Confined spaces 8 hour oshacampus.com training manual will help your learn different problems faced by workers performing operations in a confined space.

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Confined Space Entry
Competent Person
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INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
• OSHA 29 CFR 1910.146 is the General Standard
• OSHA 29 CFR 1910.146 is the General Standard
for confined spaces
for confined spaces
• WAC 296-62 Part M - This part contains
• WAC 296-62 Part M - This part contains
minimum requirements for practices and
minimum requirements for practices and
procedures to protect employees in all
procedures to protect employees in all
industries from the hazards of entry and/or
industries from the hazards of entry and/or
work in permit-required confined spaces
work in permit-required confined spaces
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INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
• The OSHA standard states that 29 CFR
• The OSHA standard states that 29 CFR
1910.146 does not apply to Construction and
1910.146 does not apply to Construction and
Shipbuilding
Shipbuilding
• The WAC standard for confined spaces states
• The WAC standard for confined spaces states
that 296-62 Part M applies to all industries
that 296-62 Part M applies to all industries
pointing out the fact that some vertical
pointing out the fact that some vertical
standards may be more restrictive
standards may be more restrictive
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• This illustrates a difference between state and
• This illustrates a difference between state and
federal rules
federal rules
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INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
• Many workplaces contain spaces that are considered to
• Many workplaces contain spaces that are considered to
be “confined” because their configurations hinder the
be “confined” because their configurations hinder the
activities of any employees who must enter into, work in,
activities of any employees who must enter into, work in,
and exit from them.
and exit from them.
• In many instances, employees who work in confined
• In many instances, employees who work in confined
spaces also face increased risk of exposure to serious
spaces also face increased risk of exposure to serious
physical injury from hazards such as entrapment,
physical injury from hazards such as entrapment,
engulfment, and hazardous atmospheric conditions.
engulfment, and hazardous atmospheric conditions.
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INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
• Confinement itself may pose entrapment hazards, and
• Confinement itself may pose entrapment hazards, and
work in confined spaces may keep employees closer to
work in confined spaces may keep employees closer to
hazards, such as machinery components, than they
hazards, such as machinery components, than they
would be otherwise.
would be otherwise.
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• For example, confinement, limited access, and restricted
• For example, confinement, limited access, and restricted
airflow can result in hazardous conditions that would
airflow can result in hazardous conditions that would
not normally arise in an open workplace.
not normally arise in an open workplace.
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INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
• OSHA estimates that about 224,000 establishments in
• OSHA estimates that about 224,000 establishments in
general industry have permit spaces; 7.2 million
general industry have permit spaces; 7.2 million
production workers are employed at these
production workers are employed at these
establishments, and about 2.1 million workers enter
establishments, and about 2.1 million workers enter
permit spaces annually.
permit spaces annually.
• OSHA anticipates that compliance with the regulations
• OSHA anticipates that compliance with the regulations
will avoid 53 worker deaths, 4,900 lost-workday cases,
will avoid 53 worker deaths, 4,900 lost-workday cases,
and 5,700 non lost-time accidents annually.
and 5,700 non lost-time accidents annually.
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INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
• The term "confined" means to restrict, enclose, or
• The term "confined" means to restrict, enclose, or
restrain.
restrain.
• There are many places to which this description could
• There are many places to which this description could
be lent.
be lent.
• The room that you are sitting in now is a confined space
• The room that you are sitting in now is a confined space
according to this definition - Most places that we work
according to this definition - Most places that we work
in are enclosed and fit this limited definition.
in are enclosed and fit this limited definition.
• Most enclosed spaces do not pose any hazard because of
• Most enclosed spaces do not pose any hazard because of
their confinement however.
their confinement however.
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INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
• There are other enclosed spaces that prove to be deadly • There are other enclosed spaces that prove to be deadly These are labeled "confined spaces" or "permit spaces",
These are labeled "confined spaces" or "permit spaces",
and are closely regulated
and are closely regulated
• What then is the distinction between a non-hazardous
• What then is the distinction between a non-hazardous
(and therefore non-regulated) enclosed space and a
(and therefore non-regulated) enclosed space and a
potentially deadly (and regulated) confined space?
potentially deadly (and regulated) confined space?
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How to Identify Confined Spaces
How to Identify Confined Spaces
• Limited Openings for
Entry and Exit
• Sufficient
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size/configuration to
allow entry
• Not Designed for
Continuous Worker
Occupancy
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Limited Openings for Entry/Exit Sufficient
Limited Openings for Entry/Exit --Sufficient
size/configuration to allow entry
size/configuration to allow entry
• Openings as small as 18 inches in
diameter
• Difficult to enter with SCBA or other
life-saving equipment
• Difficult to remove downed worker in
folded up or bent over position
• Exit from large openings may be
difficult due to presence of ladders,
hoists, etc
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Not Designed for Continuous
Not Designed for Continuous
Worker Occupancy
Worker Occupancy
• Most confined spaces are not designed
to enter and work in on a regular basis
• Designed to store a product
• Enclose materials or processes
• Transport products or substances
• Occasional worker entry for inspection,
repair, cleanup, maintenance, etc.
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Dangerous Combinations
Dangerous Combinations
• Presence of all three confined space
characteristics can complicate the
situation
• Rescue operations during emergencies
• Worsened conditions due to work
activities:
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Welding and cutting, use of bonding agents
Cleaning with solvents, use of other
chemicals
Use of gas-powered equipment
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Typical Confined Spaces
Typical Confined Spaces
• Boiler, Degreaser, Furnace
• Pipeline, Pit, Pumping
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Station
Reaction or Process Vessel,
Mills
Septic Tank, Sewage
Digester
Silo, Storage Tank, Barges
Sewer, Utility Vault,
Manhole
Trenches, Shafts, Caissons
(water-tight chambers)
(water-
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Categorizing Work Space
Categorizing Work Space
* Space large enough to enter &;
* Limited or Restricted entry or exit &;
* Not designed for continuous worker
occupancy.
YES
PermitRequired
Confined
Space
NO
Not a confined Space
Confined Space
Hazardous Atmosphere
YES
Or
Engulfment Hazard
Or
Configuration Hazard
Or
Any other recognized
serious hazard
Non
NO
Permit
Required
Space
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Categorizing Work Spaces
Categorizing Work Spaces
If the opening is large enough for the
If the opening is large enough for the
worker to fully enter a permit-required
worker to fully enter a permit-required
space, a permit is required even if the
space, a permit is required even if the
worker only performs a PARTIAL body entry
worker only performs a PARTIAL body entry
However, the permit would not be required
However, the permit would not be required
for a PARTIAL body entry where the opening
for a PARTIAL body entry where the opening
is not large enough for a full body entry
is not large enough for a full body entry
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INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
The employer must evaluate the
workplace to determine if confined
spaces are present.
A confined space must be assumed
to be a permit-required space
permit-required
unless it can be documented to be
a non permit-confined space
permit-confined
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Definitions
Definitions
1. Abrasion - Damaging wear on rope or other gear caused by
1. Abrasion - Damaging wear on rope or other gear caused by
rubbing against hard material or surfaces
rubbing against hard material or surfaces
2. Anchors - Means of attaching the rope and all other
2. Anchors - Means of attaching the rope and all other
portions of rescue equipment to something secure
portions of rescue equipment to something secure
3. Ascender - A mechanical device or friction knot that is is
3. Ascender - A mechanical device or friction knot that is is
used in ascending a fixed rope
used in ascending a fixed rope
4. Attendant - means an individual stationed outside one or
4. Attendant - means an individual stationed outside one or
more permit spaces who monitors the authorized entrants
more permit spaces who monitors the authorized entrants
and who performs all attendant's duties assigned in the
and who performs all attendant's duties assigned in the
employer's permit space program
employer's permit space program
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Definitions
