WORLD WAR I History

Group Members Julieta Herrería [Soldiers’ experience and Causes research/graphics- Co-coordinator] Lynn Quirola [Important Characters research] Fiorella Rhor [Battles research] Daniela Arosemena [US Intervention in War research] Fernando Coello [Group Coordinator/ Edition/ End of the war and Weapons research]

Julieta Herrería [Soldiers’ experience and Causes research/graphics- Co-coordinator]

Lynn Quirola [Important Characters research]

Fiorella Rhor [Battles research]

Daniela Arosemena [US Intervention in War research]

Fernando Coello [Group Coordinator/ Edition/ End of the war and Weapons research]

Causes Aspects that led to war: Long-term causes Imperialism Nationalism Military Alliances Militarism Balance of power Immediate cause The assassination of Franz Ferdinand

Aspects that led to war:

Long-term causes

Imperialism

Nationalism

Military Alliances

Militarism

Balance of power

Immediate cause

The assassination of Franz Ferdinand

Nationalism It can be defined as the pride a person has to his/her country. Nationalism has become: The dominant form of societal organization One of the main reason of many conflicts worldwide. In Serbia  The Anarchist Organization ‘Unification or Death’ alleged to be Nationalist.

It can be defined as the pride a person has to his/her country.

Nationalism has become:

The dominant form of societal organization

One of the main reason of many conflicts worldwide.

In Serbia  The Anarchist Organization ‘Unification or Death’ alleged to be Nationalist.

Imperialism (Territories Rivalries) Important movements in Europe Pan Slavic Movement Pan German Movement The competition for expanding markets caused  Global conflict. Background  Banking interests and capitalist-imperialist powers.

Important movements in Europe

Pan Slavic Movement

Pan German Movement

The competition for expanding markets caused  Global conflict.

Background  Banking interests and capitalist-imperialist powers.

Military Alliances Definition  Agreement between countries to defend each other from war attacks. During the 1910s two important alliances were created. Triple Entente (Great Britain, France and Russia) Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy)

Definition  Agreement between countries to defend each other from war attacks.

During the 1910s two important alliances were created.

Triple Entente (Great Britain, France and Russia)

Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy)

Militarism and WWI “ War was a consequence of their desire for military power and disdain for democracy ”. Woodrow Wilson stated that the Great War relied over Militarism . Aristocrats and military elites had too much power in: Germany, Russia, and Austria-Hungary.

“ War was a consequence of their desire for military power and disdain for democracy ”.

Woodrow Wilson stated that the Great War relied over Militarism .

Aristocrats and military elites had too much power in:

Germany, Russia, and Austria-Hungary.

Franz Ferdinand and Assassination Biography: Archduke of Austria-Hungary December 18, 1863 – June 28, 1914 He was killed by Gavrilo Princip (Serbian anarchist) His assassination in Sarajevo precipitated the declaration of war. Main Conflict: Countries allied with Austria-Hungary (the Central Powers) Countries allied with Serbia (the Entente Powers).

Biography:

Archduke of Austria-Hungary

December 18, 1863 – June 28, 1914

He was killed by Gavrilo Princip (Serbian anarchist)

His assassination in Sarajevo precipitated the declaration of war.

Main Conflict:

Countries allied with Austria-Hungary (the Central Powers)

Countries allied with Serbia (the Entente Powers).

Division in Europe

The Schlieffen Plan Created by: Von Schlieffen. Purpose: Make Germany the most powerful nation in Europe. Strategy: To attack France (by crossing Belgium). It failed because of: Belgium Resistance 1 st Battle of Marne.

Created by:

Von Schlieffen.

Purpose:

Make Germany the most powerful nation in Europe.

Strategy:

To attack France (by crossing Belgium).

It failed because of:

Belgium Resistance

1 st Battle of Marne.

Most Important Battles Battle of the Somme Battle of Vimy Ridge Battle of Cambrai Battle of Marne Battle of Ypres Battle of Verdun

Battle of the Somme

Battle of Vimy Ridge

Battle of Cambrai

Battle of Marne

Battle of Ypres

Battle of Verdun

Battle of Somme (Stalemate) Date: July 1st, 1916 Place: 4okm along the River Somme . Battle of Vimy Ridge (Canada/Allies) Date: On April 9, 1917, the Allied attacked the Germans.

Date:

July 1st, 1916

Place:

4okm along the River Somme .

Date:

On April 9, 1917, the Allied attacked the Germans.

