2. TRANSLATION STRATEGY 1
• LOCATE THE NOUNS.
• LOOK FOR:
– CAPITAL LETTERS (PROPER NOUNS),
– NOUN PHRASE MARKERS
• (INCLUDING DETERMINERS SUCH AS THE ARTICLES
(EL/LA/LOS/LAS)
• THE DEMONSTRATIVES (ESTE/ESE/ESTA/ESA . . .ETC)
• THE POSSESSIVES (MI, MIS, SU, SUS, ETC.)
– PREPOSITIONS (WHICH ARE OFTEN FOLLOWED BY
NOUNS)
3. Strategy 1: Example
• Los
iniciosfueronmuydifíciles,yaquedebíanenfrentarla
resistencia de los indígenas. Posteriormente, el
mayor peligrolo constituyeronlosasaltos de los
bandeirantespaulistasqueasaltabanlasreduccione
sy se llevabana los indígenasparaesclavizarlos.
• THE BEGINNINGS . . . THE RESISTANCE OF THE
INDIGENOUS. . . . THE GREATEST THREAT . . . . THE
ASSAULTS OF THE BANDEIRANTES. . . THE
REDUCTIONS . . . TO THE INDIGENOUS.
4. TRANSLATION STRATEGY 2
• LOCATE/BUILD UP THE NOUN PHRASES.
• LOOK FOR:
– ADJECTIVES FOLLOWING NOUNS
5. Strategy 2: Example
• Los
iniciosfueronmuydifíciles, yaquedebíanenfrentarl
a resistencia de los indígenas.
Posteriormente, el mayor peligrolo
constituyeronlos asaltos de los
bandeirantespaulistasqueasaltabanlasreduccione
sy se llevabana los indígenasparaesclavizarlos.
• THE BEGINNINGS . . . THE RESISTENCE OF THE
INDIGENOUS. . . . THE GREATEST THREAT . . . . THE
ASSAULTS OF THE PAULIST BANDEIRANTES. . . THE
REDUCTIONS . . . TO THE INDIGENOUS.
6. TRANSLATION STRATEGY 3
• TRANSLATE CONNECTION WORDS.
• LOOK FOR:
– INITIAL ADVERBIALS (SHORT PHRASES BEFORE
THE SUBJECT, OFTEN FOLLOWED BY COMMAS)
– PREPOSITIONS FOLLOWED BY VERBS
– CLAUSE MARKERS, ESPECIALLY THOSE INVOLVING
THE WORD “QUE”
7. Strategy 3: Example
• Los
iniciosfueronmuydifíciles, yaquedebíanenfrentarl
a resistencia de los indígenas.
Posteriormente, el mayor peligrolo
constituyeronlos asaltos de los
bandeirantespaulistasqueasaltabanlasreduccione
sy se llevabana los indígenasparaesclavizarlos.
• THE BEGINNINGS . . . SINCE. . .THE RESISTANCE OF
THE INDIGENOUS. LATER, . . . THE GREATEST
THREAT . . . . THE ASSAULTS OF THE PAULIST
BANDEIRANTES THAT. . . THE REDUCTIONS . . . TO
THE INDIGENOUS IN ORDER TO. . .
8. TRANSLATION STRATEGY 4
• WORK ON THE VERB PHRASES.
• LOOK FOR:
– PHRASES WITHOUT PRONOUNS OF ANY KIND IN
THEM FIRST.
– THE SUBJECT OF EACH VERB.
9. Strategy 4: Example
• Los iniciosfueronmuydifíciles, yaquedebíanenfrentar
la resistencia de los indígenas. Posteriormente, el
mayor peligrolo constituyeronlos asaltos de los
bandeirantespaulistasqueasaltabanlasreduccionesy se
llevabana los indígenasparaesclavizarlos.
• THE BEGINNINGS WERE VERY DIFFICULT SINCE THEY
HAD TO CONFRONT THE RESISTANCE OF THE
INDIGENOUS. LATER, THE GREATEST THREAT . . . . THE
ASSAULTS OF THE PAULIST BANDEIRANTES THAT
ATTACKED THE REDUCTIONS . . . TO THE INDIGENOUS
IN ORDER TO. . .
10. TRANSLATION STRATEGY 5
• WORK ON WHAT IS LEFT.
• LOOK FOR
– EVERYTHING LEFT OVER
– THE SUBJECT OF EACH VERB
– THE ESSENTIAL SUBJECT, VERB, AND OBJECT (IF
THERE IS ONE) OF EACH CLAUSE
11. Strategy 5: Example
• Los iniciosfueronmuydifíciles, yaquedebíanenfrentar
la resistencia de los indígenas. Posteriormente, el
mayor peligro lo constituyeron los asaltos de los
bandeirantespaulistasqueasaltabanlasreduccionesy se
llevaban a los indígenasparaesclavizarlos.
• THE BEGINNINGS WERE VERY DIFFICULT SINCE THEY
HAD TO CONFRONT THE RESISTANCE OF THE
INDIGENOUS. LATER, THE ASSAULTS OF THE PAULIST
BANDEIRANTES THAT ATTACKED THE REDUCTIONS AND
TOOK THE INDIGENOUS IN ORDER TO ENSLAVE THEM
CONSTITUTED THE GREATEST THREAT.
12. NOTE 1:
• HINT: NOTE THAT THE NUMBER OF THE VERB
“CONSTITUYERON” IS PLURAL --- SO THE SUBJECT IS
NOT “EL MAYOR PELIGRO” (WHICH IS SINGULAR).
• CONCLUSION: THE SUBJECT IS THE PLURAL NOUN
PHRASE AFTER THE VERB.
• THIS LEADS TO THE STARTLING CONCLUSION THAT THE
DIRECT OBJECT (SOMETHING CONSITUTES
SOMETHING) IS IN FRONT OF THE VERB: el mayor
peligro.
• IN SPANISH, IF THE WHOLE DIRECT OBJECT IS IN FRONT
OF THE VERB, A DIRECT OBJECT PRONOUN (USUALLY
“LO”) IS USED IN ADDITION.
13. NOTE 2:
• HINT: LOOK UP “LLEVAR” AND SEE THAT WITH
“LLEVAR+SE” IT HAS THE MEANING “TAKE”.
• WHO TOOK? THE BANDEIRANTES PAULISTAS.
• WHO/WHAT DID THEY TAKE? LOS INDIGENAS.
(REMEMBER THE INDIGENOUS ARE HUMAN
DIRECT OBJECTS --- SO THE “A” IS JUST A
MEANINGLESS MARKER).
• CONCLUSION: THE BANDEIRANTES DID TWO
THINGS: ATTACKED THE REDUCTIONS AND TOOK
THE INDIGENOUS.
14. NOTE 3:
• HINT: LOOK DIRECTLY BACK BEFORE THE
“LOS” IN “ESCLAVIZARLOS” TO FIND OUT
WHAT IT REFERS TO --- LOS INDIGENAS.
•
