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Green roofs for a wide brown land?-
  Research required to develop a
   successful Australian industry

 Nicholas S.G. Williams, John P Rayner and Kirsten J Raynor

   Department of Resource Management and Geography
        Graduate School of Land and Environment
               The University of Melbourne
Green Roofs are Sexy
 In recent months there have been media stories in:
 • The Age
 • Sydney Morning Herald
 • Daily Telegraph
 • Horticulture Australia
 • Gardening Australia
 • Radio 2SER
 • Radio National: By Design Highrise horticulture ... the rooftop garden
                               at M Central in Pyrmont.
 • Moreland Leader             Photo: Lee Besford SMH

 • Queensland Property and Lifestyle magazine
 • Business Week
Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment   Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
Most Australian examples are
                       intensive green roofs

                 Private home Sydney. Photo:
                 Gardening Australia




                                                           Converted car park, Sydney.
                                                           Photo: Gardening Australia
                                                           30 cm + substrate depth




Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment      Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
Most Australian examples are
                        intensive green roofs




                                                           Marine Discovery Centre, Queenscliff,




                                                  Crown Casino
                                                  Melbourne



Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment           Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
Intensive Green Roofs
 • relatively nutrient rich, deep substrate
   (> 30 cm)
 • allows for establishment of greater
   range of plants: trees, shrubs and
   conventional lawns.
 • require high level of maintenance,
   regular irrigation and applications of
   fertiliser
 • weight can be considerable requiring
   substantial reinforcement of an
   existing roof or extra building
   structural support
                                                                         Freshwater Place, Melbourne
 • Therefore $$$$ and difficult to retrofit                              (Photo: Fytogreen)

Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment   Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
Very Few Extensive Green Roofs
  • Shallow, low-nutrient light
    substrates 2-15 cm deep
  • low maintenance, usually
    no irrigation or fertilisation
    (may be required initially)
  • Potentially provide
    greater biodiversity
    benefits than intensive
    roofs, - ‘Ecoroofs’
  • planted with, or colonised
    by, mosses, succulents,                                Semi-extensive green roof on
    some wild flowers and                                  CH2 building, Melbourne
    grasses                                                Substrate 20-29 cm deep
  • Few (None?) in Australia
Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment        Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
Extensive vs Intensive

     In North America, most of industry growth is
       for extensive or semi intensive green roofs
     • Overall 30 % industry growth in 2007
     • Number of extensive green roofs
       increased by 40% in 2007
     • Number of intensive green roofs
       decreased by 247% in 2007

                                                           Green Roof Industry Survey
                                                           2007
Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment    Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
Why are there no extensive
                               green roofs in Australia?




Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment   Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
Why are there no extensive
                               green roofs in Australia?
• A major barrier is the lack scientific data available to
  evaluate their applicability to Australian conditions.




Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment   Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
Why are there no extensive
                               green roofs in Australia?
• A major barrier is the lack scientific data available to
  evaluate their applicability to Australian conditions.
• Relying on northern hemisphere experience and
  technology is problematic due to significant
  differences in rainfall, temperature, available
  substrates and vegetation.




Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment   Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
Why are there no extensive
                               green roofs in Australia?
• A major barrier is the lack scientific data available to
  evaluate their applicability to Australian conditions.
• Relying on northern hemisphere experience and
  technology is problematic due to significant
  differences in rainfall, temperature, available
  substrates and vegetation.
• This may introduce unacceptable levels of risk and
  unnecessary expense to projects




Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment   Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
Why are there no extensive
                               green roofs in Australia?
• A major barrier is the lack scientific data available to
  evaluate their applicability to Australian conditions.
• Relying on northern hemisphere experience and
  technology is problematic due to significant
  differences in rainfall, temperature, available
  substrates and vegetation.
• This may introduce unacceptable levels of risk and
  unnecessary expense to projects
• Basic research is needed to objectively evaluate the
  performance, cost and environmental benefits of
  green roofs in Australia
Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment   Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
Indicative World distribution of
                                      Green roofs




Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment   http://www.greenroofmaps.com/ June 2008
                                                                      Green Roofs Australia Brisbane
The Australian Climate is different




                http://ag.arizona.edu/~lmilich/pe.html
Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment   Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
International Green Roof Research
    • Europe: 30-40 years
    • Nth America: 15-20 years
    • United Kingdom: 10-12 years
    • New Zealand: 3-4 years
    Many universities have independent green roof
      research and testing facilities
          –   University of Sheffield http://www.thegreenroofcentre.co.uk/index.html
          –   Michigan State         http://www.hrt.msu.edu/greenroof/

          –   BCIT                   http://commons.bcit.ca/greenroof/

          –   North Carolina State http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/greenroofs/
          –   Penn State             http://hortweb.cas.psu.edu/research/greenroofcenter/

Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment    Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
International Green Roof Research
    • Europe: 30-40 years
    • Nth America: 15-20 years
    • United Kingdom: 10-12 years
    • New Zealand: 3-4 years
    Many universities have independent green roof
      research and testing facilities
          –   University of Sheffield http://www.thegreenroofcentre.co.uk/index.html
          –   Michigan State         http://www.hrt.msu.edu/greenroof/

          –   BCIT                   http://commons.bcit.ca/greenroof/

          –   North Carolina State http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/greenroofs/
          –   Penn State             http://hortweb.cas.psu.edu/research/greenroofcenter/

Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment    Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
University Research Facilities

  •   Replicated green roof modules or
      experimental plots
  •   Monitored for runoff quantity and quality,
      plant performance, energy use
  •   Funded by green roof component suppliers,
      government or companies wanting to build                              Oregon State University
      a green roof
  •   Establishing facilities at University of
      Melbourne, Burnley Campus


                                                            University of
                                                            Sheffield


                                               Penn State
                                               University


Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment            Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
Key Questions – Substrates
  • Northern hemisphere substrates are well
    established but transport costs and
    materials differences necessitate that local
    substrates be developed.
  • Unlike the green roof industry in North
    America and Europe, the few Australian
    proprietary products available have not been
    independently tested.
  • May need to develop different mixes for
    different locations based on availability and
    cost
Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment   Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
Key Questions – Substrates
  • What substrates are available?
  • How do various substrate materials and
    mixes perform under Australian roof
    conditions?
        – Temperatures can be as high as 90 C
  • What depth of substrates are required for
    plants in the Australian climate?
  • What are the lifecycle costs (sustainability)
    of substrate components

Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment   Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
Key Questions - Plants
 • In temperate Northern hemisphere sedum
   species are typically planted on extensive
   green roofs.
       – Collapse and die in extended periods of hot
         weather
       – may not be suitable for Mediterranean or sub-
         tropical climates in Australia’s major cities
 • Very little is known about the suitability of
   Australian plants for green roofs.
 • Overseas interest in potential of drought
   adapted Australian species.

Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment   Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
Key Questions - Plants
 • Are there native plants that will survive on
   extensive green roofs in Australian climates
 • Or do they require supplementary irrigation?
 • What is the minimum depth of substrate
   required for survival?
 • What is the performance of Australian plants
   relative to species used in the Northern
   Hemisphere?


Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment   Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
35                                                               rain

                                                                                          evaporation
                         30
                                                                                          reservoir
  Available water (mm)




                         25                                                               0.2E


                         20

                         15

                         10

                          5

                          0
                              0    20   40           60      80         100          120           140
                                  Nov   Dec                 Jan               Feb
                                              Days since Nov 1st 2007

Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment           Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
35
                                                                                rain
                         30
                                                                                evaporation
  Available water (mm)




                         25                                                     reservoir 0.4E


                         20

                         15

                         10

                         5

                         0
                              0    20   40          60     80         100         120            140
                                  Nov    Dec                Jan                Feb
                                               Days since Nov 1st

Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment            Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
More likely to be a Brown Roof?