Battle of Cambrai (Stalemate) Date: 20 November - 3 December 1917 Place: Cambrai, French town in the Nord department. 1 st Battle of Marne (France/Britain) Date: 5 September- 12 September 1914. Place: Along the Marne River (France)

Date:

20 November - 3 December 1917

Place:

Cambrai, French town in the Nord department.

Date:

5 September- 12 September 1914.

Place:

Along the Marne River (France)

2 nd Battle of Marne (Allied Powers) Date Battle of Reims  July 15- August 5 1918 Place Near the Marne River. Battle of Ypres (Canada/Belgium) Place: Western Front (Russia) Date: 22 April- 25 May 1915

Date

Battle of Reims  July 15- August 5 1918

Place

Near the Marne River.

Place: Western Front (Russia)

Date: 22 April- 25 May 1915

Battle of Verdun (Stalemate) Date: From 21 February to 18 December 1916 Place: Around the city of Verdun-sur-Meuse in northeast France. One of the longest battles in history (10 months).

Date:

From 21 February to 18 December 1916

Place:

Around the city of Verdun-sur-Meuse in northeast France.

One of the longest battles in history (10 months).

Important Characters Franz Ferdinand Von Moltke Von Schlieffen Woodrow Wilson Jeannette Rankin Wilhelm II Gavrilo Princip Nicholas II Pershing

Franz Ferdinand

Von Moltke

Von Schlieffen

Woodrow Wilson

Jeannette Rankin

Wilhelm II

Gavrilo Princip

Nicholas II

Pershing

Important Characters Archduke Franz Ferdinand: Archduke of Austria Heir to the Austrian-Hungarian throne His assassination in Sarajevo was the one that initiate the declaration of war Was killed by Gavrilo Princip- He killed his wife too The assassination along with the arms race, nationalism and the alliance system all contributed to the beginning of World War I.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand:

Archduke of Austria

Heir to the Austrian-Hungarian throne

His assassination in Sarajevo was the one that initiate the declaration of war

Was killed by Gavrilo Princip- He killed his wife too

The assassination along with the arms race, nationalism and the alliance system all contributed to the beginning of World War I.

Important Characters Helmuth Karl Bernhard Graf von Moltke: Replayed Alfred Von Schlieffen plan. Proved to be indecisive during the invasion of France. The chief of staff of the Prussian army for thirty years. Chief of Germany troops Directed German offensive on the Marne in September 1914.

Helmuth Karl Bernhard Graf von Moltke:

Replayed Alfred Von Schlieffen plan.

Proved to be indecisive during the invasion of France.

The chief of staff of the Prussian army for thirty years.

Chief of Germany troops

Directed German offensive on the Marne in September 1914.

Important Characters Alfred Graf Von Schlieffen: Created the Schlieffen Plan. Was a German Chief. He participated in the Austro-Prussian War in 1866. He was involved in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71. Alfred retired as Chief of General Staff of the German Army in 1906- But created the Schlieffen Plan in 1914.

Alfred Graf Von Schlieffen:

Created the Schlieffen Plan.

Was a German Chief.

He participated in the Austro-Prussian War in 1866.

He was involved in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71.

Alfred retired as Chief of General Staff of the German Army in 1906- But created the Schlieffen Plan in 1914.

Important Characters Woodrow Wilson: President of the United States. Made the US Neutral at the WWI until 1917. In 1918, promoted US to involve in the Great War. He was president of Princeton University. He received the Nobel Peace Prize, because of his 14 points.

Woodrow Wilson:

President of the United States.

Made the US Neutral at the WWI until 1917.

In 1918, promoted US to involve in the Great War.

He was president of Princeton University.

He received the Nobel Peace Prize, because of his 14 points.

Important Characters Jeannette Rankin: Was the first woman elected to the United States House of Representatives. First female member of Congress. A Republican and a lifelong pacifist. She was the only member of Congress to vote against United States enter into World War II and one of fifty to vote against World War I. She led resistance to the Vietnam War.

Jeannette Rankin:

Was the first woman elected to the United States House of Representatives.

First female member of Congress.

A Republican and a lifelong pacifist.

She was the only member of Congress to vote against United States enter into World War II and one of fifty to vote against World War I.

She led resistance to the Vietnam War.

Important Characters Gavrilo Princip: Assassinated Archduke of Austria-Hungary, Franz Ferdinand. Was an Anarchist and member of the Organization Unification or Death, also called Black Hand. Leader of Serbia. Provoked the beginning of the War. Wilhelm II: German Emperor Last King of Prussia. Died in Berlin on June 4 th , 1941 He had a large involvement in WWI decisions.

Gavrilo Princip:

Assassinated Archduke of Austria-Hungary, Franz Ferdinand.

