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Wireless Charging for Smartphone
                        Kandan Jayaraj (A0028319E)
                             Karthik TR (A0082036M)
                     Sathish Narayanan (A0080102A)
                           Jaskirat Kaur (A0077146B)
                        Wong Wee Yap (A0077152H)
                         Tonmoy Kundu (A0028202X)
Presentation Outline
 Smartphones
     Current Trends – Impact on Power
     Wireless Charging Products for the Smartphone
     Charging your Smartphone – Current Technology
 ENERGY GAP in Smartphones
     Value Proposition – Road to True Mobility
 Our Vision of Wireless Charging
     Wireless Hotspots
     Technology Progress
     Cost Structure and Trends
     Market Drivers
 Array of Opportunities
 Future of Wireless Charging


2     MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project
      Wireless Charging of Smartphone
Current Trends in Smartphones – Impact on
Power

            Convergence of                                                  More transistors and
            communication,                                               migration to smaller, leakier
     entertainment and computing                                                 geometries



                             High performance power
WhateverNeed for Speed
 New Apps , be the technological advancements, it
                                hungry processors

     ends up asking for MORE                                                      POWER
                                                                         Memory consumes more
             Higher Memory
                                                                                 power


      Increased talk time demand
     and craze for smaller, sleeker                                       Higher battery capacity
                devices

 3       MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project
         Wireless Charging of Smartphone
Wireless Charging Products for Smartphones
                                                                                         Skins
Inductive Coupling




                                                                                   Cases / Covers




            IT IS CHEAP!!
                                                                                    Charge Pads / Bundle Kits




Cost = $4.70 each (in USD)                            Cost = $3.60 each (in USD)
  4     MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project
        Wireless Charging of Smartphone
Charging your Smarphone – Current technology

     Wired                                                              Li-ion technology
       Equipment Portability                                               15+ years old
       User Mobility                                                       Simple energy storage, one cell
                                                                             system, minimized packing
       Safety
                                                                            Power and energy: well balanced




5       MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project
        Wireless Charging of Smartphone
Relative performance improvements in Li
Battery technology VS HDD / CPU




6   MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project
    Wireless Charging of Smartphone
Energy Gap in Smartphones




    IMPLICATIONS TO CHARGING SYSTEM:

     Battery Capacity – Fails to meet demand
     Charging Interval – More frequent
     Variance in System Charging Performance




7       MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project
        Wireless Charging of Smartphone
Value Proposition – Road to True Mobility

    Problem                                        • Battery is not sufficient to fulfill Smartphone power needs




     Solution                                      • Use wireless technology to fill the energy gap



                                                  • Wireless energy product that allows ‘recharging on the go’ -
Value Proposition                                   convenient and practical manner – True Mobility




                                                                                        Wireless
                                                                                        Charging




8   MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project
    Wireless Charging of Smartphone
Our Vision for

WIRELESS CHARGING
Wireless Charging Hotspots
                                                                                     The mobile phone is
                                Circuit                            Hotspot Source   powered to tune to the
AC Electricity                                                                      same frequency as the
                                                                                    hotspot source and in
                                                                                        the process of
                                                                                      resonant magnetic
                                          Oscillating Magnetic Field
                                                                                      coupling, power is
                                                                                          transferred.




10      MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project
        Wireless Charging of Smartphone
Wireless Charging Hotspots




11   MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project
     Wireless Charging of Smartphone
Intelligent Wireless Charging System

Power Receiver                                                        Power Transmitter




                      •Wireless power Detection
                            •Wake up fromDetection
                      •Wireless powerfromIDLE mode
                             •Wake up        IDLE mode
                      •ID and Energy DemandAuthentication
                      •ID   •Power Receivers
                          and Energy Demand
                             •Power Receiver Authentication
                      •Power Charge Complete
                              •Power Transfer Off
                            •Power Transfer according to
                      communication
                             •Power Transfer according to
                      communication IDLE mode
                      •Power Transmitter/IDLE
                              •Switch to
                      •Multiple Request for  Adaptive
                            Energy Demands
                      •Request for Charging
                      Mode Energy Demand
                             (optional)
                      Charging Transfer Mode
                            Power




 12   MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project
      Wireless Charging of Smartphone
Technology Paradigm – Wireless charging


                                                                     Range




                                        Near Field                           Far Field



                    Inductive                                Resonance          RF /
                    Coupling                                  Coupling       Microwave


