source - http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/archive/d/d3/20130108213207!Terrance_John_Clark.jpg
(Hall 2010. The Mr Asia Connection) The Five Mile press 2010.
(Bellamy online publication for crime library - The Fixer) www.trutv.com
Fairfax press (Bacon and others) Sallie-Anne Huckstep – Image source - www.smh.com
ICE – Police Image – www.afp.gov.au
26. GANG RELATED CRIME
http://mafiatoday.com/tag/melbourne-gangland/
Federal and State Definitions, 2012, Retrieved from 13th May 2013, from
<http://www.nationalgangcenter.gov/Content/Documents/Definitions.pdf
Gangs in Australia, Wikipedia, 2001, Retrieved from 13th May 2013, from
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangs_in_Australia
National Gang Centre, Retrieved from 13th May 2013, from
<http://www.nationalgangcenter.gov/Survey-Analysis/Gang-Related-Offenses
Aussie Criminals and Crooks Do not Enter, Robbo, 2012, Retrieved from 13th May 2013, from
>http://aussiecriminals.com.au/tag/gangs-2/
Capo, Melbourne Gangland figure dies, 2010, Retrieved from 13th May 2013, from
< http://mafiatoday.com/tag/melbourne-gangland/
Aussie Criminals and Crooks Do not Enter, Robbo, 2012, Retrieved from 13th May 2013, from
<http://aussiecriminals.com.au/2012/05/15/the-milperra-massacre/
Bartels,L, 2010, 2nd Ed., “ The Status of laws on outlaw motorcycle gangs in Australia”, Australian Institute of Criminology”, Austrlian
Government, p.1-10
Getty/Ferlong, C., Photography, 2012
<http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/crime-and-justice-blog/2012/feb/08/met-police-new-gang-crime-initiative
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MJC_coloured.png/350px-Australia_locator-MJC_coloured.png
27. VIOLENT CRIME
Hayes, Hennessey and Tim Prenzler 2012. An Introduction to Crime and Criminology, 3ed. Pearson Australia.
unknown (n.d.). Ivan Robert Marko MILAT. Retrieved 13 may 2013, from http://murderpedia.org/male.M/m/milat-ivan.htm
Bryant Martin. (2013). The Biography Channel website. Retrieved May 13, 2013, from http://www.biography.com/people/martin-bryant-
235987.
Commonwealth of Australia. (1935). Criminal Law Consolidation Act of 1935. Retrieved 13 may 2013, from
http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/clca1935262/
unknown (n.d.). THE MYALL CREEK MASSACRE. Retrieved 13 may 2013, from
http://www.myallcreekmassacre.com/Myall_Creek_Massacre/About_this_site.html
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SERIAL KILLERS
An examination of Serial Murder in Australia” by Jenny Mouzos and David West (2007); Australian Institute of Criminology; Located at
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28. SERIAL KILLERS CONT…
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