Definitions
5. Authorized Entrant - means an employee who is authorized
5. Authorized Entrant - means an employee who is authorized
by the employer to enter a permit space
by the employer to enter a permit space
6. Belay - The securing of a person with a rope to keep that
6. Belay - The securing of a person with a rope to keep that
person from falling a long enough distance to cause them
person from falling a long enough distance to cause them
harm
harm
7. Blanking or Blinding - means the absolute closure of a
7. Blanking or Blinding
the absolute closure of a
pipe, line, or duct by the fastening of a solid plate that
pipe, line, or duct by the fastening of a solid plate that
completely covers the bore
completely covers the bore
8. Bombproof - An anchor that will not fail
8. Bombproof - An anchor that will not fail
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Definitions
Definitions
9. Carabiners - Metal snap links used to connect elements of a
9. Carabiners - Metal snap links used to connect elements of a
rescue system
rescue system
10. Changeover - To transfer from an ascending mode to a
10. Changeover - To transfer from an ascending mode to a
rappelling mode or the reverse
rappelling mode or the reverse
11. Descender - A rappel device that creates friction by a rope
11. Descender - A rappel device that creates friction by a rope
running through it and is attached to a rappeler to control
running through it and is attached to a rappeler to control
descent on a rope
descent on a rope
12. Emergency - means any occurrence (including any failure
12. Emergency means any occurrence (including any failure
of hazard control or monitoring equipment) or event internal
of hazard control or monitoring equipment) or event internal
or external to the permit space that could endanger entrants
or external to the permit space that could endanger entrants
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Definitions
Definitions
13. Engulfment - means the surrounding and effective capture of a
13. Engulfment - means the surrounding and effective capture of a
person by a liquid or finely divided (flowable) solid substance that
person by a liquid or finely divided (flowable) solid substance that
can be inhaled to cause death by filling or plugging the
can be inhaled to cause death by filling or plugging the
respiratory system or that can exert enough force on the body to
respiratory system or that can exert enough force on the body to
cause death by strangulation, constriction, or crushing
cause death by strangulation, constriction, or crushing
14. Entry - means the action by which a person passes through an
14. Entry - means the action by which a person passes through an
opening into a permit-required confined space and includes work
opening into a permit-required confined space and includes work
activities in that space - Entry is considered to have occurred as
activities in that space - Entry is considered to have occurred as
soon as any part of the entrant's body breaks the plane of an
soon as any part of the entrant's body breaks the plane of an
opening into the space
opening into the space
15. Entry Permit (Permit) - means the written or printed document
15. Entry Permit (Permit) - means the written or printed document
that is provided by the employer to allow and control entry into a
that is provided by the employer to allow and control entry into a
permit space and that contains the information specified in the
permit space and that contains the information specified in the
regulations
regulations
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Definitions
Definitions
16. Entry Supervisor - means the person (such as the employer, crew
16. Entry Supervisor - means the person (such as the employer, crew
leader, or crew chief) responsible for determining if acceptable
leader, or crew chief) responsible for determining if acceptable
entry conditions are present at a permit space where entry is
entry conditions are present at a permit space where entry is
planned; authorizing entry and overseeing entry operations; and
planned; authorizing entry and overseeing entry operations; and
terminating entry as required
terminating entry as required
17. Hazardous Atmosphere - means an atmosphere that may expose
17. Hazardous Atmosphere - means an atmosphere that may expose
employees to the risk of death, incapacitation, impairment of
employees to the risk of death, incapacitation, impairment of
ability to self-rescue (that is, escape unaided from a permit space),
ability to self-rescue (that is, escape unaided from a permit space),
injury, or acute illness
injury, or acute illness
18. Hot Work Permit - means the employer's written authorization
18. Hot Work Permit - means the employer's written authorization
to perform operations (for example, riveting, welding, cutting,
to perform operations (for example, riveting, welding, cutting,
burning, and heating) capable of providing a source of ignition
burning, and heating) capable of providing a source of ignition
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Definitions
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19. Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH) 19. Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH) means any condition that poses an immediate or delayed
means any condition that poses an immediate or delayed
threat to life; or would cause irreversible adverse health
threat to life; or would cause irreversible adverse health
effects; or would interfere with an individual's ability to
effects; or would interfere with an individual's ability to
escape unaided from a permit space
escape unaided from a permit space
20. Inerting - means the displacement of the atmosphere
20. Inerting - means the displacement of the atmosphere
in a permit space by a noncombustible gas (such as
in a permit space by a noncombustible gas (such as
nitrogen) to such an extent that the resulting atmosphere
nitrogen) to such an extent that the resulting atmosphere
is noncombustible
is noncombustible
21. Isolation - means the process by which a permit space
21. Isolation - means the process by which a permit space
is removed from service and completely protected
is removed from service and completely protected
against the release of energy and material into the space
against the release of energy and material into the space
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Definitions
Definitions
22. Kernmantle - a rope design consisting of two elements,
22. Kernmantle - a rope design consisting of two elements,
an inner core supporting the major load portion and an
an inner core supporting the major load portion and an
outer sheath (mantle) that protects the core and bears a
outer sheath (mantle) that protects the core and bears a
minor portion of the load
minor portion of the load
23. Line Breaking - means the intentional opening of a
23. Line Breaking - means the intentional opening of a
pipe, line, or duct that is or has been carrying
pipe, line, or duct that is or has been carrying
flammable, corrosive, or toxic material, an inert gas, or
flammable, corrosive, or toxic material, an inert gas, or
any fluid at a volume, pressure, or temperature capable
any fluid at a volume, pressure, or temperature capable
of causing injury
of causing injury
24. Mechanical Advantage - the relationship of how much
24. Mechanical Advantage the relationship of how much
load can be moved to the amount of force it takes to
load can be moved to the amount of force it takes to
move it
move it
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Definitions
Definitions
25. Oxygen Deficient Atmosphere - means an atmosphere
25. Oxygen Deficient Atmosphere - means an atmosphere
containing less than 19.5 percent oxygen by volume
containing less than 19.5 percent oxygen by volume
26. Oxygen Enriched Atmosphere - means an atmosphere
26. Oxygen Enriched Atmosphere - means an atmosphere
containing more than 23.5 percent oxygen by volume
containing more than 23.5 percent oxygen by volume
27. Pulley - a device with a free-turning, grooved metal
27. Pulley - a device with a free-turning, grooved metal
wheel (sheave) used to reduce rope friction
wheel (sheave) used to reduce rope friction
28. Rappelling - controlled descent of a rope using the
28. Rappelling - controlled descent of a rope using the
friction of the rope against one’s body or through a
friction of the rope against one’s body or through a
descender
descender
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Definitions
Definitions
29. Rescue Service - means the personnel designated to
29. Rescue Service - means the personnel designated to
rescue employees from permit spaces
rescue employees from permit spaces
30. Retrieval System - means the equipment (including a
30. Retrieval System - means the equipment (including a
retrieval line, chest or full-body harness, wristlets, if
retrieval line, chest or full-body harness, wristlets, if
appropriate, and a lifting device or anchor) used for non
appropriate, and a lifting device or anchor) used for non
entry rescue of persons from permit spaces
entry rescue of persons from permit spaces
31. Rope Rescue - the performing of a rescue from a
31. Rope Rescue - the performing of a rescue from a
confined space where the use of ropes and related
confined space where the use of ropes and related
equipment is necessary
equipment is necessary
32. Safety Factor - the ratio between the maximum load
32. Safety Factor - the ratio between the maximum load
expected on a rope and the rope’s breaking strength expected on a rope and the rope’s breaking strength the larger the ratio, the greater the safety factor
the larger the ratio, the greater the safety factor
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Definitions
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33. Tensile Strength - a measurement of the greatest
33. Tensile Strength - a measurement of the greatest
lengthwise stress that a rope or a piece of equipment can
lengthwise stress that a rope or a piece of equipment can
resist without failure
resist without failure
34. Testing - means the process by which the hazards that
34. Testing - means the process by which the hazards that
may confront entrants of a permit space are identified
may confront entrants of a permit space are identified
and evaluated
and evaluated
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Entry Permit Systems