13   MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project
     Wireless Charging of Smartphone
Range

EM Resonance Coupling
                                                                                                       Near Field           Far Field

• Superior to inductive charging
• Offer larger distances between the charged device                                             Inductive     Resonance     Microwave
                                                                                                Coupling       Coupling        / RF
and the source
• Easily charge multiple gadgets simultaneously,
regardless of their position
• Can transmit across barriers
                                                                     •   Blue line: Magnetic Fields
                                                                         Created when the current
                                                                         flows through the coil

                                                                     •   Yellow line: Flow of
                                                                         energy from the sources
                                                                         to Capture Coil


                                                                             Is it practical to develop
                                                                              this technology for the
                                                                                    mass market?

14   MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project
     Wireless Charging of Smartphone
Wireless Charging Hotspots: Road to
Mainstream Market

 Understanding the Roadmap from Labs to Market
      R&D  Commercialization  Market Adoption


 3 Major Factors:
      Technology Progress – Efficiency vs Distance / Efficiency vs Size
        o Efficiency Improvement
                Better Design
                Better Materials
      Cost Structure and Trends
        o Cost of Ownership vs Market Adoption
      Market Drivers


15     MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project
       Wireless Charging of Smartphone
Wireless Charging Hotspots

   Technology Progress
Efficiency Break-down: Wired vs Wireless
                                                                                                            ~1% cable loss
                                                                                               99%




                                                                                                Connector
                 AC->DC                         DC->AC                      AC->DC                          Charge           Energy
Wired                                                                                                                        storage
                 50Hz                           HiFreq                                                      control          efficiency


                                    Charger                                                                            Smartphone

                  99%                                                      70%                              90%               XX%

                                                                           Magnetic field


                 AC->DC                       DC->AC                                        AC->DC          Charge           Energy
Wireless                                                                                                                     storage
                 50Hz                         Hi-Freq                                                       control          efficiency


            Transmitter / Charger                                   Up to 80%                    Smartphone
   17      MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project
           Wireless Charging of Smartphone
Near Field Wireless Charging: Distance vs Efficiency


                                                       Proximity coupling                      Vicinity coupling
                                        2
                                   10                                                                                 High Power
                                (100 W)
       Transferred power [W]




                                         1
                                    10                                                                       Magnetic coupled
                                  (10 W)
                                                                                                             Resonance, +60%
                                    10
                                         0                                                                   efficiency
                                  (1 W)
                                                                                                                   Inductive Pad
                                         -1
                                  10                                                                               Solutions

                                  10-2
                                                     High                                                                 Low Power
                                                     Efficiency
                                  10-3


                                                     10-2                           10-1
                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                    10 (1 meter)
                                                                                                                      1
                                                                                                                    10 (10 meters)
                                                                                   Distance [m]
  18                           MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project
                               Wireless Charging of Smartphone
Overcoming Barriers: Push for Efficiency

                               Pushing the Mid-Range Efficiency Curve Outwards

                                              Inductive
                                              coupling to
                                              Resonant                     Kurs, Moffat and Soljačić —
                                              Inductive                    found that powering two
             1.0
                                              Coupling                     devices at once led to higher
             0.9                                                           efficiency than one device
                                                                           alone.
             0.8
             0.7
Efficiency




             0.6
                                                                         Team from MIT,
             0.5                                                         wirelessly power a
                                                                         60W light bulb
             0.4                                                         with 40%
             0.3                                                         efficiency at a 2
                                                                         metres
             0.2
             0.1
                                                                                                                     VISION
             0.0
                              2           4            6            8              10   12      14         16   18
                                                                              Distance (m)
        19         MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project
                   Wireless Charging of Smartphone
Overcoming Barriers: Push for Efficiency

                                                 Technology Driven by Mass Adoption




                                                                                    The two receiving coils resonate with each other
                                                                                    as well as with the transmitting coil, and help to
                                                                                    reinforce the strength of the magnetic field.
Source: Simultaneous mid-range power transfer to multiple devices
André Kurs, Robert Moffatt, and Marin Soljačić




        The efficiency should continue to rise as more devices are added,
        climbing toward a theoretical limit of 100 percent.