                                                           Kangaroo and Wallaby grasses
                                                           with everlastings




  Brenneisen S. 2006. Space for
  Urban Wildlife: Designing Green
  Roofs as Habitats in Switzerland.
  Urban Habitats 4: 27-36.
Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment           Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
Key Questions - Water
   • What are the stormwater volume and peak
     flow reductions in Australian climate
     conditions?
   • How does this vary with substrate depth
     and planting palette?
   • How do various substrates affect water
     runoff quality
         – Some mixes / components may leach N
   • Can we use grey water on green roofs?

Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment   Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
Key Questions – Energy and lifecycle

  • What is the potential impact on building energy
    performance
  • Can green roofs cool the urban landscape?
        – providing 50 % green roof cover in New York
          would lead to an average 0.1-0.8°C reduction in
          surface temperatures.
        – for every 1°C reduction 495 million kWh saved
        – Will only work if irrigated- can’t use potable H2O
  • What are the full environmental costs and
    benefits of different types of green roofs over
    their lifecycle?
Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment   Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
Green Roof Research @
                        The University of Melbourne

   •  Established a 20m2 experimental extensive
      green roof at the Burnley Campus
   Using it to:
   1. Select plants that will survive and look good
      in Australian climatic conditions
   2. Develop a locally produced light weight
      substrate
   3. Investigate the effect of the green roof on
      building energy budgets
Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment   Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
Green Roof Research @
                        The University of Melbourne

   •       Investigating the drought tolerance of
           selected succulents, grasses and herbs
   •       Evaluating the properties of substrate
           components and mixes
   •       Determining the effect of recycled water on
           green roof substrates



Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment   Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
Green Roof Research @
                        The University of Melbourne

 • Green Roof system
   donated by ZinCo
 • Used the FloraDrain
   40 system
 • 125 mm of substrate




Source:Zinco Planning Guide, 6th edition & Environment
Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land               Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
Green Roof Research @
                        The University of Melbourne

 • Green Roof system
   was donated by
   ZinCo
 • Used the FloraDrain
                                                           125 mm
   40 system
 • 125 mm of substrate                                     40 mm




Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment           Source:ZincoRoofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
                                                                         Green Planning Guide, 6th edition
Root resistant water proofing




Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment      Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
Fitting eaves to frame




Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment   Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
Rolling out
                                                                      protection layer




Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment   Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
Adding
                                                                                   drainage
                                                                                   layer




Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment   Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment   Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
Green Roof Research @
                        The University of Melbourne

  • Adding substrate and initial
    planting mid July
  • Need to finalise plant selection
  • 10 individuals of 32 species
  • 20 cm plant spacing
  • Upright succulents, herbs
    spreading succulents and
    grasses in separate quadrants
  • Irrigation to establish only
Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment   Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
Plant Selection Criteria

    •   Attractive
    •   High tolerance to light
    •   High ‘drought’ tolerance
    •   Robust and moderate to high vigour
    •   Easily maintained
    •   Tolerate seasonal water logging?
    •   Possum proof?
    •   Available

Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment   Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
Habitat Templates




                                                           Gibber Chenopod Shrublands
                                                           Image: Rob Jung

                                                            Alpine rocky slopes




    Native grasslands.
    Photo Georgia Garrard


Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment        Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
Potential Plant Species




                                                           Lomandra multiflora subsp. dura
          Rounded Noon Flower
          (Disphyma crassifolium)


                                           Wallaby Grasses
                                           (Austrodanthonia sp)




Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment            Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
Potential Plant Species




      Rhodanthe floribunda
                                                              Sedum mexicanum



                                                           Enchylaena
                                                           tomentosa



Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment      Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
Potential Plant Species




      Pigface (Carpobrotus                                 Blue Chalk Sticks
         rossii)                                           (Kleinia mandraliscae)



                             Dianella
                                                                                   Phormium
                             revoluta
                                                                                   ‘Thumbelina’



Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment              Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
Potential Plant Species


              ?                                                   √
      Pigface (Carpobrotus                                 Blue Chalk Sticks
         rossii)                                           (Kleinia mandraliscae)




        X                    Dianella
                             revoluta
                                                              X                    Phormium
                                                                                   ‘Thumbelina’



Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment              Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
Semi-intensive green roof @ CH2. Media 20-29 cm deep
Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment   Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
CH2 East Core Roof – February 2008
Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment   Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
Conclusions
   • Extensive green roofs have great potential as
     a climate change adaptation strategy
         – Less expensive
         – More easily retrofitted
   • Few extensive green roofs in Australia
   • Many candidate native plant species
   • Need research for Australian conditions



Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment   Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
Conclusions
   • Extensive green roofs have great potential as
     a climate change adaptation strategy
         – Less expensive
         – More easily retrofitted
   •   Few extensive green roofs in Australia
   •   Many candidate native plant species
   •   Need research for Australian conditions
   •   Hopefully our work we can help fill this
       information gap

Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment   Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
Acknowledgements

     • John and Kirsten
     • Funding provided by The University of
       Melbourne-CSIRO Collaborative grant
       scheme
     • Materials provided by ZinCO
     • Peter May
     • Ross Payne



Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment   Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008

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Green Roofs for A Wide Brown Land - the University of Melbourne

  • 1. Green roofs for a wide brown land?- Research required to develop a successful Australian industry Nicholas S.G. Williams, John P Rayner and Kirsten J Raynor Department of Resource Management and Geography Graduate School of Land and Environment The University of Melbourne
  • 2. Green Roofs are Sexy In recent months there have been media stories in: • The Age • Sydney Morning Herald • Daily Telegraph • Horticulture Australia • Gardening Australia • Radio 2SER • Radio National: By Design Highrise horticulture ... the rooftop garden at M Central in Pyrmont. • Moreland Leader Photo: Lee Besford SMH • Queensland Property and Lifestyle magazine • Business Week Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
  • 3. Most Australian examples are intensive green roofs Private home Sydney. Photo: Gardening Australia Converted car park, Sydney. Photo: Gardening Australia 30 cm + substrate depth Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
  • 4. Most Australian examples are intensive green roofs Marine Discovery Centre, Queenscliff, Crown Casino Melbourne Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
  • 5. Intensive Green Roofs • relatively nutrient rich, deep substrate (> 30 cm) • allows for establishment of greater range of plants: trees, shrubs and conventional lawns. • require high level of maintenance, regular irrigation and applications of fertiliser • weight can be considerable requiring substantial reinforcement of an existing roof or extra building structural support Freshwater Place, Melbourne • Therefore $$$$ and difficult to retrofit (Photo: Fytogreen) Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
  • 6. Very Few Extensive Green Roofs • Shallow, low-nutrient light substrates 2-15 cm deep • low maintenance, usually no irrigation or fertilisation (may be required initially) • Potentially provide greater biodiversity benefits than intensive roofs, - ‘Ecoroofs’ • planted with, or colonised by, mosses, succulents, Semi-extensive green roof on some wild flowers and CH2 building, Melbourne grasses Substrate 20-29 cm deep • Few (None?) in Australia Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
  • 7. Extensive vs Intensive In North America, most of industry growth is for extensive or semi intensive green roofs • Overall 30 % industry growth in 2007 • Number of extensive green roofs increased by 40% in 2007 • Number of intensive green roofs decreased by 247% in 2007 Green Roof Industry Survey 2007 Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
  • 8. Why are there no extensive green roofs in Australia? Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
  • 9. Why are there no extensive green roofs in Australia? • A major barrier is the lack scientific data available to evaluate their applicability to Australian conditions. Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
  • 10. Why are there no extensive green roofs in Australia? • A major barrier is the lack scientific data available to evaluate their applicability to Australian conditions. • Relying on northern hemisphere experience and technology is problematic due to significant differences in rainfall, temperature, available substrates and vegetation. Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
  • 11. Why are there no extensive green roofs in Australia? • A major barrier is the lack scientific data available to evaluate their applicability to Australian conditions. • Relying on northern hemisphere experience and technology is problematic due to significant differences in rainfall, temperature, available substrates and vegetation. • This may introduce unacceptable levels of risk and unnecessary expense to projects Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