Entry Permit Systems
• To ensure the safety of the individual
entering the confined space the permit
system has been devised
• In reality, the permit is a mandatory
check-list of the precautionary measures
check-list
which need to be done prior to entry
• It is mandatory that an employer have a
functional permit program in place if they
have identified any permit-required
permit-required
confined spaces on their premises
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Entry Permit Systems
Entry Permit Systems
• Before entry is authorized, the employer shall
• Before entry is authorized, the employer shall
document that:
document that:
1. Measures have been implemented to
1. Measures have been implemented to
prevent unauthorized entry,
prevent unauthorized entry,
2. They have identified and evaluated
2. They have identified and evaluated
the hazards before employee entry, and
the hazards before employee entry, and
3. They have developed and implemented
3. They have developed and implemented
the means, procedures, and practices
the means, procedures, and practices
necessary for safe permit space entry
necessary for safe permit space entry
operations
operations
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Entry Permit Systems
Entry Permit Systems
• Written permit signed by entry supervisor
• Verifies pre-entry precautions have been
taken and the space is safe to enter
• Posted at entry to confined space
• Specifies apparent hazards and corrective
actions taken prior to entry
• Requires termination of permit when task is
completed or when new conditions exist
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Entry Permit Requirements
Entry Permit Requirements
• The permit space to be entered
• Purpose of entry
• The date and duration of entry permit
• Authorized entrants and attendants listed by
name supervisors
• Entry Supervisor and their signed authorization
to enter the space
• The hazards of the permit space to be entered
• Protective measures to be taken such as
Ventilation, Isolation, Flushing, Lockout/Tagout &, Purging
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Entry Permit Requirements
Entry Permit Requirements
• The acceptable entry conditions
• The results of initial and periodic tests
performed with the names or initials of the
testers and when the tests were performed
• The rescue and emergency services that can be
summoned and how this will be accomplished
• The communication procedures used by
authorized entrants and attendants to maintain
contact during entry
• Equipment, such as PPE, monitoring equipment,
communications equipment, alarm systems,
and rescue equipment to be provided
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Entry Permit Requirements
Entry Permit Requirements
• Any other information necessary for the
circumstances of a particular confined
space to ensure employee safety
• Any additional permits (hot work) that
have been issued to authorize work in the
permit space
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Entry Permit Requirements
Entry Permit Requirements
• Permits are not required for rescue
• The permit must be signed by the
individual authorizing entry - this
identifies the party responsible should
any problem arise during entry
• Permits have a definite duration of effect
and are cancelled when the entry is over
• A permit is also cancelled when an
emergency develops and/or an
evacuation of the space is necessary
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Entry Permit Requirements
Entry Permit Requirements
• The entry the permit is kept for one year
• Employers must perform a review of the
permit-required confined space program within
one year after each entry or perform a single
annual review covering all entries during a 12month period
• If the employer decides that its employees will
enter permit required confined spaces, the
employer must develop and implement a
written permit space program that complies
with the regulations
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Outside Contractors
Must show documentation of training
Understand Company procedures
Have an information exchange with a
Company representative
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Training and Education
Training and Education
• Provided to all workers who must enter
confined spaces
• Provided to all attendants and rescue
team members
• Completed prior to initial work
assignment
• Retraining is required if:
Job duties change
Change in permit-space program
permitNew hazards are present
Job performance indicates deficiencies
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Hazards of Confined Spaces
Hazards of Confined Spaces
• Oxygen Deficient
Atmospheres
• Oxygen Enriched
Atmospheres
• Flammable Atmospheres
• Toxic Atmospheres
• Temperature Extremes
• Engulfment Hazards
• Noise, Slick/Wet Surfaces,
Falling Objects
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Confined Space Entry - Hazards
O2
Both animal and plant life
require oxygen to live. One of the
primary hazards of entering
confined spaces is oxygen
deficiency.
When oxygen is present in
concentrations less than 19.5%
the atmosphere is said to be
oxygen deficient.
O2
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Confined Space Entry - Hazards
Oxygen deficiency can be caused by several
processes:
Consumption:
oxygen is used up by the person who is in the
confined space and turned into carbon
dioxide.
Displacement:
denser materials push the oxygen out of
the occupied space.
Reaction:
oxygen is reacted with other materials
to make other compounds.
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Confined Space Entry - Hazards
CO2
After oxygen is delivered
to body organs and used
by organ cells, it reacts
with carbon to make
carbon dioxide. Red
blood cells carrying
carbon dioxide turn
blue. Carbon dioxide is
carried back to the lungs
by the red blood cells
and exhaled into the
surrounding atmosphere.
O2
The human body requires
oxygen to carry out cellular
metabolism. Oxygen is
brought in through the lungs
and transported to cells of
body organs by the red
blood cells. When blood is
rich in oxygen it turns red.
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Confined Space Entry - Hazards
Given a fixed amount of oxygen
as you would have in a confined
space, respiration of oxygen
causes carbon dioxide to
increase. When oxygen
decreases to less than 19.5%.
the atmosphere is said to be oxygen
deficient, putting occupants of
the confined space at risk of
losing consciousness and death.
O2
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CO2
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Confined Space Entry - Hazards
NOx
CO2
H20
O2
CO
fuel
Processes which operate by the
principle of combustion use up
oxygen much faster than the
human respiration.
Products of combustion vary
with the fuel that is present and
the temperature of the combustion
reaction. Welding, burning natural
gas, propane, gasoline, and diesel
engines are examples of combustion
processes.
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Oxygen Deficient Atmospheres
Oxygen Deficient Atmospheres
19.5%
Minimum acceptable oxygen level
15 - 19%
Decreased ability to work strenuously,
Impaired coordination, Early
symptoms
12-14%
12-
Respiration increases, Poor judgment
10-12%
10-
Respiration increases, Lips blue
8-10%
Mental failure, Fainting, Nausea
Unconsciousness, Vomiting
6-8%
8 minutes - fatal, 6 minutes - 50% fatal
4-5 minutes - possible recovery
4-6%
Coma in 40 seconds, Death
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Confined Space Entry - Hazards
Oxygen can also be present
in concentrations that are
too high.
Oxygen in concentrations
greater than 23.5% is too
oxygen rich and can cause
combustible materials to
ignite very quickly.
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Oxygen Enriched Atmospheres
Oxygen Enriched Atmospheres
• Never use pure oxygen to ventilate
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• Never store or place compressed
tanks in a confined space
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Flammable Atmospheres
Flammable Atmospheres
• 3 Critical Factors:
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Oxygen content in the air.
Presence of a flammable gas, or vapor
Presence of dust (visibility of 5’ or less)
• Proper air/gas mixture can lead to
explosion!
• Typical Ignition Sources:
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Sparking or electric tool
Welding/cutting operations
Smoking
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Flammables
Fire Triangle
Heat
Fuel
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Oxygen
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Flammables
Flammability Limits
UEL
Flammable Range
Temp
LEL
Concentration
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Flammable Atmospheres
• In confined spaces the fuel is
usually already in its vapor form,
so the spread and intensity of a fire
increases rapidly
• Many of the flammable gases that
can be found in permit spaces are
vapors from stored flammable
liquids or products of natural decay
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Flammable Atmospheres
Flammable Atmospheres
• Hydrogen sulfide is probably the most common of all
• Hydrogen sulfide is probably the most common of all
confined space gases - It is the product of the natural
confined space gases - It is the product of the natural
decay of organic matter that contains sulfur
decay of organic matter that contains sulfur
• Methane, which is the main component in natural gas,
• Methane, which is the main component in natural gas,
is also generated from the rotting of organic matter
is also generated from the rotting of organic matter
• It is very common to find both hydrogen sulfide and
• It is very common to find both hydrogen sulfide and
methane in sewer manholes and pits
methane in sewer manholes and pits
• Carbon monoxide is the product of incomplete burning,
• Carbon monoxide is the product of incomplete burning,
and can often be found in industrial permit spaces
and can often be found in industrial permit spaces
• Other gases commonly found in permit spaces include
• Other gases commonly found in permit spaces include
solvent vapors, gasoline vapors, acetylene, toluene, and
solvent vapors, gasoline vapors, acetylene, toluene, and
the vapors of carbon disulfide
the vapors of carbon disulfide
25