        20          MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project
                    Wireless Charging of Smartphone
Overcoming Barriers: Push for Efficiency

                                      Technology Driven by Mass Adoption

                               800000

                               700000

                               600000

                               500000

                               400000

                               300000

                               200000

                               100000
                                                      Source: JiWire Mobile Audience Insights Report

                                       0
                                             2004      2005      2006     2007     2008      2009      2010   2011   2012   2013   2014   2015


     We anticipate the market for Wireless Charging Hotspot trend will follow
     that of the Wi-Fi adoption Trend and the scaling effect driving efficiency
     up.
21       MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project
         Wireless Charging of Smartphone
Near Field Wireless Charging: Size vs Efficiency




     Transmitter


                                                               Receiver




     •   The Coils offer inductance for resonance at desired frequency.
     •   Size - Bigger the coil, higher the efficiency
     •   Higher coil Q factor offer longer range
                 Q = Quality factor of Transmitter / Receiver coil

22       MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project
         Wireless Charging of Smartphone
Overcoming Barriers: Push for Efficiency

                                                      Reducing Receiver Coil Size


 Source: Limitation of inductive
  power transfer for consumer
          application
Eberhard Waffenschmidt, Philips
           Research




                                                                                 1. A large size difference of the coils
                                                                                    reduces efficiency – Problem for Mobile
                                                                                    Charging with Hotspots

        Typical arrangement of a wireless inductive power                        2. A higher Quality Factor of coils pushes
                      transmission system.
                                                                                    the efficiency curve up
       23        MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project
                 Wireless Charging of Smartphone
Overcoming Barriers: Push for Efficiency

     Reducing Receiver Coil Size – How do we improve Efficiency ?




                                                                              Improving
                                                                             K, Q1 or Q2
K – coupling coefficient
Q1 – Quality Factor of Transmitter coil
Q2 – Quality Factor of Receiver Coil
                                                                        Better         Better
                                                                        Design        Materials
       Improving K,Q1 or Q2 will drive
       efficiency of resonant magnetic
     coupling and performance despite
     limitations created by varying coil
                      sizes


24      MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project
        Wireless Charging of Smartphone
Overcoming Barriers: Push for Efficiency

     Reducing Receiver Coil Size – How do we improve Efficiency ?

                                                                         Research conducted to improve Q2 –
                                                                               through Better Design
                                                                       Source:
                                                                        Watt-Level Wireless Power Transfer Based on Stacked Flex Circuit Technology,
                                                                        Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
                                                                       *National Semiconductor Corporation, Santa Clara, CA, USA




The multi-layer design incorporating lamination of four layers together with width
variation exhibited a Q-factor improvement of 150% in comparison to the single-
layer inductor.
25     MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project
       Wireless Charging of Smartphone
Overcoming Barriers: Push for Efficiency

     Reducing Receiver Coil Size – How do we improve Efficiency ?

                                                                           Research conducted to improve k –
                                                                                 through Better Design
                                                                       Source:
                                                                       Optimization of Near Field Coupling for Efficient Power Transfer Utilizing Multiple
                                                                       Coupling Structures , Devin Wells Williams




As the spacing decreases between the elements, the magnitude of the coupling
between that structure and the receiving element increases  Coupling coefficient
(k) increases
26     MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project
       Wireless Charging of Smartphone
Overcoming Barriers: Push for Efficiency

     Reducing Receiver Coil Size – How do we improve Efficiency ?

                                                                          Research conducted to improve k –
                                                                              through Better Materials
                                                                       Source:
                                                                       Wireless Power Transmission Efficiency Enhancement With Metamaterials,
                                                                       MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC RESEARCH LABORATORIES




The use of negative-index Metamaterials to enhances coupling coefficient (k) of
two resonators and improves efficiency.
27     MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project
       Wireless Charging of Smartphone
Overcoming Barriers: Push for Efficiency

       Recent Research Breakthrough on Wireless Power Transfer


March 14, 2012




  28    MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project
        Wireless Charging of Smartphone
Wireless Charging Hotspots

  Cost Structure & Trends
Efficiency Vs Cost

                              Increasing Efficiency– Impact on Cost


                                                             Increasing the number of stacks




                                                                     Adding Material




                                                               Reducing space between coils


30   MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project
     Wireless Charging of Smartphone
Cost Analysis for Wireless Charging – BOM Level
Powdered-iron-based, wireless
charging receiving coil
Cost = USD $5.48