Was an Anarchist and member of the Organization Unification or Death, also called Black Hand.

Leader of Serbia.

Provoked the beginning of the War.

Wilhelm II:

German Emperor

Last King of Prussia.

Died in Berlin on June 4 th , 1941

He had a large involvement in WWI decisions.

Important Characters John Joseph "Black Jack" Pershing: Was an officer in the United States and Army Chief of Staff. He was involved in previous: Indian Wars, Spanish-American War and Philippine-American War. He also participated in World War I. Nicholas II: Emperor of Russia. King of Poland. His rule ended with the Russian Revolution of 1917.

John Joseph "Black Jack" Pershing:

Was an officer in the United States and Army Chief of Staff.

He was involved in previous: Indian Wars, Spanish-American War and Philippine-American War.

He also participated in World War I.

Nicholas II:

Emperor of Russia.

King of Poland.

His rule ended with the Russian Revolution of 1917.

Weapons Used Rifle Machine Gun Gas Zeppelin Tank Planes Torpedoes

Rifle

Machine Gun

Gas

Zeppelin

Tank

Planes

Torpedoes

Rifle and Machine Gun Machine gun: Needed 4-6 men to work them and had to be on a flat surface. They had the fire-power of 100 guns. Rifle: The main weapon used by British soldiers in the trenches .

Machine gun:

Needed 4-6 men to work them and had to be on a flat surface.

They had the fire-power of 100 guns.

Gas and Zeppelin Zeppelin Also known as blimp Airship used to carry machine guns and bombs. Too easy to shoot out of the sky. Gas: First used by Germans. Chlorine gas caused a burning sensation in the throat and chest pains. Mustard gas was the most deadly weapon used. It was colorless and takes 12 hours to take effect.

Zeppelin

Also known as blimp

Airship used to carry machine guns and bombs.

Too easy to shoot out of the sky.

Gas:

First used by Germans.

Chlorine gas caused a burning sensation in the throat and chest pains.

Mustard gas was the most deadly weapon used. It was colorless and takes 12 hours to take effect.

Tank, planes and torpedoes Torpedoes: Were used by submarines . Used to blow up ships carrying supplies. Germans sank the Lusitania on May 1st 1915. Planes: Were used: To deliver bombs For spying work. Later, became fighter aircraft. Fights between two planes in the sky became known as 'dogfights' Tanks: First used at the Battle of the Somme. The first tank was called 'Little Willie' and needed a crew of 3. Maximum speed was 3mph It could not cross trenches

Torpedoes:

Were used by submarines .

Used to blow up ships carrying supplies.

Germans sank the Lusitania on May 1st 1915.

Planes:

Were used:

To deliver bombs

For spying work.

Later, became fighter aircraft.

Fights between two planes in the sky became known as 'dogfights'

Tanks:

First used at the Battle of the Somme.

The first tank was called 'Little Willie' and needed a crew of 3.

Maximum speed was 3mph

It could not cross trenches

US Intervention in WWI American Neutrality Preparing for War Relations Broken (Causes)  War Declared Mobilizing for War Troops Food & Fuel Money & Funds

American Neutrality

Preparing for War

Relations Broken (Causes)  War Declared

Mobilizing for War

Troops

Food & Fuel

Money & Funds

American Neutrality At first, President Wilson declared US neutral. With many attacks by Germans, US joined the WWI. Americans fought the war aside with the Allies in 1917.

At first, President Wilson declared US neutral.

With many attacks by Germans, US joined the WWI.

Americans fought the war aside with the Allies in 1917.

Preparing for the Great War Preparedness program: National Defense Act Objective: To increase the amount of soldiers from 90.000 to 175.000. It authorized $313 millions to build up the navy. Peace without Victory: Wilson gave a speech calling for peace without victory hoping to settle the war [It wasn’t successful].

Preparedness program:

National Defense Act

Objective: To increase the amount of soldiers from 90.000 to 175.000.

It authorized $313 millions to build up the navy.

Peace without Victory:

Wilson gave a speech calling for peace without victory hoping to settle the war [It wasn’t successful].

Relations Broken (Causes) War Declared Congress declares war: The Senate declared war on April 4; the House, 2 days later. Jeanette Rankin was a Congress member (pacifist and against war) She cast the only vote against US entering to WWI. Relations Broken [Causes] : The sinking of: The Lusitania (1915) The Arabic (1915) The Sussex (1916) The Secret Zimmerman’s note. It proposed Mexico join Germany army, so they could recover lost territory in U.S.

