National Adaptation Plans (NAPs) and Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) are two processes introduced by the UNFCCC for developing countries to plan and implement climate adaptation and mitigation actions. FAO is working with countries to integrate agriculture into NAPs and identify NAMAs in the agriculture sector. International climate finance can help support NAP and NAMA implementation through funds like the Green Climate Fund. Private sector engagement and investment is important for NAMAs to be sustainable and leverage additional financing.

1. Introduction to the NAP and NAMA processes
and the relation to climate finance
Armine Avagyan
Mitigation of Climate Change in Agriculture (MICCA) Programme, FAO
26-27 October 2015,
ASEAN-CRN Workshop on Promoting Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) Practices

2. Outline
1. Concept of NAPs
2. FAO-UNDP NAPs programme
3. Introduction to NAMAs
4. FAO online learning tool on NAMAs in agriculture
5. Financing mechanisms for NAPs and NAMAs.

3. National Adaptation Plans: NAPs

4. National adaptation plans
National adaptation plans (NAPs): In 2010 during COP 16 of the UNFCCC,
a process was established to enable the least developed countries and
later developing countries to formulate and implement NAPs for
medium- and long-term adaptation needs.
Currently, FAO’s aims to
• Develop a agriculture specific roadmap for NAPs
• Strengthen Ministries of Agriculture as key stakeholder in the NAPs process
• Establish baselines for adaptation
• Conduct advocacy, capacity building and knowledge sharing on NAPs
• Identify climate finance for adaptation actions

5. Integrating Agriculture in National
Adaptation Plans
FAO and UNDP have joined forces to meet country requests on identifying and
integrating climate adaptation measures for the agricultural sectors into
relevant national planning and budgeting processes.
safeguard livelihoods
boost food security
raise agricultural production
improve medium- to long-term planning and budgeting processes

6. Target countries
Duration: 4 years (2015 to 2018)
Budget: US$12 million

7. Solutions tailored to country needs
• setting up an early-warning system for climate risks
• educating farmers in the use of drought-tolerant seeds, plants and
trees
• expand eucalyptus plantations for charcoal
Uganda
• expand efforts to map vulnerability to food insecurity due to
climate change
• explore ways to scale up risk-transfer mechanisms for farming
communities
Philippines
• conservation of drought-resistant crop varieties by adopting
water-conserving farming practices and promoting crop
diversification.
Nepal

8. Priorities in country workplansPriorities
Strengthen capacities to link climate policy and public finance
Mainstream climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction into
agriculture sector plans, policies, budgets (both national and provincial)
Improve impact monitoring frameworks
Understand climate benefits of adaptation options and their
planning/budgeting implications
Improve evidence base for adaptation plans for the agricultural sector
Improve evidence base for agricultural sector inputs into National
Climate Change strategy/policy

9. Stock-taking
Skills assessment
Policy analysis
Capacity development
Impact monitoring
Additional support:
global technical specialists
Agricultural economics
Climate science
Climate downscaling and modelling
Economics of adaptation
Cost-benefit analysis
Impact monitoring
National adaptation planning
Planning and budgeting
Communications &
knowledge management
Contact:
Julia.Wolf@fao.org; FAO-NAPs@fao.org
For more information:
www.adaptation-undp.org/naps-agriculture
www.fao.org/climate-change

10. Nationally appropriate mitigation actions:
NAMAs

11. Nationally appropriate mitigation actions
In line with
national
sustainable
development
priorities
Reduce GHG
emissions
Monitorable,
reportable
and verifiable
Can receive
support from
domestic
and/or
international
sources
NAMAs
NAMAs concept was introduced in
2007 in UNFCCC’s Bali Action Plan:
“ […] Nationally appropriate
mitigation actions by developing
country Parties in the context of
sustainable development, supported
and enabled by technology, financing
and capacity building, in a
measurable, reportable and verifiable
manner.”
(Decision 1/CP.13, paragraph 1 (b) (ii))

12. NAMAs sectorial distribution
In the NAMA UNFCCC registry as of
August 2015:
• 117 registered NAMAs;
• 16 % in the AFOLU sector.