                                                     TI’s bq500210 Transmitter IC
                                                                      Cost = USD $3.95

TI’s bq51013 Receiver IC
Cost = USD $3.50




 31   MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project
      Wireless Charging of Smartphone
Cost Analysis for Wireless Charging: Reducing
Cost – In the footsteps of Integrated Circuits ???
                                                1] Increasing the
                                                number of stacks




                                2] Adding
                                 Material




                                       3] Reducing space
                                                                                         1] More process steps overtime
                                          between coils
                                                                               2] Increasing number of layers with technology node

                                                                                  3] Smaller and smaller feature Size overtime




                                                                 Cost Reduction in IC manufacturing had been
                                                                 possible with advances in science enabled by
                                                                research, better manufacturing equipment with
                                                                       benefits from reduction in scale.


32   MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project
     Wireless Charging of Smartphone
Improvements in System Integration - Size & Cost
Path to delivering Power on to the IC directly
System Integration  3D IC and SiP  Power delivery from coil/inductor to the Die




    33    MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project
          Wireless Charging of Smartphone
WIFI vs Wireless Power Transfer
                                                                        Data Transfer Rate declines with distance
     True Mobility attained from shifting to
                    Wireless




                                                                                                    Efficiency
                                                                                                      Push



      Wireless Adapter Transmits Radio
      Signal. Router Receives the Signal.




34      MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project
        Wireless Charging of Smartphone
Cost Reductions in Wireless Power
     Integrated Circuit (IC)
                                                              Wireless Power Chip Set Pricing Forecast (Anticipated)
                                                                                   (in dollars)


                                                                                              2011 - Texas Instruments Incorporated introduced its
                                                                                              next-generation bqTESLA™ wireless power
                                                                                              transmitter integrated circuit (IC). The IC lowers the
                                                             9.10                             transmitter bill of materials cost by more than 50
                                                                                              percent, compared to existing solutions, by integrating
                                                                                              the transmitter and supporting components into a
The price of wireless routers fell from
                                                                                              single chip.
$1,000 in 2000 to just $59 in 2004.
- Dean Takahashi, San Jose Mercury News.                    4.50
                                                                                                                                 Market
                                                                                                                                 Adoption
 Latest reports suggest the
 inclusion of the
 "revolutionary" wireless
 charging feature in Galaxy
 S3.                                                                            2010   2011   2012    2013     2014      2015
 – International Business Times,
 March 22,2012.



      35        MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project
                Wireless Charging of Smartphone
Mobile Apps for Intelligent Wireless Charging


 Apps will help to
      Increase efficiency of wireless
       charging
      Control the cost of charging for
       consumers
      Make the product more
       economically feasible and
       commercially viable                                             Wireless Hotspot Detected:
                                                                       - NUS Hspot ))))))) Excellent
                                                                       - McD Hspot ))) Average

                                                                       Estimated cost for full charge: $0.10
                                                                       Amount in account: $10.32
                                                                       Top-up account
                                                                       Share power mode


36     MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project
       Wireless Charging of Smartphone
Wireless Charging Hotspots

      Market Drivers
Market Drivers for Wireless Charging

        Road to
     True Mobility                                                  User
                                                                 Expectation

                                                        Limits to Competing
                                                           Technologies



                                                  Efficiency Improvements



                                                      Rapid Market Growth



38     MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project
       Wireless Charging of Smartphone
Wireless Charging System Scenarios




39   MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project
     Wireless Charging of Smartphone
Advantages of Wireless charging

      Universal wireless charging environment


      Convenient & Simple to use


      Safe, Reliable & Efficient


      Low Maintenance Cost


      Environmentally Protective


      More Energy Savings


      Reduction of Electronic Waste


40   MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project
     Wireless Charging of Smartphone
Array of Opportunities

Consumer Electronics                                                  Industrial Applications
• Laptops                                                             • Automated Material Handling
• Digital Cameras                                                     • Industrial Micro- Robots
• Television / Media Remotes /
  Gaming controls


                                                   Wireless Charging
                                                       Solutions

Biomedical Devices                                                    Other Applications
• Implants                                                            • Electric Vehicles
• Pacemakers                                                          • LED Lighting
• Defibrillators                                                      • Military Applications



41    MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project
      Wireless Charging of Smartphone
Future of Wireless Power - Consumer Electronics