26. OSHAcampus.com
Flammable Atmospheres
Flammable Atmospheres
• The elimination of ignition sources is also vital
• The elimination of ignition sources is also vital
when dealing with flammable atmospheres.
when dealing with flammable atmospheres.
• "Hot work" describes tasks within the permit
• "Hot work" describes tasks within the permit
space in which the work could provide a source
space in which the work could provide a source
of ignition - Common forms of hot work
of ignition - Common forms of hot work
include welding, cutting, grinding, riveting,
include welding, cutting, grinding, riveting,
drilling, or burning
drilling, or burning
• Coal, grain, and other combustible dusts also
• Coal, grain, and other combustible dusts also
pose a problem - The amount of dust that is a
pose a problem - The amount of dust that is a
hazard is approximated as a condition in which
hazard is approximated as a condition in which
the dust obscures vision at a distance of 5 feet
the dust obscures vision at a distance of 5 feet
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Toxic Atmospheres
Toxic Atmospheres
• The regulations define Toxic
Atmospheres as concentrations in
the air of any substance above the
PEL (Permissible Exposure Limit)
or any condition that is IDLH
(Immediately Dangerous to Life
and Health)
26

27. OSHAcampus.com
Toxic Atmospheres
Toxic Atmospheres
• One of the risks to weigh is the acute
dose risk - After all, the entrant will
probably not be in the permit space for
very long
• The term acute means something that
occurs in a short length of time - Carbon
monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, and
hydrogen cyanide are examples of acute
exposure toxins
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Toxic Atmospheres
Toxic Atmospheres
• There are many different types of toxic
materials which can be found in confined
spaces
• Generally, however, they can be classified into
two main groups: asphyxiants and irritants
• Asphyxiants, like carbon monoxide and
hydrogen sulfide, render the body incapable of
utilizing oxygen - The body literally suffocates
• Irritants like chlorine gas pose mainly
respiratory and skin hazards -They produce
injury and death by causing the lungs to fill
with fluid and the victim essentially drowns
27

28. OSHAcampus.com
Toxic Atmospheres
Manholes often remain
covered for long periods
of time. Naturally
occurring toxins, such
as hydrogen sulfide
can accumulate inside of
manholes.
H2S
Manholes may also
accumulate highly
flammable gasses
such as methane
and ethane. Unlike
the gas we receive at
home, we cannot detect
some of these gases with
our sense of smell.
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CH4
A
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Toxic Atmospheres
Toxic and flammable
materials are sometimes
illegally put into sanitary
and storm sewers.
Leaking tanks or spills
may migrate under
ground causing seepage
into manholes.
??
??
Material can leach
through soil from
many miles
away.
??
??
??
28

29. OSHAcampus.com
Hydrogen Sulfide
Hydrogen Sulfide
• Decomposition of materials
• Rotten egg odor at low concentrations
• Possibly NO WARNING at high concentrations
PPM
Effect
Time
10 ppm
50 - 100
200 - 300
500 -700
>1000
Permissible Exposure Level
Mild Irritation - eyes, throat
Significant Irritation
Unconsciousness, Death
Unconsciousness, Death
8 Hours
1 Hour
1 Hour
1/2 Hour
Minutes
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Carbon Monoxide
Carbon Monoxide
• Odorless, Colorless Gas
• Combustion By-Product
• Quickly collapse at high concentrations
PPM
50
200
600
1000-2000
10001000-2000
10001000-2000
10002000-2500
2000-
Effect
Time
Permissible Exposure Level
Slight headache, discomfort
Headache, discomfort
Confusion, nausea, headache
Tendency to stagger
Slight heart palpitation
Unconsciousness
8 Hours
3 Hours
1 Hour
2 Hours
1 1/2 Hours
30 Min.
30 Min.
29

30. Toxic Gas Exercise
Toxic Gas Exercise
Class Handout
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Toxic Atmospheres
Toxic Atmospheres
Acceptable Atmospheric Conditions For
Entry
Oxygen Concentration: 19.5% - 23.5%
Oxygen Concentration: 19.5% - 23.5%
Flammable Gas Concentration: 0- 10% LEL on
Flammable Gas Concentration: 0- 10% LEL on
CGI
CGI
Flammable Dust Concentration: Vision greater
Flammable Dust Concentration: Vision greater
than 5 feet
than 5 feet
Toxicity: Contaminant concentration less than
Toxicity: Contaminant concentration less than
PEL
PEL
30

31. Engulfment
Engulfment
• Engulfment means the surrounding and
effective capture of a person by a liquid
or finely divided (flowable) solid
substance
• This material is such that it can be
aspirated (inhaled) and cause death by
filling or plugging the respiratory system
or can exert enough force to cause death
by strangulation, constriction, or crushing
of the body
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Engulfment
Engulfment
• Grain, saw dust, sand, coal, and
many other finely divided substances
have engulfed and killed workers
• Drowning in a liquid such as water is
also considered engulfment
31

32. Other Hazards
Other Hazards
• Size limitation of entry and exit openings make
• Size limitation of entry and exit openings make
movement of personnel and equipment difficult
movement of personnel and equipment difficult
and time consuming
and time consuming
• Poor lighting in the space is often a problem • Poor lighting in the space is often a problem Any lighting device taken into a permit space
Any lighting device taken into a permit space
must be explosion-proof if flammables are
must be explosion-proof if flammables are
present
present
• Falling Objects - topside openings expose
Falling Objects - topside openings expose
workers inside confined space to falling objects
workers inside confined space to falling objects
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Temperature Extremes
Temperature Extremes
• Extremely hot or cold temperatures
• Steam cleaning of confined spaces
• Humidity factors – 80-100% humidity
• Extremely cold liquids – Liquid nitrogen
• Work processes inside the confined space
can increase temperature extremes –
welding, cutting, etc.
• Personal protective equipment – affects
mobility, restricts vision and communication
causes overheating of body
32

33. Other Hazards
Other Hazards
• Excessive noise poses significant safety
• Excessive noise poses significant safety
problems in confined spaces - hearing loss,
problems in confined spaces - hearing loss,
communication problems and loss of
communication problems and loss of
concentration
concentration
• Slippery surfaces are dangerous especially
• Slippery surfaces are dangerous especially
when on ladders and walkways
when on ladders and walkways
• An additional problem in sewer systems is the
• An additional problem in sewer systems is the
potential for flash flood - It does not take a lot
potential for flash flood - It does not take a lot
of rain to make a raging torrent in a sewer
of rain to make a raging torrent in a sewer
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Other Hazards
Trenches, ravines and other
excavations may also
be considered confined
spaces, if there is a
potential for accumulation
of toxic gases, engulfment
and/or the depletion of
oxygen.
?
33

34. Testing The Atmosphere
Testing The Atmosphere
• Confined space monitoring has been
going on for a long time
• Miners would use canaries in cages
lowered into mine shafts to determine the
presence of toxic gases - If the bird came
up alive, it was assumed to be safe
• Frequently a match, cigarette, or flare
was thrown into the space - If no fire or
explosion resulted the space was deemed
safe from a fire point of view
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Testing The Atmosphere
Testing The Atmosphere
• There are three main atmospheric
hazards that cause concern - Namely,
oxygen depletion, flammability, and
toxicity
• Monitoring practices and instruments
should be geared toward these three
central hazards
34

35. Testing The Atmosphere
Testing The Atmosphere
• Unfortunately there is no universal
monitor which tests for all possible gases
- Monitors are very specific
• In most spaces we should already have
an idea of the hazardous gases that we
would expect to find
• If you are in an industrial setting the
contents of a vessel should be known Monitors specific to the gases in that
space should be used
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Atmosphere Testing Shall Be
Performed:
Prior to every entry when the space is
vacant;
After a 10 minute ventilation period (if
ventilation is necessary);
At least hourly for permit-required
confined spaces;
More frequently, if conditions or
suspicions warrant.
35

36. Always test the
air at various levels
to be sure that the
entire space is safe.
Good Air
E
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Good air near
the opening
does NOT mean
there is good air
at the bottom!
Poor Air
Deadly Air
A
S
Testing The Atmosphere
Testing The Atmosphere
• Characteristics of a good monitoring device
should include:
1. Ease of operation.
2. Readable in both light and dark conditions.
3. Easily calibrated.
4. Equipped with a peak-hold feature to
recorded the highest concentration
encountered.
5. Equipped with audible and visual alarms for
a preset concentration.
36

