Territorio, autoridad y derecho

. Analytic Tactics   Destabilizing stable meanings   In the shadows of powerful explanations   When territory exits conventional framings:    it becomes institutionally mobile, nomadic   and can alter the meaning of nation‐state  membership.  

Multiple immigration spaces   The spaces (institutional, ideational, tactical) for  producing the migrant subject can be very diverse   ‐ the new transnational class of professionals    ‐ the contract‐labor worker entering for seasonal      work under speciﬁc short‐term conditions   ‐ the business‐visa immigrant    ‐ the family‐dependent immigrant   ‐ the green card immigrant   ‐ the high‐tech visa worker 

Top 20 remittance‐recipient countries, 2006 (US$ billions)  Billions of Billions dollars of dollars1. India 21.7 11. Serbia 4.12. China 21.3 12. Pakistan 3.93. Mexico 18.1 13. Brazil 3.64. France 12.7 14. Bangladesh 3.45. Philippines 11.6 15. Egypt, Arab Rep. 3.36. Spain 6.9 16. Portugal 3.27. Belgium 6.8 17. Vietnam 3.28. Germany 6.5 18. Colombia 3.29. United Kingdom 6.4 19. United States 310. Morocco 4.2 20. Nigeria 2.8Source: Author’s Calculations Based on IMF BoP Yearbook, 2004, and World Bank Staﬀ estimates. 

Surveillance regimes   1,271 government organizations and 1,931  private companies work on programs related  to counterterrorism, homeland security and  intelligence in about 10,000 locations across  the US       An estimated 854,000 people – nearly 1.5 times  as many people as live in Washington, D.C. –  hold top‐secret security clearances     

.   Of the estimated 265,000 private  companies doing intelligence work, 1,931  do work at the top‐secret level.    Out of 854,000 people with top‐secret  clearance, the Post estimates that 265,000  are private contractors 

Source: Washington Post. 2010.  “Top Secret America,” Interactive Maps. Washington Post, July 2010. http://projects.washingtonpost.com/top‐secret‐america/map/  

INEQUALITY IS MADE   The aims of economic systems can vary  greatly   The modes in which governments regulate  economies 

 Income % of top 10% earners 1917‐2005   *Income is defined as market income but excludes capital gains  Source: Mishel, L. 2004. “Unfettered Markets, Income Inequality, and Religious Values.” Viewpoints. May 19, 2004. Economic Policy Institute. Retrieved July 26, 2008 [ www.epi.org/content.cfm/ webfeatures_viewpoints_moral_markets_presentation.]  

%  Growth in After‐Tax Income, USA 1979‐2007 

Expulsions: Foreclosures   2006 :  1.2 million foreclosures, up 42% from  2005. This is: One in every 92 U.S. households   2007:  2.2 million forecls, up 75% from 06   2008:  3.1  million, up 81%  from 07   2009:  3.9 million  (or 1 in 45 US hholds)   (From 2007 to 2009: 120% increase in forecls)   2010: 2.9 mill forecls.  (2006‐2010: total 14.2 mil)   Source: RealtyTrac 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010;  Blomquist 2011 

Table 1: RaIo ResidenIal Mortgage Debt to GDP (Select countries/end 2006) Source: h*p://www.germany‐re.com/ﬁles/00034800/MS%20Housing%20Report%202007.pdf 

Table 2: RaIo ResidenIal Mortgage Debt to GDP: Emerging Asia Source: Warnock, Veronica Cacdac and Warnock, Francis E.,Markets and Housing Finance(February 2008). Available at SSRN: h*p://ssrn.com/abstract=981641, retrieved 24 August 2008. 