 Wireless Power will change our world…

                                                                                   IN THE AIR
                       AT WORK




                                                                                   AT THE HOTEL


                AT HOME                                                          AT THE CAFE

                                                                     ON THE GO




42   MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project
     Wireless Charging of Smartphone
AT WORK




Digital Camera                                                                  Coffee Mug


                                                                       Laptop
                                         Cell Phone




 43    MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project
       Wireless Charging of Smartphone
IN THE AIR




                                                                                  Laptop
                                                                     Cell Phone
                                                                     / Kindle




44   MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project
     Wireless Charging of Smartphone
AT THE HOTEL




                                            Laptop

                 Digital Camera



                                                                     Cell Phone
                           Kindle




45   MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project
     Wireless Charging of Smartphone
AT THE CAFÉ



                                                                              Blender




                              Cell Phone                Coffee Mug



                                                                     Laptop
                                Kindle




46   MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project
     Wireless Charging of Smartphone
ON THE GO




               Parking Lot
                                                              GPS Tracking System

                                                                               Media Player

                                                                          Cell Phone / Bluetooth Device




                                                                         Charging Car Battery




47   MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project
     Wireless Charging of Smartphone
AT HOME




                                                                     Blender

                                                                                   Laptop

                              Electric Pan
                                                                      Cell Phone




48   MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project
     Wireless Charging of Smartphone
AT HOME




49   MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project
     Wireless Charging of Smartphone
Conclusion


 Wireless Charging is Smart Charging
 Wireless Charging would be extremely beneficial to society
      Efficient & much better than conventional wired power
      Freedom of movement in charging area
     In near future, the world will be completely
      Eliminates tangled cords
      GREEN & Universal
                         WIRELESS!
 It is a universal, interoperable solution that meets and anticipates
  immediate and future consumer needs




50     MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project
       Wireless Charging of Smartphone
Are you Still Wired ??




51   MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project
     Wireless Charging of Smartphone

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Wireless charging of smartphones