37. Testing The Atmosphere
Testing The Atmosphere
• Characteristics of a good monitoring
device should include:
6. Explosion-proof for use in flammable
atmospheres.
7. Equipped with fully charged batteries at all
times.
8. Easily protected against contamination.
9. Equipped with a remote probe for non-entry
testing.
10. Reliable, rugged, and dependable.
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Inherent Safety
Inherent Safety
Explosion-proof -ignition source enclosed and exit
Explosion-proof -ignition source enclosed and exit
gases are cooled
gases are cooled
Intrinsically safe - reduces the potential for arcing
Intrinsically safe - reduces the potential for arcing
among components or has a “cool” arc
among components or has a “cool” arc
Purged - an inert gas buffers the arc or flame
Purged - an inert gas buffers the arc or flame
device from the flammable atmosphere
device from the flammable atmosphere
37

38. Reliable and Useful Results
Reliable and Useful Results
Response time
Sensitivity
Selectivity
Accuracy
Precision
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Response Time
Response Time
Is the length of time the monitor takes from
when it "senses" a contaminant until it
generates data
For direct-reading instruments, response
direct-reading
times may range from a few seconds to
several minutes
38

39. Sensitivity
Sensitivity
Defined as the ability of an instrument to
accurately measure changes in concentration
Sensitive instruments can detect small changes
in concentration
It is important to use an instrument with an
operating range that will measure the ambient
concentrations on-site
on-site
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Selectivity
Selectivity
The ability of an instrument to detect and
measure a specific chemical or group of similar
chemicals
Interferences from other chemicals can affect
the accuracy of the instrument reading by
producing a similar response
39

40. Accuracy
Accuracy
The relationship between a true value (i.e.,
the actual concentration of a contaminant)
and the instrument reading.
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Precision
Precision
A statistical measurement of an
instrument's ability to reproduce a
reading
When an instrument does not receive
routine maintenance the precision of
the readings may change (become
more random) this can affect the
amount of error in the data collected
40

41. Monitoring Equipment
Calibration
Process of adjusting the instrument read-out so
that it corresponds to the actual concentration
Involves checking the instrument with a known
concentration of a gas or vapor to see that the
instrument gives the proper response
Adjust the instrument read-out so that it
corresponds to the actual concentration
Follow manufacturer’s directions for calibration
to ensure accurate field data
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Oxygen Availability Monitor
Oxygen Availability Monitor
These monitors are used to evaluate the
These monitors are used to evaluate the
atmosphere for oxygen content
atmosphere for oxygen content
Normal air is 20.8% Oxygen
Normal air is 20.8% Oxygen
Oxygen deficient atmosphere is 19.5%
Oxygen deficient atmosphere is 19.5%
Oxygen deficient atmospheres occur when it
Oxygen deficient atmospheres occur when it
is replaced by another chemical, consumed
is replaced by another chemical, consumed
in combustion or the area is unventilated
in combustion or the area is unventilated
> 23.5% oxygen in air, increased risk of
> 23.5% oxygen in air, increased risk of
combustion (possible oxidizer present)
combustion (possible oxidizer present)
41

42. CARBON DIOXIDE MONITOR
CARBON DIOXIDE MONITOR
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A
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Combustible Gas Indicators
– Measure concentration of
flammable vapor or gas in air
– Read out in % of LEL
– Read out is relative to the
calibration gas (usually methane
or pentane)
– May not show actual % of LEL
– For use only in normal oxygen
atmospheres
– Not for use in oxygen-enriched
atmosphere
42

43. 4-GAS MONITOR
4-GAS MONITOR
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MULTI GAS MONITOR
MULTI GAS MONITOR
43

44. METER READING % LEL
Relative Response CGI Meter
methane
100%
80%
pentane
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60%
40%
xylene
20%
0%
0%
50%
100%
ACTUAL % LEL
A
S
% LEL Policy
The employer will issue work permits when
the % LEL is from 0-10% LEL
When the LEL exceeds 10%, special
approval is required in order for a work
permit to be issued
For all confined space entry permits, a 0%
LEL is required
NOTE: Most employers including
government entities have a 0% LEL
policy for all operations including
confined space entry
44

45. % LEL Action Level
% LEL Action Level
Flam m able
R ange
LEL
0% 5%
M ETH AN E
100%
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5%
LEL
0%
0%
UEL
15%
10%
A ction Level
A
S
Monitoring Equipment
Toxic Atmosphere Monitors
Colorimetric Indicator
Tubes
– Glass tube with indicating chemical
– Chemical specific, but may be
interference
– Contaminated air pumped in at predetermined rate
– Poor accuracy and precision
– Affected by temperature and humidity
– Interpretations vary
– Time consuming - 1 to 30 minutes per
tube
45

46. Monitoring Equipment
Toxic Atmosphere Monitors
Colorimetric Indicator Tubes
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DRAGER HAND PUMP KIT
DRAGER HAND PUMP KIT
46

47. MSA QUICK DRAW PUMP
MSA QUICK DRAW PUMP
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DRAGER CHIP MEASUREMENT CHEMICAL
DRAGER CHIP MEASUREMENT CHEMICAL
ANALYZER
ANALYZER
47

48. Toxic Atmosphere Monitors
Toxic Atmosphere Monitors
Photoionization detector (P.I.D.) - UV
ionization of outer electron- ranges
electronfrom 8.3 to 11.8 ev - calibrated to one
chemical - response to other
chemicals may vary (Styrene = 8.47,
Acetone = 9.69, Isopropyl alcohol =
10.15)
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Toxic Atmosphere Monitors
Toxic Atmosphere Monitors
Photoionization Detector (P.I.D.)
Photoionization Detector (P.I.D.)
Features
Features
Limitations
Limitations
•Nonspecific gas and vapor detection for
•Nonspecific gas and vapor detection for
organics and some
organics and some
inorganics
inorganics
•Sensitivity is related to the
•Sensitivity is related to the
ionization potential of
ionization potential of
compound
compound
•Portable with remote sensing
•Portable with remote sensing
capabilities
capabilities
• Response time of 90% in less
• Response time of 90% in less
than 3 seconds
than 3 seconds
•More sensitive to aromatic and
•More sensitive to aromatic and
unsaturated compounds than
unsaturated compounds than
the Flame Ionization detector
the Flame Ionization detector
•Does not monitor for
•Does not monitor for
specific gases or vapors
specific gases or vapors
•Cannot detect Hydrogen
•Cannot detect Hydrogen
Cyanide or methane
Cyanide or methane
•Cannot detect some
•Cannot detect some
chlorinated organics
chlorinated organics
•High humidity and
•High humidity and
precipitate will negatively
precipitate will negatively
affect meter response
affect meter response
•Photoionization Detectors
•Photoionization Detectors
are calibrated to a single
are calibrated to a single
chemical
chemical
48

49. PHOTO IONIZATION DETECTOR (PID)
PHOTO IONIZATION DETECTOR (PID)
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Toxic Atmosphere Monitors
Toxic Atmosphere Monitors
Aerosol monitors - these instruments
determine the total amount of
particulates but not the type of
particulate
They measure dust, mist, fume,
smoke, fog and spray
49

50. Duties of the Entry Supervisor
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Duties of the Entry Supervisor
Know the hazards of the space
Routes of entry for chemicals
Signs and symptoms of exposure
The consequences of exposure
50

51. Duties of the Entry Supervisor
Verify all appropriate check-offs have
been made on the confined space entry
permit
Verify all tests specified on the confined
space procedure have been conducted
Ensure that all confined space entry
procedure conditions have been met
prior to entry and authorization of the
entry operation
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A
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Duties of the Entry Supervisor
Find the specific confined space
entry procedure in the Entry
Procedure Manual and get a copy
of the Confined Space Entry Permit
Evaluate the needs
Follow the procedures to isolate
the space
51

52. Duties of the Entry Supervisor
Have the necessary entry support
equipment brought to and setup at the
confined space (all necessary items will
be marked on the entry permit)
Brief all confined space entrants and
attendants on the hazards associated
with the confined space (each entrant
and on-duty attendant will sign the
entry permit)
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Duties of the Entry Supervisor
Verification that the means of
summoning rescue services are
operable
Removal of unauthorized personnel who
enter or attempt to enter the confined
space during entry operations
Verify the space is ready to be placed
back into service
52

53. Duties of the Entry Supervisor
Note any modifications or
procedure changes for subsequent
entries if warranted
Document any problems
encountered, during the debriefing, with the entry on the
entry permit
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Duties of the Entry Supervisor
Conduct a post entry de-briefing
with the entrants and attendants
to discuss any problems which may
have occurred during the entry
Prepare the confined space to be
put back into service
53