  • 12. Why are there no extensive green roofs in Australia? • A major barrier is the lack scientific data available to evaluate their applicability to Australian conditions. • Relying on northern hemisphere experience and technology is problematic due to significant differences in rainfall, temperature, available substrates and vegetation. • This may introduce unacceptable levels of risk and unnecessary expense to projects • Basic research is needed to objectively evaluate the performance, cost and environmental benefits of green roofs in Australia Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
  • 13. Indicative World distribution of Green roofs Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment http://www.greenroofmaps.com/ June 2008 Green Roofs Australia Brisbane
  • 14. The Australian Climate is different http://ag.arizona.edu/~lmilich/pe.html Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
  • 15. International Green Roof Research • Europe: 30-40 years • Nth America: 15-20 years • United Kingdom: 10-12 years • New Zealand: 3-4 years Many universities have independent green roof research and testing facilities – University of Sheffield http://www.thegreenroofcentre.co.uk/index.html – Michigan State http://www.hrt.msu.edu/greenroof/ – BCIT http://commons.bcit.ca/greenroof/ – North Carolina State http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/greenroofs/ – Penn State http://hortweb.cas.psu.edu/research/greenroofcenter/ Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
  • 16. International Green Roof Research • Europe: 30-40 years • Nth America: 15-20 years • United Kingdom: 10-12 years • New Zealand: 3-4 years Many universities have independent green roof research and testing facilities – University of Sheffield http://www.thegreenroofcentre.co.uk/index.html – Michigan State http://www.hrt.msu.edu/greenroof/ – BCIT http://commons.bcit.ca/greenroof/ – North Carolina State http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/greenroofs/ – Penn State http://hortweb.cas.psu.edu/research/greenroofcenter/ Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
  • 17. University Research Facilities • Replicated green roof modules or experimental plots • Monitored for runoff quantity and quality, plant performance, energy use • Funded by green roof component suppliers, government or companies wanting to build Oregon State University a green roof • Establishing facilities at University of Melbourne, Burnley Campus University of Sheffield Penn State University Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
  • 18. Key Questions – Substrates • Northern hemisphere substrates are well established but transport costs and materials differences necessitate that local substrates be developed. • Unlike the green roof industry in North America and Europe, the few Australian proprietary products available have not been independently tested. • May need to develop different mixes for different locations based on availability and cost Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
  • 19. Key Questions – Substrates • What substrates are available? • How do various substrate materials and mixes perform under Australian roof conditions? – Temperatures can be as high as 90 C • What depth of substrates are required for plants in the Australian climate? • What are the lifecycle costs (sustainability) of substrate components Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
  • 20. Key Questions - Plants • In temperate Northern hemisphere sedum species are typically planted on extensive green roofs. – Collapse and die in extended periods of hot weather – may not be suitable for Mediterranean or sub- tropical climates in Australia’s major cities • Very little is known about the suitability of Australian plants for green roofs. • Overseas interest in potential of drought adapted Australian species. Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
  • 21. Key Questions - Plants • Are there native plants that will survive on extensive green roofs in Australian climates • Or do they require supplementary irrigation? • What is the minimum depth of substrate required for survival? • What is the performance of Australian plants relative to species used in the Northern Hemisphere? Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
  • 22. 35 rain evaporation 30 reservoir Available water (mm) 25 0.2E 20 15 10 5 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Nov Dec Jan Feb Days since Nov 1st 2007 Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
  • 23. 35 rain 30 evaporation Available water (mm) 25 reservoir 0.4E 20 15 10 5 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Nov Dec Jan Feb Days since Nov 1st Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
  • 24. More likely to be a Brown Roof? Kangaroo and Wallaby grasses with everlastings Brenneisen S. 2006. Space for Urban Wildlife: Designing Green Roofs as Habitats in Switzerland. Urban Habitats 4: 27-36. Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