  • 1. Wireless Charging for Smartphone Kandan Jayaraj (A0028319E) Karthik TR (A0082036M) Sathish Narayanan (A0080102A) Jaskirat Kaur (A0077146B) Wong Wee Yap (A0077152H) Tonmoy Kundu (A0028202X)
  • 2. Presentation Outline  Smartphones  Current Trends – Impact on Power  Wireless Charging Products for the Smartphone  Charging your Smartphone – Current Technology  ENERGY GAP in Smartphones  Value Proposition – Road to True Mobility  Our Vision of Wireless Charging  Wireless Hotspots  Technology Progress  Cost Structure and Trends  Market Drivers  Array of Opportunities  Future of Wireless Charging 2 MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project Wireless Charging of Smartphone
  • 3. Current Trends in Smartphones – Impact on Power Convergence of More transistors and communication, migration to smaller, leakier entertainment and computing geometries High performance power WhateverNeed for Speed New Apps , be the technological advancements, it hungry processors ends up asking for MORE POWER Memory consumes more Higher Memory power Increased talk time demand and craze for smaller, sleeker Higher battery capacity devices 3 MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project Wireless Charging of Smartphone
  • 4. Wireless Charging Products for Smartphones Skins Inductive Coupling Cases / Covers IT IS CHEAP!! Charge Pads / Bundle Kits Cost = $4.70 each (in USD) Cost = $3.60 each (in USD) 4 MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project Wireless Charging of Smartphone
  • 5. Charging your Smarphone – Current technology  Wired  Li-ion technology  Equipment Portability  15+ years old  User Mobility  Simple energy storage, one cell system, minimized packing  Safety  Power and energy: well balanced 5 MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project Wireless Charging of Smartphone
  • 6. Relative performance improvements in Li Battery technology VS HDD / CPU 6 MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project Wireless Charging of Smartphone
  • 7. Energy Gap in Smartphones IMPLICATIONS TO CHARGING SYSTEM:  Battery Capacity – Fails to meet demand  Charging Interval – More frequent  Variance in System Charging Performance 7 MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project Wireless Charging of Smartphone
  • 8. Value Proposition – Road to True Mobility Problem • Battery is not sufficient to fulfill Smartphone power needs Solution • Use wireless technology to fill the energy gap • Wireless energy product that allows ‘recharging on the go’ - Value Proposition convenient and practical manner – True Mobility Wireless Charging 8 MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project Wireless Charging of Smartphone
  • 10. Wireless Charging Hotspots The mobile phone is Circuit Hotspot Source powered to tune to the AC Electricity same frequency as the hotspot source and in the process of resonant magnetic Oscillating Magnetic Field coupling, power is transferred. 10 MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project Wireless Charging of Smartphone
  • 11. Wireless Charging Hotspots 11 MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project Wireless Charging of Smartphone
  • 12. Intelligent Wireless Charging System Power Receiver Power Transmitter •Wireless power Detection •Wake up fromDetection •Wireless powerfromIDLE mode •Wake up IDLE mode •ID and Energy DemandAuthentication •ID •Power Receivers and Energy Demand •Power Receiver Authentication •Power Charge Complete •Power Transfer Off •Power Transfer according to communication •Power Transfer according to communication IDLE mode •Power Transmitter/IDLE •Switch to •Multiple Request for  Adaptive Energy Demands •Request for Charging Mode Energy Demand (optional) Charging Transfer Mode Power 12 MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project Wireless Charging of Smartphone
  • 13. Technology Paradigm – Wireless charging Range Near Field Far Field Inductive Resonance RF / Coupling Coupling Microwave 13 MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project Wireless Charging of Smartphone
  • 14. Range EM Resonance Coupling Near Field Far Field • Superior to inductive charging • Offer larger distances between the charged device Inductive Resonance Microwave Coupling Coupling / RF and the source • Easily charge multiple gadgets simultaneously, regardless of their position • Can transmit across barriers • Blue line: Magnetic Fields Created when the current flows through the coil • Yellow line: Flow of energy from the sources to Capture Coil Is it practical to develop this technology for the mass market? 14 MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project Wireless Charging of Smartphone
  • 15. Wireless Charging Hotspots: Road to Mainstream Market  Understanding the Roadmap from Labs to Market  R&D  Commercialization  Market Adoption  3 Major Factors:  Technology Progress – Efficiency vs Distance / Efficiency vs Size o Efficiency Improvement  Better Design  Better Materials  Cost Structure and Trends o Cost of Ownership vs Market Adoption  Market Drivers 15 MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project Wireless Charging of Smartphone
  • 16. Wireless Charging Hotspots Technology Progress
  • 17. Efficiency Break-down: Wired vs Wireless ~1% cable loss 99% Connector AC->DC DC->AC AC->DC Charge Energy Wired storage 50Hz HiFreq control efficiency Charger Smartphone 99% 70% 90% XX% Magnetic field AC->DC DC->AC AC->DC Charge Energy Wireless storage 50Hz Hi-Freq control efficiency Transmitter / Charger Up to 80% Smartphone 17 MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project Wireless Charging of Smartphone