54. Duties of Attendants
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Duties of Attendants
Knowledge of the hazards
Chemical exposure pathways
Signs and symptoms of exposure
Consequences of exposure
NEVER leaves the space unattended.
54

55. Duties of Attendants
Evacuate the space immediately if any of the
following conditions become evident:
Detection of a prohibited condition
Detection of behavioral effects of hazard
exposure in authorized entrants
Detection of a situation outside the space
that could endanger the authorized
entrants
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Duties of Attendants
Evacuate the space immediately if any of
the following conditions become evident:
If the attendant cannot effectively
and safely perform all of his/her
required duties
If communication between the
entrant and attendant is
jeopardized in anyway
55

56. Duties of Attendants
Summoning rescue and other
emergency services if needed
Warn unauthorized persons that
they must stay away from the permit
space
Advise unauthorized persons to exit
the space immediately if they have
entered
E
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Duties of Attendants
Perform non-entry rescue as specified
by Company Name program
Performing no duties that may interfere
with attendant's primary duty to
monitor and protect the authorized
entrants
Wear an ORANGE safety vest or similar
visible notification at all times while
performing attendant duties
56

57. Duties of Authorized Entrants
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Duties of Authorized Entrant
Demonstrate competencies in the use of the
following:
monitoring equipment
ventilating equipment
communications equipment
lighting equipment
barriers and shields
ladders
rescue and emergency equipment
57

58. Duties of Authorized Entrants
Entrant needs to alert the attendant
whenever:
The entrant recognizes any
warning sign or symptom of
exposure
A dangerous situation develops
The entrant detects a prohibited
condition
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Preparation For Entry
Preparation For Entry
Ventilation
Energy Isolation
Barricades
Tools
Personnel
58

59. Unfavorable Natural Ventilation
Unfavorable Natural Ventilation
• Lack of air movement in and out of the
space can create an atmosphere much
different than the outside atmosphere
• Deadly gases can be trapped inside
• Organic materials can decompose
• May not be enough oxygen due to
presence of other gases or chemical
reactions such as rusting
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Ventilation
Ventilation
• First option to correct problems
• Must be aware of hazards you are trying
to correct in the confined space
• Air intake in a safe location to draw
fresh air only
• Continuous ventilation whenever
possible
• Retest the confined space before entry
59

60. Ventilation
Fresh Air
If concentrations of
materials are found to
be at harmful levels,
the confined space
must be ventilated to
remove them before
entry.
Fresh outside
Fresh outside
air is blown into
air is blown into
the space to dilute
the space to dilute
and remove
and remove
contaminants, and
contaminants, and
??
supply oxygen.
supply oxygen.
??
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O2
??
O2
O2
??
O2
A
S
Ventilation
Should the concentration
Should the concentration
of contaminants remain
of contaminants remain
at harmful levels,
at harmful levels,
respirators may have to
respirators may have to
be worn to assure a safe
be worn to assure a safe
air supply.
air supply.
Fresh Air
??
??
O2
??
O2
??
O2
O2
60

61. Ventilation
Ventilation
Ventilation is driven by one of two things - air
Ventilation is driven by one of two things - air
pressure or differences in vapor density
pressure or differences in vapor density
The greater the difference in vapor density the
The greater the difference in vapor density the
faster natural ventilation will take place
faster natural ventilation will take place
Naturally, the reverse flow would occur if the
Naturally, the reverse flow would occur if the
atmosphere in the container had a vapor
atmosphere in the container had a vapor
density greater than one
density greater than one
Many of the gases that need to be ventilated
Many of the gases that need to be ventilated
are either in a fairly low concentration or have
are either in a fairly low concentration or have
vapor densities fairly close to 1 - This means
vapor densities fairly close to 1 - This means
that natural ventilation is not very effective
that natural ventilation is not very effective
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Ventilation
Ventilation
Therefore, forced ventilation needs to be
employed
Most commonly forced ventilation
involves a fan, air compressor, or other
machine
There are two types of forced ventilation positive pressure ventilation and negative
pressure ventilation
61

62. Ventilation
Ventilation
When a space is ventilated by positive
pressure, air is blown into the space, thus
pressurizing it
Negative pressure ventilation is literally
the reverse of positive pressure
ventilation in that the fan is turned
around and the contaminated atmosphere
is drawn out of the container
E
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Ventilation
Ventilation
Positive pressure is the method
commonly used especially if the air
contains flammables or toxic chemicals
which are drawn into the fan with
negative pressure ventilation
Beware of gas pockets in the confined
space structure and the possibility of a
build-back of the gas once it is ventilated
build-back
62

63. Ventilation Precautions
Ventilation Precautions
1. Flowing vapors, like flowing liquid can produce static
1. Flowing vapors, like flowing liquid can produce static
electricity - Be sure that the vessel is grounded prior to
electricity - Be sure that the vessel is grounded prior to
ventilating
ventilating
2. If a flammable gas concentration within a space is
2. If a flammable gas concentration within a space is
above the UEL, ventilating will bring the concentration
above the UEL, ventilating will bring the concentration
down through the flammable/explosive range - Positive
down through the flammable/explosive range - Positive
pressure ventilation should be used in that situation
pressure ventilation should be used in that situation
3. Intakes for positive pressure fans need to be
3. Intakes for positive pressure fans need to be
removed from any source of vehicle exhaust or other
removed from any source of vehicle exhaust or other
harmful gas - Assure that only fresh air is being
harmful gas - Assure that only fresh air is being
ventilated into the space
ventilated into the space
4. Try not to allow the ductwork for a fan to obstruct
4. Try not to allow the ductwork for a fan to obstruct
safe entry and exit from the space
safe entry and exit from the space
E
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Ventilation Precautions
Ventilation Precautions
5. When using a ducted fan place the ductwork near
5. When using a ducted fan place the ductwork near
the lowest level of the space (assuming that the
the lowest level of the space (assuming that the
exhaust is going out the top). Ventilation efficiency
exhaust is going out the top). Ventilation efficiency
will be greatly enhanced
will be greatly enhanced
6. Noise from the fan can cause communication
6. Noise from the fan can cause communication
problems - Ducting the fan will allow it to be placed
problems - Ducting the fan will allow it to be placed
a greater distance from the space entrance
a greater distance from the space entrance
7. Never use oxygen to ventilate or purge a space
7. Never use oxygen to ventilate or purge a space
63

64. Isolation of Energy Hazards
Isolation of Energy Hazards
• Locking and tagging out electrical
sources
• Blanking and bleeding pneumatic and
hydraulic lines
• Disconnecting mechanical drives and
shafts
• Securing mechanical parts
• Blanking sewer and water flow
• Locking and tagging out shutoff valves
E
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A
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Barricades
Barricades
• Barricades around the confined space site need to be
•
•
•
•
placed so that unsuspecting people do not wander into
the site
Advanced notice to employees and/or the public will
save congestion and confusion once the barricades go
up
Cones, flashing lights, warning tape, or ropes need to
be erected to isolate the site
If the entry is within a building, locked and marked
doors will prohibit access
The area around the point of entry should be
unobstructed and should be a minimum of three feet
square
64

65. Personnel
Personnel
• Finally, the personnel must be capable of doing
the work
• Physical health and stamina, as well as
familiarity with PPE and emergency procedures,
should be evaluated prior to entry
• A brief pre-entry meeting reviewing the
objectives of the entry, the confined space
layout, possible entry problems, and emergency
and rescue procedures, is highly recommended
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Entry & Work
Entry & Work
• Entry means the act by which a person passes
through an opening into a permit-required
confined space, and includes ensuing work
activities in that space
• The entrant is considered to have entered as
soon as any part of the entrant's body breaks
the plane of an opening into the space
65

66. Entry & Work
A means must be provided
for both safe normal entry
or exit , and emergency
extrication. Tripods with hoist,
lifeline, and full body harness
are often used for emergency
extrication. Ladders may be
used for ordinary entry and
exit.
A
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Entry & Work
Barriers to prevent passers-by
and the curious from falling
into the opening must be put
in place.
Holes and openings must be
closed or guarded when not
attended.
66