  • 25. Key Questions - Water • What are the stormwater volume and peak flow reductions in Australian climate conditions? • How does this vary with substrate depth and planting palette? • How do various substrates affect water runoff quality – Some mixes / components may leach N • Can we use grey water on green roofs? Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
  • 26. Key Questions – Energy and lifecycle • What is the potential impact on building energy performance • Can green roofs cool the urban landscape? – providing 50 % green roof cover in New York would lead to an average 0.1-0.8°C reduction in surface temperatures. – for every 1°C reduction 495 million kWh saved – Will only work if irrigated- can’t use potable H2O • What are the full environmental costs and benefits of different types of green roofs over their lifecycle? Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
  • 27. Green Roof Research @ The University of Melbourne • Established a 20m2 experimental extensive green roof at the Burnley Campus Using it to: 1. Select plants that will survive and look good in Australian climatic conditions 2. Develop a locally produced light weight substrate 3. Investigate the effect of the green roof on building energy budgets Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
  • 28. Green Roof Research @ The University of Melbourne • Investigating the drought tolerance of selected succulents, grasses and herbs • Evaluating the properties of substrate components and mixes • Determining the effect of recycled water on green roof substrates Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
  • 29. Green Roof Research @ The University of Melbourne • Green Roof system donated by ZinCo • Used the FloraDrain 40 system • 125 mm of substrate Source:Zinco Planning Guide, 6th edition & Environment Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
  • 30. Green Roof Research @ The University of Melbourne • Green Roof system was donated by ZinCo • Used the FloraDrain 125 mm 40 system • 125 mm of substrate 40 mm Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment Source:ZincoRoofs Australia Brisbane June 2008 Green Planning Guide, 6th edition
  • 31. Root resistant water proofing Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
  • 32. Fitting eaves to frame Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
  • 33. Rolling out protection layer Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
  • 34. Adding drainage layer Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
  • 35. Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
  • 36. Green Roof Research @ The University of Melbourne • Adding substrate and initial planting mid July • Need to finalise plant selection • 10 individuals of 32 species • 20 cm plant spacing • Upright succulents, herbs spreading succulents and grasses in separate quadrants • Irrigation to establish only Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
  • 37. Plant Selection Criteria • Attractive • High tolerance to light • High ‘drought’ tolerance • Robust and moderate to high vigour • Easily maintained • Tolerate seasonal water logging? • Possum proof? • Available Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
  • 38. Habitat Templates Gibber Chenopod Shrublands Image: Rob Jung Alpine rocky slopes Native grasslands. Photo Georgia Garrard Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
  • 39. Potential Plant Species Lomandra multiflora subsp. dura Rounded Noon Flower (Disphyma crassifolium) Wallaby Grasses (Austrodanthonia sp) Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
  • 40. Potential Plant Species Rhodanthe floribunda Sedum mexicanum Enchylaena tomentosa Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
  • 41. Potential Plant Species Pigface (Carpobrotus Blue Chalk Sticks rossii) (Kleinia mandraliscae) Dianella Phormium revoluta ‘Thumbelina’ Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
  • 42. Potential Plant Species ? √ Pigface (Carpobrotus Blue Chalk Sticks rossii) (Kleinia mandraliscae) X Dianella revoluta X Phormium ‘Thumbelina’ Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
  • 43. Semi-intensive green roof @ CH2. Media 20-29 cm deep Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
  • 44. CH2 East Core Roof – February 2008 Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
  • 45. Conclusions • Extensive green roofs have great potential as a climate change adaptation strategy – Less expensive – More easily retrofitted • Few extensive green roofs in Australia • Many candidate native plant species • Need research for Australian conditions Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
  • 46. Conclusions • Extensive green roofs have great potential as a climate change adaptation strategy – Less expensive – More easily retrofitted • Few extensive green roofs in Australia • Many candidate native plant species • Need research for Australian conditions • Hopefully our work we can help fill this information gap Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008
  • 47. Acknowledgements • John and Kirsten • Funding provided by The University of Melbourne-CSIRO Collaborative grant scheme • Materials provided by ZinCO • Peter May • Ross Payne Dr Nick Williams, Melbourne School of Land & Environment Green Roofs Australia Brisbane June 2008