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Cultural and spiritual resilience
of religious communities in Sri Lanka after the 2004 Tsunami
       Ted Yu Shen Chen PhD Candidate, University of Melbourne
My PhD

• Comparison between housing RNGOs
  religion > housing > resilience

• RNGO reconstruction approaches:
  material + social ++ spiritual
  dimensions in recovery and resilience
2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami
Sri Lanka is religious




70% Buddhist       15% Hindu       7.5% Christian 7.5% Muslim
    Affected
    areas
Source: 2001 Census Govt of Sri Lanka
Literature: religion & resilience
            * Religious financial resources (Korf et al., 2010, TraDer-Leigh, 2008)
Material    * Religious charity and alms giving (Jones, 2009, Askew, 2008, De
            Bernardi, 2008)
            * Preferential assistance to own religious communities (Gillard
            and Paton, 1999, Korf et al., 2010)


            * Religious social networks for relief (Airriess et
Social      al., 2008, Fisher, 1985)
            * Religious social networks for emotional support (Hill and
            Pargament, 2008)


            * Spiritual counselling and pastoral care (Feldbush, 2007, Harris et
            al., 2010, Wilson and Boden, 2008, Smith et al., 2010)
Spiritual
            * Positive outlook and explanatory styles for coping
            (Shah, 2010, Wortmann and Park, 2009, Tedeschi and
            Calhoun, 1995)
Question




 Do religious cultures make
  a difference to people’s
     disaster resilience?
Case studies


Community Location       Village        RNGO
Christian   Moratuwa     Lanciyawatta   Habitat for
                                        Humanity

Buddhist    Kalutara     Lagoswatta     Habitat for
                                        Humanity

Muslim      Hambantota   Great Love     Tzu Chi
                         Village        Foundation
Material              cope

     Interviews                       Social       adapt      RELIGION

                                       Spiritual
                                                           respond



Households   RNGO officers   Resident focus Community
                             groups         leaders

38           8               4                 9
Material Resilience




Religious teaching derived attitudes toward
charitable giving
  • Muslim ‘Zakat’ – obligatory, 2.5% of income (assist only Muslims)
    Muslim ‘Sadaqa’ – voluntary donation (assist anyone)
  • Buddhist offering – for monks and temple not poor and needy
  • Christian tithing - tithing to support church and church-based
    community activities
Social Resilience


Religious leadership
  • Buddhist monks / Catholic Fathers /Muslim Imams +
    mosque committee

Family organisation
  • Muslim family clusters vulnerable to single disaster event

Gender roles
  • Buddhist and Christian women engaged in community
    recovery activities more than Muslim women
Spiritual Resilience


Relationship to places of worship
  • Buddhist monthly Vesak / Christian Sunday
    congregations / Muslim daily prayers
  • Rebuilding the Tzu Chi Mosque

Spiritual empowerment
  • Immediately after tsunami temples, churches,
    mosques opened their doors to survivors
  • Many religious people also served tirelessly to help
    recover their community, finding ‘greater purpose’ in
    life
Conclusion
               1) religious leadership
               2) tradition of social work
   Christian   3) financial and human resources
               4) Western and wealthy Christian NGOs that provide aid only to
               Christians in developing countries
               5) decentralised family organisations
               6) equal gender roles in community recovery works

               1) Religious leadership: Monk-led relief efforts that encourage
               compassionate action
   Buddhist    2) Decentralised family organisation
               3) Equal gender roles
               - Lack of Buddhist funding structure for community works such
               as post-disaster relief and recovery

               1) Mosque committee leadership
   Muslim      2) Laws on charitable giving
               3) Determination to recover and rebuild to glorify Allah
               - Family cluster vulnerabilities and lack of women participation
Implications




Source: Gallup Poll - Importance of Religion (Crabtree and Pelham 2009)
THANK YOU
       Ted Yu Shen Chen
t.chen2@pgrad.unimelb.edu.au

Architect AIA, PhD University of Melbourne

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Disaster cultural resilience of religious communities – case study from Sri Lanka post 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami

  • 1. Cultural and spiritual resilience of religious communities in Sri Lanka after the 2004 Tsunami Ted Yu Shen Chen PhD Candidate, University of Melbourne
  • 2. My PhD • Comparison between housing RNGOs religion > housing > resilience • RNGO reconstruction approaches: material + social ++ spiritual dimensions in recovery and resilience
  • 4. Sri Lanka is religious 70% Buddhist 15% Hindu 7.5% Christian 7.5% Muslim Affected areas Source: 2001 Census Govt of Sri Lanka
  • 5. Literature: religion & resilience * Religious financial resources (Korf et al., 2010, TraDer-Leigh, 2008) Material * Religious charity and alms giving (Jones, 2009, Askew, 2008, De Bernardi, 2008) * Preferential assistance to own religious communities (Gillard and Paton, 1999, Korf et al., 2010) * Religious social networks for relief (Airriess et Social al., 2008, Fisher, 1985) * Religious social networks for emotional support (Hill and Pargament, 2008) * Spiritual counselling and pastoral care (Feldbush, 2007, Harris et al., 2010, Wilson and Boden, 2008, Smith et al., 2010) Spiritual * Positive outlook and explanatory styles for coping (Shah, 2010, Wortmann and Park, 2009, Tedeschi and Calhoun, 1995)
  • 6. Question Do religious cultures make a difference to people’s disaster resilience?
  • 7. Case studies Community Location Village RNGO Christian Moratuwa Lanciyawatta Habitat for Humanity Buddhist Kalutara Lagoswatta Habitat for Humanity Muslim Hambantota Great Love Tzu Chi Village Foundation
  • 8. Material cope Interviews Social adapt RELIGION Spiritual respond Households RNGO officers Resident focus Community groups leaders 38 8 4 9
  • 9. Material Resilience Religious teaching derived attitudes toward charitable giving • Muslim ‘Zakat’ – obligatory, 2.5% of income (assist only Muslims) Muslim ‘Sadaqa’ – voluntary donation (assist anyone) • Buddhist offering – for monks and temple not poor and needy • Christian tithing - tithing to support church and church-based community activities
  • 10. Social Resilience Religious leadership • Buddhist monks / Catholic Fathers /Muslim Imams + mosque committee Family organisation • Muslim family clusters vulnerable to single disaster event Gender roles • Buddhist and Christian women engaged in community recovery activities more than Muslim women
  • 11. Spiritual Resilience Relationship to places of worship • Buddhist monthly Vesak / Christian Sunday congregations / Muslim daily prayers • Rebuilding the Tzu Chi Mosque Spiritual empowerment • Immediately after tsunami temples, churches, mosques opened their doors to survivors • Many religious people also served tirelessly to help recover their community, finding ‘greater purpose’ in life
  • 12. Conclusion 1) religious leadership 2) tradition of social work Christian 3) financial and human resources 4) Western and wealthy Christian NGOs that provide aid only to Christians in developing countries 5) decentralised family organisations 6) equal gender roles in community recovery works 1) Religious leadership: Monk-led relief efforts that encourage compassionate action Buddhist 2) Decentralised family organisation 3) Equal gender roles - Lack of Buddhist funding structure for community works such as post-disaster relief and recovery 1) Mosque committee leadership Muslim 2) Laws on charitable giving 3) Determination to recover and rebuild to glorify Allah - Family cluster vulnerabilities and lack of women participation
  • 13. Implications Source: Gallup Poll - Importance of Religion (Crabtree and Pelham 2009)
  • 14. THANK YOU Ted Yu Shen Chen t.chen2@pgrad.unimelb.edu.au Architect AIA, PhD University of Melbourne