67. Entry & Work
Place warning signs where
pedestrians can see them.
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CAUTION
Opening in Ground
Keep Out !
A
S
Signs must state the hazard
and the required action.
Entry & Work
Entrants must constantly monitor
the confined space for toxic gases,
oxygen, and combustible gases.
H2S
Entrants will be issued a personal
monitor to wear
O2
for this
CO
purpose.
CH4
Entrants must leave the
Entrants must leave the
confined space when the
confined space when the
monitor alarm is activated.
monitor alarm is activated.
It is the attendant’s
It is the attendant’s
responsibility to see that
responsibility to see that
HCN the entrant leaves the
the entrant leaves the
space during an alarm.
space during an alarm.
CO2
67

68. Entry & Work
Should conditions develop
Should conditions develop
which require extrication,
which require extrication,
and the entrant cannot
and the entrant cannot
get out of the confined
get out of the confined
space on their own,
space on their own,
the attendant must
the attendant must
call for emergency
call for emergency
assistance at once!
assistance at once!
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Entry & Work
Entry & Work
When hot work is required in a confined space a special
When hot work is required in a confined space a special
hot work permit is required
hot work permit is required
When hot work is required on a tank wall in which a
When hot work is required on a tank wall in which a
lining or coating is present the lining or coating needs
lining or coating is present the lining or coating needs
to be stripped away for a distance of at least four inches
to be stripped away for a distance of at least four inches
in all directions of the hot work
in all directions of the hot work
Cylinders, like acetylene and oxygen, which are
Cylinders, like acetylene and oxygen, which are
required for welding and other hot work are not
required for welding and other hot work are not
allowed into the confined space
allowed into the confined space
Remember, hot work is not allowed in atmospheres
Remember, hot work is not allowed in atmospheres
that contain flammable gases in concentrations above
that contain flammable gases in concentrations above
10% of the LEL or oxygen concentrations greater than
10% of the LEL or oxygen concentrations greater than
23.5%
23.5%
68

69. Exit From Confined Space
Exit From Confined Space
There are a number of considerations that need
There are a number of considerations that need
to be addressed when leaving a confined space
to be addressed when leaving a confined space
It is very important that the entrant inform the
It is very important that the entrant inform the
attendant when exiting from the space. The
attendant when exiting from the space. The
attendant then can check the individual off of
attendant then can check the individual off of
the list of entrants known to be within the
the list of entrants known to be within the
space - This procedure provides an
space - This procedure provides an
accountability for all personnel
accountability for all personnel
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Exit From Confined Space
Exit From Confined Space
It's very important to remove anything that
It's very important to remove anything that
was brought into the space
was brought into the space
Tools left in the space can cause great damage
Tools left in the space can cause great damage
to machinery and can pose a projectile hazard.
to machinery and can pose a projectile hazard.
Lost tools are also expensive to replace
Lost tools are also expensive to replace
If a large number of tools are used within the
If a large number of tools are used within the
space, a check-list produced as the tools
space, a check-list produced as the tools
entered the space can be used to account for
entered the space can be used to account for
the tools as they leave the space
the tools as they leave the space
69

70. Exit From Confined Space
Exit From Confined Space
When temporarily leaving the space, gas lines
When temporarily leaving the space, gas lines
such as oxygen and acetylene must be removed
such as oxygen and acetylene must be removed
from the space
from the space
When leaving the space personal hygiene needs
When leaving the space personal hygiene needs
to be addressed, especially if the confined space
to be addressed, especially if the confined space
was a sewer, manhole, or other place where
was a sewer, manhole, or other place where
microbial or chemical contamination could have
microbial or chemical contamination could have
taken place
taken place
Hand washing and clothing change (if
Hand washing and clothing change (if
necessary) should take place prior to eating or
necessary) should take place prior to eating or
smoking
smoking
E
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Exit From Confined Space
Exit From Confined Space
After the entry, each entrant needs to unlock
After the entry, each entrant needs to unlock
their lockout device
their lockout device
The person in charge then concludes confined
The person in charge then concludes confined
space operations by returning the space back to
space operations by returning the space back to
its original condition
its original condition
Hand washing and clothing change (if
Hand washing and clothing change (if
necessary) should take place prior to eating or
necessary) should take place prior to eating or
smoking
smoking
Once all of these items have been
Once all of these items have been
accomplished, the permit is ready to be filed for
accomplished, the permit is ready to be filed for
the prescribed length of time
the prescribed length of time
70

71. PPE
PPE
The purpose of chemical protective clothing
The purpose of chemical protective clothing
(CPC) and personal protective equipment (PPE)
(CPC) and personal protective equipment (PPE)
is to shield or isolate individuals from the
is to shield or isolate individuals from the
chemical, physical, and biologic hazards that
chemical, physical, and biologic hazards that
may be encountered
may be encountered
Careful selection and use of adequate PPE
Careful selection and use of adequate PPE
should protect the respiratory system, skin,
should protect the respiratory system, skin,
eyes, face, hands, feet, head, body, and hearing
eyes, face, hands, feet, head, body, and hearing
Respiratory protection is of primary importance
Respiratory protection is of primary importance
since inhalation is one of the major routes of
since inhalation is one of the major routes of
exposure to chemical toxicants
exposure to chemical toxicants
E
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A
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Respirators
Respirators
• Air-Purifying Respirators
–
–
–
Filter dangerous substances from
the air
Must know the type and amount
of hazardous substance present
in the confined space
NEVER use with oxygen
deficiency!
• Air-Supplying Respirators
–
–
Deliver a safe supply of breathing
air from a tank or an
uncontaminated area nearby
Must be adequately monitored to
ensure adequate & quality air
supply
71

72. PPE
PPE
Chemical-protective clothing (CPC) is available in a
ChemicalChemical-protective clothing (CPC) is available in a
variety of materials that offer a range of protection
variety of materials that offer a range of protection
against different chemicals. The most appropriate
against different chemicals. The most appropriate
clothing material will depend on the chemicals present
clothing material will depend on the chemicals present
and the task to be accomplished - Ideally the chosen
and the task to be accomplished - Ideally the chosen
material resists permeation, degradation, and
material resists permeation, degradation, and
penetration
penetration
In addition to permeation, degradation, and
In addition to permeation, degradation, and
penetration several other factors must be considered
penetration several other factors must be considered
during clothing selection - These affect not only
during clothing selection - These affect not only
chemical resistance but the worker's ability to perform
chemical resistance but the worker's ability to perform
the required task
the required task
E
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PPE
PPE
Durability
Does the material have sufficient strength to
Does the material have sufficient strength to
withstand the physical stress of the task(s)
withstand the physical stress of the task(s)
at hand?
at hand?
Will the material resist tears, punctures, and
Will the material resist tears, punctures, and
abrasions?
abrasions?
Will the material withstand repeated use
Will the material withstand repeated use
after contamination / decontamination?
after contamination / decontamination?
72

73. PPE
PPE
Flexibility
Will the CPC interfere with the workers' ability
Will the CPC interfere with the workers' ability
to perform their assigned tasks? (This is
to perform their assigned tasks? (This is
particularly important when considering
particularly important when considering
gloves)
gloves)
E
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Temperature effects
Will the material maintain its protective
Will the material maintain its protective
integrity and flexibility under hot and cold
integrity and flexibility under hot and cold
extremes?
extremes?
A
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PPE
PPE
Ease of decontamination
Are decontamination procedures available
Are decontamination procedures available
on site?
on site?
Will the material pose any decontamination
Will the material pose any decontamination
problems?
problems?
Should disposable clothing be used?
Should disposable clothing be used?
73

74. PPE
PPE
Compatibility with other equipment
Does the clothing preclude the use of
Does the clothing preclude the use of
another, necessary piece of protective
another, necessary piece of protective
equipment (e.g., suits that preclude hardequipment (e.g., suits that preclude hardhat use in hard-hat area)?
hat use in hard-hat area)?
E
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A
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PPE
PPE
Duration of use
Can the required task be accomplished
before contaminant breakthrough
occurs, or degradation of the CPC
becomes significant?
74

