E25494

Oracle® Database
Administrator's Guide
11g Release 2 (11.2)
E25494-05
January 2014

Oracle Database Administrator's Guide, 11g Release 2 (11.2)
E25494-05
Copyright © 2001, 2014, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Primary Author: Steve Fogel
Contributing Author: Caroline Johnston, Sheila Moore, Tony Morales, Padmaja Potineni, Randy Urbano,
Lance Ashdown, Janis Greenberg
Contributors: D. Austin, B. Baddepudi, H. Baer, C. Baird, M. Bauer, E. Belden, A. Chaudhry, J. Creighton,
S. Datta, M. Dilman, J. Draaijer, M. Fallen, A. Ganesh, GP Gongloor, V. Goorah, S. Gupta, W. Hodak, P. Huey,
C. Iyer, B. Khaladkar, B. Krishnan, V. Krishnaswamy, B. Kuchibhotla, S. Kumar, V. Kumar, P. Lane, A. Lee, B.
Lee, S. K. Lee, C. Lei, Y. Li, I. Listvinsky, B. Llewellyn, B. Lundhild, S. Lynn, R. Mani, V. Marwah, C.
McGregor, M. Minhas, K. Mohan, V. Moore, N. Mukherjee, S. Muthulingam, G. Ngai, A. Raghavan, M.
Ramacher, R. Ramkissoon, Y. Sarig, S. Shankar, B. Sinha, V. Srihari, D. Steiner, J. Stern, M. Stewart, M.
Subramaniam, A. Tran, A. Tsukerman, K. Umamageswaran, E. Voss, D. M. Wong, P. Youn, W. Zhang
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Contents
Preface........................................................................................................................................................... xxxv
Audience................................................................................................................................................. xxxv
Documentation Accessibility............................................................................................................... xxxv
Related Documents ............................................................................................................................... xxxvi
Conventions ........................................................................................................................................... xxxvi
What's New in Oracle Database Administrator's Guide?.............................................. xxxvii
Oracle Database 11g Release 2 (11.2.0.3) New Features in the Administrator's Guide.............. xxxvii
Oracle Database 11g Release 2 (11.2.0.2) New Features in the Administrator's Guide.............. xxxvii
Oracle Database 11g Release 2 (11.2.0.1) New Features in the Administrator's Guide............... xxxix
Part I Basic Database Administration
1 Getting Started with Database Administration
Types of Oracle Database Users............................................................................................................ 1-1
Database Administrators .................................................................................................................. 1-1
Security Officers ................................................................................................................................. 1-2
Network Administrators................................................................................................................... 1-2
Application Developers..................................................................................................................... 1-2
Application Administrators.............................................................................................................. 1-2
Database Users ................................................................................................................................... 1-3
Tasks of a Database Administrator....................................................................................................... 1-3
Task 1: Evaluate the Database Server Hardware .......................................................................... 1-3
Task 2: Install the Oracle Database Software ................................................................................. 1-3
Task 3: Plan the Database.................................................................................................................. 1-4
Task 4: Create and Open the Database ........................................................................................... 1-4
Task 5: Back Up the Database........................................................................................................... 1-5
Task 6: Enroll System Users.............................................................................................................. 1-5
Task 7: Implement the Database Design......................................................................................... 1-5
Task 8: Back Up the Fully Functional Database ............................................................................ 1-5
Task 9: Tune Database Performance ............................................................................................... 1-5
Task 10: Download and Install Patches .......................................................................................... 1-5
Task 11: Roll Out to Additional Hosts ............................................................................................ 1-6
Submitting Commands and SQL to the Database............................................................................. 1-6
About SQL*Plus.................................................................................................................................. 1-7