  • 18. Near Field Wireless Charging: Distance vs Efficiency Proximity coupling Vicinity coupling 2 10 High Power (100 W) Transferred power [W] 1 10 Magnetic coupled (10 W) Resonance, +60% 10 0 efficiency (1 W) Inductive Pad -1 10 Solutions 10-2 High Low Power Efficiency 10-3 10-2 10-1 0 10 (1 meter) 1 10 (10 meters) Distance [m] 18 MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project Wireless Charging of Smartphone
  • 19. Overcoming Barriers: Push for Efficiency Pushing the Mid-Range Efficiency Curve Outwards Inductive coupling to Resonant Kurs, Moffat and Soljačić — Inductive found that powering two 1.0 Coupling devices at once led to higher 0.9 efficiency than one device alone. 0.8 0.7 Efficiency 0.6 Team from MIT, 0.5 wirelessly power a 60W light bulb 0.4 with 40% 0.3 efficiency at a 2 metres 0.2 0.1 VISION 0.0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Distance (m) 19 MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project Wireless Charging of Smartphone
  • 20. Overcoming Barriers: Push for Efficiency Technology Driven by Mass Adoption The two receiving coils resonate with each other as well as with the transmitting coil, and help to reinforce the strength of the magnetic field. Source: Simultaneous mid-range power transfer to multiple devices André Kurs, Robert Moffatt, and Marin Soljačić The efficiency should continue to rise as more devices are added, climbing toward a theoretical limit of 100 percent. 20 MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project Wireless Charging of Smartphone
  • 21. Overcoming Barriers: Push for Efficiency Technology Driven by Mass Adoption 800000 700000 600000 500000 400000 300000 200000 100000 Source: JiWire Mobile Audience Insights Report 0 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 We anticipate the market for Wireless Charging Hotspot trend will follow that of the Wi-Fi adoption Trend and the scaling effect driving efficiency up. 21 MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project Wireless Charging of Smartphone
  • 22. Near Field Wireless Charging: Size vs Efficiency Transmitter Receiver • The Coils offer inductance for resonance at desired frequency. • Size - Bigger the coil, higher the efficiency • Higher coil Q factor offer longer range  Q = Quality factor of Transmitter / Receiver coil 22 MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project Wireless Charging of Smartphone
  • 23. Overcoming Barriers: Push for Efficiency Reducing Receiver Coil Size Source: Limitation of inductive power transfer for consumer application Eberhard Waffenschmidt, Philips Research 1. A large size difference of the coils reduces efficiency – Problem for Mobile Charging with Hotspots Typical arrangement of a wireless inductive power 2. A higher Quality Factor of coils pushes transmission system. the efficiency curve up 23 MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project Wireless Charging of Smartphone
  • 24. Overcoming Barriers: Push for Efficiency Reducing Receiver Coil Size – How do we improve Efficiency ? Improving K, Q1 or Q2 K – coupling coefficient Q1 – Quality Factor of Transmitter coil Q2 – Quality Factor of Receiver Coil Better Better Design Materials Improving K,Q1 or Q2 will drive efficiency of resonant magnetic coupling and performance despite limitations created by varying coil sizes 24 MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project Wireless Charging of Smartphone
  • 25. Overcoming Barriers: Push for Efficiency Reducing Receiver Coil Size – How do we improve Efficiency ? Research conducted to improve Q2 – through Better Design Source: Watt-Level Wireless Power Transfer Based on Stacked Flex Circuit Technology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA *National Semiconductor Corporation, Santa Clara, CA, USA The multi-layer design incorporating lamination of four layers together with width variation exhibited a Q-factor improvement of 150% in comparison to the single- layer inductor. 25 MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project Wireless Charging of Smartphone
  • 26. Overcoming Barriers: Push for Efficiency Reducing Receiver Coil Size – How do we improve Efficiency ? Research conducted to improve k – through Better Design Source: Optimization of Near Field Coupling for Efficient Power Transfer Utilizing Multiple Coupling Structures , Devin Wells Williams As the spacing decreases between the elements, the magnitude of the coupling between that structure and the receiving element increases  Coupling coefficient (k) increases 26 MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project Wireless Charging of Smartphone
  • 27. Overcoming Barriers: Push for Efficiency Reducing Receiver Coil Size – How do we improve Efficiency ? Research conducted to improve k – through Better Materials Source: Wireless Power Transmission Efficiency Enhancement With Metamaterials, MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC RESEARCH LABORATORIES The use of negative-index Metamaterials to enhances coupling coefficient (k) of two resonators and improves efficiency. 27 MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project Wireless Charging of Smartphone
  • 28. Overcoming Barriers: Push for Efficiency Recent Research Breakthrough on Wireless Power Transfer March 14, 2012 28 MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project Wireless Charging of Smartphone
  • 29. Wireless Charging Hotspots Cost Structure & Trends
  • 30. Efficiency Vs Cost Increasing Efficiency– Impact on Cost Increasing the number of stacks Adding Material Reducing space between coils 30 MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project Wireless Charging of Smartphone
  • 31. Cost Analysis for Wireless Charging – BOM Level Powdered-iron-based, wireless charging receiving coil Cost = USD $5.48 TI’s bq500210 Transmitter IC Cost = USD $3.95 TI’s bq51013 Receiver IC Cost = USD $3.50 31 MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project Wireless Charging of Smartphone