75. PPE
PPE
Special Conditions
Fire, explosion, heat, and radiation are
considered special conditions that
require special-protective equipment.
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Safety Equipment and Clothing
Safety Equipment and Clothing
No single combination of protective
No single combination of protective
equipment and clothing is capable of
equipment and clothing is capable of
protecting against all hazards
protecting against all hazards
PPE should be used in conjunction with
PPE should be used in conjunction with
other protective methods
other protective methods
Equipment and clothing should be
Equipment and clothing should be
selected that provide an adequate level
selected that provide an adequate level
of protection
of protection
Overprotection, as well as
Overprotection, as well as
underprotection, can be hazardous
underprotection, can be hazardous
75

76. OSHAcampus.com
Confined Space Rescue
Confined Space Rescue
• Emergency rescue from a confined space
is a matter of life or death
• That pervading sense that "the clock is
ticking" invades every aspect of rescue
operations
• What is worse is that sense of urgency is
sometimes used as an excuse for making
decisions or performing actions that
place others at undue risk
E
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A
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Confined Space Rescue
Confined Space Rescue
• The first priority is to keep all rescuers
alive
• Do not substitute emotion for intellect 50% of workers who die in confined
spaces are would-be rescuers
• Don't take short cuts
• The person in charge may chose to
isolate themselves
• Pre-planning and training are essential
76

77. OSHAcampus.com
Confined Space Rescue
Confined Space Rescue
On-site rescue teams
On-site
Outside rescue
services
E
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A
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Confined Space Rescue
Confined Space Rescue
On-site rescue teams
On-site rescue teams
1. Personnel assigned to an in-plant rescue team
1. Personnel assigned to an in-plant rescue team
are provided with, and trained in the proper use of
are provided with, and trained in the proper use of
the personal protective equipment necessary for
the personal protective equipment necessary for
making rescues from the employer's permit spaces
making rescues from the employer's permit spaces
2. If the employer decides to use an in-plant team,
2. If the employer decides to use an in-plant team,
the employer shall assure that the in-plant rescue
the employer shall assure that the in-plant rescue
team is trained to perform the assigned rescue
team is trained to perform the assigned rescue
functions and has received the training required
functions and has received the training required
for authorized entrants
for authorized entrants
3. Each member of the rescue service shall be
3. Each member of the rescue service shall be
trained in basic first aid and cardiopulmonary
trained in basic first aid and cardiopulmonary
resuscitation
resuscitation
77

78. OSHAcampus.com
Confined Space Rescue
Confined Space Rescue
Off-site rescue teams
Off-site rescue teams
1. .. If the employer chooses to use outside rescue
1. If the employer chooses to use outside rescue
services, the employer shall inform the designated
services, the employer shall inform the designated
rescuers of the hazards they may confront when
rescuers of the hazards they may confront when
called to perform rescues at the employer's facility
called to perform rescues at the employer's facility
2. If an outside rescue service is used, their
2. If an outside rescue service is used, their
response time, their continuous availability during
response time, their continuous availability during
the entry, and their rescue capabilities need to be
the entry, and their rescue capabilities need to be
established prior to entry
established prior to entry
3. .. In most cases specific phone numbers, radio
3. In most cases specific phone numbers, radio
frequencies, or other type of communication
frequencies, or other type of communication
medium is listed on the entry permit - The
medium is listed on the entry permit - The
attendant is responsible for that communication
attendant is responsible for that communication
and should perform a communications check prior
and should perform a communications check prior
to entry
to entry
E
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A
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Confined Space Rescue
Confined Space Rescue
There are three types of rescue
There are three types of rescue
which may be employed in the
which may be employed in the
confined space setting:
confined space setting:
1. Self-Rescue
1. Self-Rescue
2. Non-Entry Rescue - External
2. Non-Entry Rescue - External
3. Entry Rescue - Internal
3. Entry Rescue - Internal
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79. OSHAcampus.com
Confined Space Rescue
Confined Space Rescue
• Self rescue is when an entrant is capable of
recognizing a hazard and is able to exit from
the space with no assistance
• With self-rescue, emergency rescue personnel
do not have to enter the space - Risky
extrication and/or removal techniques are not
required if self-rescue can be employed
• Also, by virtue of the fact that the individual is
still conscious, the chances that the entrant will
recover from the emergency are good
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A
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Confined Space Rescue
Confined Space Rescue
• The use of retrieval systems can be very effective in
assisting in the rescue of an unconscious employee
from a confined space - These systems allow rescue
from outside the space
• Non-entry rescue, as the name implies, is rescue
performed from outside of the space - Prior to entry
retrieval systems and body harnesses should be in place
in the event that conditions change
• Non-entry rescue cannot be used for an individual who
is entangled, trapped, or bound-up within the space
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80. OSHAcampus.com
Retrieval Rescue Methods
Body Harness
Tripod/winch
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81. OSHAcampus.com
Confined Space Rescue
The attendant should
The attendant should
attempt to remove the
attempt to remove the
entrant from the confined
entrant from the confined
space using tripods, hoist, and
space using tripods, hoist, and
lifelines. Attendants are NOT TO
lifelines. Attendants are NOT TO
ENTER CONFINED SPACES.
ENTER CONFINED SPACES.
Lethal hazards may
Lethal hazards may
be present within the confined
be present within the confined
space. Only properly equipped
space. Only properly equipped
and trained emergency rescue
and trained emergency rescue
personnel may enter confined
personnel may enter confined
spaces to make rescues.
spaces to make rescues.
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A
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Confined Space Rescue
Confined Space Rescue
• Entry rescue is clearly the form of rescue that presents
the greatest risk to the rescuer - It entails actually
placing an individual into the hazardous space
• Entry rescue requires a considerable amount of
equipment - In addition to usual PPE, there is a need for
patient packaging devices, lifting devices, multiple
lifelines, and emergency medical gear as well
• Availability of the equipment and personnel needed for
rescue and support must be assured
• Entry rescues should be avoided whenever possible
81

82. OSHAcampus.com
Medical Issues
Medical Issues
Everyone associated with confined space
operations should have a basic
understanding of the types of medical
emergencies that they may encounter
To effectively do this, it is necessary to
recognize the potential problems, be able
to activate emergency medical services in
your plant or municipality, and provide
first aid until the arrival of medically
trained personnel
E
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A
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Medical Issues
Medical Issues
All individuals associated with the
confined space entry and/or rescue must
be trained in CPR and basic first aid
At least one individual with current
certification shall be available during
rescue operations
All individuals associated with confined
space operations also need to know the
location and operation of emergency
medical supplies and equipment
82

83. OSHAcampus.com
Medical Issues
Medical Issues
It is the attendant's job to summon
emergency medical assistance in the
event of a medical problem
If an entrant has a serious medical
problem the entire space should be
evacuated immediately
Any medical affliction that occurs within
the space should be assumed to have
been caused by a change in the confined
space until proven otherwise
A
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P
M
Medical Issues
Medical Issues
•
heart attack
•
asphyxia
•
chemical toxicity
burns
burns
fractures
fractures
lacerations
lacerations
•
heat stroke
83

84. OSHAcampus.com
Medical Issues
Medical Issues
If a victim has known injuries from a fall,
entrapment, or something dropped on
them, the person will need proper
packaging
As a rescuer you will need to assess the
situation, stabilize by performing the
necessary first aid, package, and then
remove the victim
E
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A
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Medical Issues
Medical Issues
When preparing an individual for
packaging the ABCs of life saving are
checked: Airway open, victim is
Breathing, and Circulation (heart beating)
Stop any profuse bleeding, apply a cccollar, and splint where necessary
84

85. OSHAcampus.com
Medical Issues
Medical Issues
Wristlets, full body harnesses and basket litters
Wristlets, full body harnesses and basket litters
are the most common types of packaging
are the most common types of packaging
When lashing a victim in a basket litter, wrap
When lashing a victim in a basket litter, wrap
the ankle and foot (if ankle and foot are not
the ankle and foot (if ankle and foot are not
injured) - Care must be used to not cross the
injured) - Care must be used to not cross the
neck and constrict breathing
neck and constrict breathing
Though basket litters usually are supplied with
Though basket litters usually are supplied with
4 straps for securing the patient, these are not
4 straps for securing the patient, these are not
adequate when making a vertical rescue
adequate when making a vertical rescue
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