Congress declares war:

The Senate declared war on April 4; the House, 2 days later.

Jeanette Rankin was a Congress member (pacifist and against war)

She cast the only vote against US entering to WWI.

Relations Broken [Causes] :

The sinking of:

The Lusitania (1915)

The Arabic (1915)

The Sussex (1916)

The Secret Zimmerman’s note.

It proposed Mexico join Germany army, so they could recover lost territory in U.S.

Mobilizing for War (Troops) Allies needed the most was “fresh” troops. Few Americans volunteered to enlist. Selective Service Act All men from 21 to 30 years had to enlist Later, from 18 to 45 years (proposed by the Congress). Supporters Africans, Mexicans and Native Americans faced discrimination. Opponents Pacifists Socialist Party Religious Groups Government Espionage Act Sedition Act

Allies needed the most was “fresh” troops. Few Americans volunteered to enlist.

Selective Service Act

All men from 21 to 30 years had to enlist

Later, from 18 to 45 years (proposed by the Congress).

Supporters

Africans, Mexicans and Native Americans faced discrimination.

Opponents

Pacifists

Socialist Party

Religious Groups

Government

Espionage Act

Sedition Act

Mobilizing for War (Food & Fuel) Conserving Food and Fuel Food Administration Fuel Administration Proposed by Herbert Hoover, Director. Mining Engineer He managed a food-relief for Belgium Proposed by Harry Garfield, Director. Heatless Mondays Closed factories for some days to save coal. Increased agriculture *High prices for farmers *Farm production soared. Conserve supplies. *Reduce food consumption *Wheat less, meatless days.

Mobilizing for War (Money & Funds) To gain money for the War, Wilson created: Bonds Government used parades, posters, rallies. Sec. Treasury, William Mc Adoo, said: “ Everyone who refuses is a German friend and is not entitled to be a US citizen” Result  $23 billion. Taxes Harder than bonds. After Debate un Congress. Result  $9 billion.

To gain money for the War, Wilson created:

Bonds

Government used parades, posters, rallies.

Sec. Treasury, William Mc Adoo, said:

“ Everyone who refuses is a German friend and is not entitled to be a US citizen”

Result  $23 billion.

Taxes

Harder than bonds. After Debate un Congress.

Result  $9 billion.

The End of the Great War (Allied Victory) Armistice terms: Evacuate France, Luxembourg, Belgium and Alsace-Lorraine. Surrender enormous amount of war materials, including naval fleet. Allied reserved the right to occupy German territory. Germany had to pay $6,000’ooo,ooo. November 11 th 1918, early on that day warring parties signed the armistice 3 Elevens 11 th Hour 11 th Day 11 th Month

Armistice terms:

Evacuate France, Luxembourg, Belgium and Alsace-Lorraine.

Surrender enormous amount of war materials, including naval fleet.

Allied reserved the right to occupy German territory.

Germany had to pay $6,000’ooo,ooo.

November 11 th 1918, early on that day warring parties signed the armistice

3 Elevens

11 th Hour

11 th Day

11 th Month

The End of the Great War Mandate System Established in the treaty of Versailles Required colonial rulers to report with the League of Nations. Big Four (PPC) Woodrow Wilson Orlando Lloyd George George Clemenceau Treaty of Versailles Took place in the palace of Versailles. Last step to end WWI. Fourteen points: Program for world peace Proposed by Wilson Contained 14 principles.

Mandate System

Established in the treaty of Versailles

Required colonial rulers to report with the League of Nations.

Big Four (PPC)

Woodrow Wilson

Orlando

Lloyd George

George Clemenceau

Treaty of Versailles

Took place in the palace of Versailles.

Last step to end WWI.

Fourteen points:

Program for world peace

Proposed by Wilson

Contained 14 principles.

World War One Casualties Over 40 million casualties: 20 million deaths and 21 million wounded. 9.7 million military deaths and about 10.0 million civilian deaths. Reveling Soldiers’ Experiences  new books were published, such as: “All Quiet on the Western Front”.

Over 40 million casualties:

20 million deaths and 21 million wounded.

9.7 million military deaths and about 10.0 million civilian deaths.

Reveling Soldiers’ Experiences  new books were published, such as: “All Quiet on the Western Front”.

-Bibliography www.wikipedia.org History Classes American Nation 20 th Century -Special Thanks Patricia Núquez Tatiana Cozzarelli

www.wikipedia.org

History Classes

American Nation 20 th Century

Patricia Núquez

Tatiana Cozzarelli

Thank You “… War doesn't determine who is right, it determines who is left.” - Anonymous