  • 32. Cost Analysis for Wireless Charging: Reducing Cost – In the footsteps of Integrated Circuits ??? 1] Increasing the number of stacks 2] Adding Material 3] Reducing space 1] More process steps overtime between coils 2] Increasing number of layers with technology node 3] Smaller and smaller feature Size overtime Cost Reduction in IC manufacturing had been possible with advances in science enabled by research, better manufacturing equipment with benefits from reduction in scale. 32 MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project Wireless Charging of Smartphone
  • 33. Improvements in System Integration - Size & Cost Path to delivering Power on to the IC directly System Integration  3D IC and SiP  Power delivery from coil/inductor to the Die 33 MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project Wireless Charging of Smartphone
  • 34. WIFI vs Wireless Power Transfer Data Transfer Rate declines with distance True Mobility attained from shifting to Wireless Efficiency Push Wireless Adapter Transmits Radio Signal. Router Receives the Signal. 34 MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project Wireless Charging of Smartphone
  • 35. Cost Reductions in Wireless Power Integrated Circuit (IC) Wireless Power Chip Set Pricing Forecast (Anticipated) (in dollars) 2011 - Texas Instruments Incorporated introduced its next-generation bqTESLA™ wireless power transmitter integrated circuit (IC). The IC lowers the 9.10 transmitter bill of materials cost by more than 50 percent, compared to existing solutions, by integrating the transmitter and supporting components into a The price of wireless routers fell from single chip. $1,000 in 2000 to just $59 in 2004. - Dean Takahashi, San Jose Mercury News. 4.50 Market Adoption Latest reports suggest the inclusion of the "revolutionary" wireless charging feature in Galaxy S3. 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 – International Business Times, March 22,2012. 35 MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project Wireless Charging of Smartphone
  • 36. Mobile Apps for Intelligent Wireless Charging  Apps will help to  Increase efficiency of wireless charging  Control the cost of charging for consumers  Make the product more economically feasible and commercially viable Wireless Hotspot Detected: - NUS Hspot ))))))) Excellent - McD Hspot ))) Average Estimated cost for full charge: $0.10 Amount in account: $10.32 Top-up account Share power mode 36 MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project Wireless Charging of Smartphone
  • 37. Wireless Charging Hotspots Market Drivers
  • 38. Market Drivers for Wireless Charging Road to True Mobility User Expectation Limits to Competing Technologies Efficiency Improvements Rapid Market Growth 38 MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project Wireless Charging of Smartphone
  • 39. Wireless Charging System Scenarios 39 MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project Wireless Charging of Smartphone
  • 40. Advantages of Wireless charging Universal wireless charging environment Convenient & Simple to use Safe, Reliable & Efficient Low Maintenance Cost Environmentally Protective More Energy Savings Reduction of Electronic Waste 40 MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project Wireless Charging of Smartphone
  • 41. Array of Opportunities Consumer Electronics Industrial Applications • Laptops • Automated Material Handling • Digital Cameras • Industrial Micro- Robots • Television / Media Remotes / Gaming controls Wireless Charging Solutions Biomedical Devices Other Applications • Implants • Electric Vehicles • Pacemakers • LED Lighting • Defibrillators • Military Applications 41 MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project Wireless Charging of Smartphone
  • 42. Future of Wireless Power - Consumer Electronics  Wireless Power will change our world… IN THE AIR AT WORK AT THE HOTEL AT HOME AT THE CAFE ON THE GO 42 MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project Wireless Charging of Smartphone
  • 43. AT WORK Digital Camera Coffee Mug Laptop Cell Phone 43 MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project Wireless Charging of Smartphone
  • 44. IN THE AIR Laptop Cell Phone / Kindle 44 MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project Wireless Charging of Smartphone
  • 45. AT THE HOTEL Laptop Digital Camera Cell Phone Kindle 45 MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project Wireless Charging of Smartphone
  • 46. AT THE CAFÉ Blender Cell Phone Coffee Mug Laptop Kindle 46 MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project Wireless Charging of Smartphone
  • 47. ON THE GO Parking Lot GPS Tracking System Media Player Cell Phone / Bluetooth Device Charging Car Battery 47 MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project Wireless Charging of Smartphone
  • 48. AT HOME Blender Laptop Electric Pan Cell Phone 48 MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project Wireless Charging of Smartphone
  • 49. AT HOME 49 MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project Wireless Charging of Smartphone
  • 50. Conclusion  Wireless Charging is Smart Charging  Wireless Charging would be extremely beneficial to society  Efficient & much better than conventional wired power  Freedom of movement in charging area In near future, the world will be completely  Eliminates tangled cords  GREEN & Universal WIRELESS!  It is a universal, interoperable solution that meets and anticipates immediate and future consumer needs 50 MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project Wireless Charging of Smartphone
  • 51. Are you Still Wired ?? 51 MT5009: Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities – Group Project Wireless Charging of Smartphone