Table 8: Ra*o of Household Credit to Personal Disposable Income (2000‐05)  2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Emerging Markets Czech Republic 8.5 10.1 12.9 16.4 21.3 27.1 Hungary 11.2 14.4 20.9 29.5 33.9 39.3 Poland 10.1 10.3 10.9 12.6 14.5 18.2 India 4.7 5.4 6.4 7.4 9.7 … Korea 33.0 43.9 57.3 62.6 64.5 68.9 Philippines 1.7 4.6 5.5 5.5 5.6 … Taiwan 75.1 72.7 76.0 83.0 95.5 … Thailand 26.0 25.6 28.6 34.3 36.4 … Mature Markets Australia 83.3 86.7 95.6 109.0 119.0 124.5 France 57.8 57.5 58.2 59.8 64.2 69.2 Germany 70.4 70.1 69.1 70.3 70.5 70.0 Italy 25.0 25.8 27.0 28.7 31.8 34.8 Japan 73.6 75.7 77.6 77.3 77.9 77.8 Spain 65.2 70.4 76.9 86.4 98.8 112.7 United States 104.0 105.1 110.8 118.2 126.0 132.7 Source: IMF Staﬀ esImates based on data from country authoriies, CEIC, OECD, and Bloomberg 

Table 11: Share of Foreign‐Currency‐Denominated Household Credit, End‐2005 (In percent of total household credit)  Source: IMF 2006. “Global Financial Stability Report: Market Developments and Issues.” IMF: World Economic and Financial Surveys. September, 2006. Retrieved August 26, 2008. [http://www.imf.org/external/ pubs/ft/GFSR/2006/02/pdf/chap2.pdf] p. 54

In the shadows of “urbanization”   In all the talk about the growth of urban  populations there is never mention of what  processes are feeding this growth.   One set of processes consists of expulsions – of people from their land due to “landgrabs”  or mining.   Where do they go? To cities, where they will  add to the homeless and to the slums. 

One instance From 2006 to 2010: 70million hectares of land in  Afri ,LatAm, Cambodia, Ukraine bought/ leased by rich govts,firms,fin firms   The land is now more valued than the people  or activities on it    The  active making of surplus populations   Novel assemblage of Territory/Authority/ Rights 

Africa: main target for land acquisitions.   Sudan: South Korea has signed deals for  690,000 hectares and the United Arab  Emirates (UAE) for 400,000 hectares.   Ethiopia: Saudi investors are spending $100m  to raise wheat, barley and rice on land leased  to them by Ethiopia’s government; they  received tax exemptions and export the crop  back to Saudi Arabia.  30 

.   Congo: China secured the right  to grow palm  oil for bio‐fuels on 2.8m hectares –this would  make it the worlds largest palm‐oil  plantation.    Zambia: China is negotiating to grow palm oil  for bio‐fuels on 2m hectares.   31 

Russia and Ukraine   Much buying of privatized land in the former  Soviet Union, especially in Russia and  Ukraine: some cases in 2008:   A Swedish company (Alpcot Agro), bought  128,000 hectares in Russia.   South Koreas Hyundai Heavy Industries paid  $6.5m for a majority stake in Khorol Zerno, a  company that owns 10,000 hectares in  eastern Siberia.  32 

More Russia and Ukraine   Morgan Stanley bought 40,000 hectares of  agricultural land in Ukraine.   Gulf investors are planning to acquire Pava,  the first Russian grain processor to be floated  on the financial markets to sell 40% of its  landowning division, giving  them access to  500,000 hectares.  33 

Land plus military protection   Pakistan is oﬀering half a million hectares of  land to Gulf investors with the promise of a  security force of 100,000 to protect the land.  34 

Colombia: Anglo Gold Ashanti    ..versus the people of Tolima   Open mining –which will take 250,000 liters  of water for one hour of work.   Wants to mine there for 15 years   The area (Potosi) is a natural forest reserve,  that includes a watershed ecosystem  protected by law    Area has 161 water  springs (sources )  

Consequences   The land is now more valued than the people  or activities on it    The active making of surplus populations   Novel assemblage of TARs 

Shift from National Territory to Global Commodity/Jurisdiction   The Repositioning of Territory in the Global  Division of Functions.   Making alternative jurisdictions: going beyond  older forms of extraterritoriality.   Making parallel geopolitical circuits.  37 

A disassembling   Regardless of their diﬀerences all these  instances can be conceived of as structural  holes, or blank spaces, in the older social and  jurisdictional fabric of the nation‐state and  the interstate system.    This entails a disassembling of nation‐state  territory,  

.   These types of trends are components of our  emergent global modernity.    They are not anomalous.     They are part of the shifting ground bubbling  in the as yet illegible world beneath the tip of  the iceberg.  

Territorio, autoridad y derecho

by EKITEN-Thinking on Jun 27, 2012

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