13. AFOLU NAMAs examples
Country Title Timeframe Status
Costa Rica
Livestock NAMA 15 years
Financially supported by
the Inter-American Bank
Low carbon coffee 5 years
Financially supported by
the Inter-American Bank
and NAMA Facility
Dominican
Republic
Blue Carbon NAMA: Conserve and
restore mangroves
18 months
Seeking support for
preparation
Reducing GHG emission in pig farms 15 years
Seeking support for
implementation
Georgia
Adaptive sustainable forest
management
2 years
Financially supported by
the Government of Austria
Uganda
Developing appropriate strategies and
techniques to reduce methane
emissions from livestock production
6 months
Seeking support for
preparation

14. NAMAs benefits
In addition to reducing and/or removing GHG emissions, a number of
agricultural practices may also:
support climate change adaptation;
address agriculture as a driver of deforestation;
reduce agriculture’s contribution to pollution of water sources;
promote access to energy in rural areas; and
foster food security.

15. FAO NAMA learning tool for AFOLU
Module 1
Climate change and
agriculture
Module 2
Background on NAMAs
Module 3
Step by Step NAMA
Development
Module 4
Monitoring, reporting and
verification (MRV)
Module 5
NAMA financing
Structure of the tool
To overcome knowledge barriers FAO developed a
NAMA tool for agriculture and land use which aims to
help agriculture sector stakeholders start NAMA
identification and planning.
Format
Web-based detailed guidance,
Available for individual learning online at
http://bit.ly/fao-nama-tool

16. NAMAs, NAPs and
Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA)
GHG emission
reduction and
removal
Income,
productivity,
and
food security
Climate
change
adaptation
and resilience
NAPs and NAMAs can
• address all pillars of CSA
• be used for up-scaling of
the CSA practices.

17. International financing sources
Green Climate Fund NAMA Facility
Austrian NAMA
Initiative
Global Environment
Facility (GEF) Fund
International Climate
Initiative (ICI)
Latin American
Investment Facility
Climate-related ODA
funding
ADB Climate Change Fund (CCF)
ClimDev-Africa
Special Fund (CDSF)
Climate Development
Knowledge Network (CDKN)
Total, climate financing worth USD 100 billion expected to be mobilized annually by 2020
and disbursed through a number of channels, such as the Green Climate Fund.

18. Climate finance: Green Climate Fund
• Established at COP 16, decision 1/CP.16
• Created to support low-emission and climate-resilient
investments in developing countries.
• USD 10 billion was already pledged in 2014
FAO and GCF- FAO expects accreditation and meantime:
• Provides support to country-led proposal development
on an as-needs basis.
• Develops overarching programme frameworks, in line
with FAO’s Strategic Framework:
GCF Allocation Framework
Image source: GCF

19. Overview of criteria for NAMA support
• Amount of GHG reductions
• Transformational change
• Sustainable development benefits
• Sustainability and replicability
• MRV of GHGs and other performance metrics
Effectiveness
• Description with clear boundaries and plans
• Consistency with national development plans
• High-level political support and country ownership
• Support from sector stakeholders
• Capacity to implement
Implementation
plan
• Budget with national contributions
• Catalytic impact of international finance contribution
• Leveraging private-sector investment
• No duplication with other finance sources
• Risk mitigation
Financing plan
Source: Adapted from Wilkes et al. 2013b.

20. In agriculture, private sector is automatically engaged in NAMAS because farmers are
usually private entrepreneurs.
Private investment both national and international can be attracted by:
Public climate financing acts as a catalyst to leverage private sector financing.
If NAMAs bring sufficiently high financial returns, they become attractive to the private
sector.
Private domestic financing is also needed to leverage international financing.
Life-cycle approach for GHG reduction engages also other private value chain actors
(farm, post-harvest storage, transportation, processing, retailing, consumption and
disposal) in NAMA development.
Stable political
situation and clear
commercial
mechanisms
Provision of
incentives
(e.g. soft loans and
guarantees)
Elimination of
barriers
Demonstration of
profitability and
low risk
Private investment

21. Thank you for your attention
Contact: micca@fao.org and
armine.avagyan@fao.org