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Connecting to the Database with SQL*Plus................................................................................... 1-7
Identifying Your Oracle Database Software Release..................................................................... 1-12
Release Number Format................................................................................................................. 1-13
Checking Your Current Release Number.................................................................................... 1-13
About Database Administrator Security and Privileges ............................................................... 1-14
The Database Administrator's Operating System Account ...................................................... 1-14
Administrative User Accounts...................................................................................................... 1-14
Database Administrator Authentication .......................................................................................... 1-16
Administrative Privileges .............................................................................................................. 1-16
Selecting an Authentication Method for Database Administrators ........................................ 1-18
Using Operating System Authentication..................................................................................... 1-20
Using Password File Authentication............................................................................................ 1-21
Creating and Maintaining a Password File...................................................................................... 1-22
Creating a Password File with ORAPWD................................................................................... 1-23
Sharing and Disabling the Password File.................................................................................... 1-24
Adding Users to a Password File.................................................................................................. 1-26
Maintaining a Password File......................................................................................................... 1-27
Data Utilities .......................................................................................................................................... 1-28
2 Creating and Configuring an Oracle Database
About Creating an Oracle Database ..................................................................................................... 2-1
Considerations Before Creating the Database ............................................................................... 2-2
Creating a Database with DBCA........................................................................................................... 2-5
Creating a Database with Interactive DBCA.................................................................................. 2-5
Creating a Database with Noninteractive/Silent DBCA.............................................................. 2-5
Creating a Database with the CREATE DATABASE Statement .................................................... 2-6
Step 1: Specify an Instance Identifier (SID) .................................................................................... 2-7
Step 2: Ensure That the Required Environment Variables Are Set............................................. 2-7
Step 3: Choose a Database Administrator Authentication Method............................................ 2-7
Step 4: Create the Initialization Parameter File.............................................................................. 2-8
Step 5: (Windows Only) Create an Instance................................................................................... 2-9
Step 6: Connect to the Instance......................................................................................................... 2-9
Step 7: Create a Server Parameter File ......................................................................................... 2-10
Step 8: Start the Instance ............................................................................................................... 2-10
Step 9: Issue the CREATE DATABASE Statement..................................................................... 2-11
Step 10: Create Additional Tablespaces....................................................................................... 2-14
Step 11: Run Scripts to Build Data Dictionary Views ............................................................... 2-14
Step 12: (Optional) Run Scripts to Install Additional Options ................................................. 2-15
Step 13: Back Up the Database. ..................................................................................................... 2-15
Step 14: (Optional) Enable Automatic Instance Startup............................................................ 2-15
Specifying CREATE DATABASE Statement Clauses ................................................................... 2-16
Protecting Your Database: Specifying Passwords for Users SYS and SYSTEM .................... 2-16
Creating a Locally Managed SYSTEM Tablespace..................................................................... 2-17
About the SYSAUX Tablespace..................................................................................................... 2-17
Using Automatic Undo Management: Creating an Undo Tablespace.................................... 2-18
Creating a Default Permanent Tablespace .................................................................................. 2-18
Creating a Default Temporary Tablespace.................................................................................. 2-19

v
Specifying Oracle Managed Files at Database Creation............................................................ 2-19
Supporting Bigfile Tablespaces During Database Creation...................................................... 2-20
Specifying the Database Time Zone and Time Zone File.......................................................... 2-22
Specifying FORCE LOGGING Mode........................................................................................... 2-23
Specifying Initialization Parameters................................................................................................. 2-24
About Initialization Parameters and Initialization Parameter Files ........................................ 2-24
Determining the Global Database Name..................................................................................... 2-27
Specifying a Fast Recovery Area................................................................................................... 2-27
Specifying Control Files ................................................................................................................ 2-28
Specifying Database Block Sizes ................................................................................................... 2-28
Specifying the Maximum Number of Processes......................................................................... 2-30
Specifying the DDL Lock Timeout ............................................................................................... 2-30
Specifying the Method of Undo Space Management ................................................................ 2-30
About The COMPATIBLE Initialization Parameter .................................................................. 2-31
Setting the License Parameter ....................................................................................................... 2-32
Managing Initialization Parameters Using a Server Parameter File........................................... 2-32
What Is a Server Parameter File? .................................................................................................. 2-32
Migrating to a Server Parameter File ........................................................................................... 2-33
Creating a Server Parameter File .................................................................................................. 2-34
The SPFILE Initialization Parameter ............................................................................................ 2-35
Changing Initialization Parameter Values .................................................................................. 2-35
Clearing Initialization Parameter Values..................................................................................... 2-37
Exporting the Server Parameter File ............................................................................................ 2-37
Backing Up the Server Parameter File ......................................................................................... 2-38
Recovering a Lost or Damaged Server Parameter File.............................................................. 2-38
Viewing Parameter Settings .......................................................................................................... 2-39
Managing Application Workloads with Database Services ........................................................ 2-39
About Database Services ............................................................................................................... 2-39
Creating Database Services............................................................................................................ 2-41
Database Service Data Dictionary Views..................................................................................... 2-42
Considerations After Creating a Database....................................................................................... 2-42
Some Security Considerations....................................................................................................... 2-43
Enabling Transparent Data Encryption ....................................................................................... 2-43
Creating a Secure External Password Store ................................................................................ 2-44
Installing the Oracle Database Sample Schemas ........................................................................ 2-44
Cloning a Database with CloneDB.................................................................................................... 2-44
About Cloning a Database with CloneDB................................................................................... 2-45
Cloning a Database with CloneDB ............................................................................................... 2-45
After Cloning a Database with CloneDB..................................................................................... 2-50
Dropping a Database............................................................................................................................ 2-51
Database Data Dictionary Views ....................................................................................................... 2-51
3 Starting Up and Shutting Down
Starting Up a Database............................................................................................................................ 3-1
About Database Startup Options..................................................................................................... 3-1
Specifying Initialization Parameters at Startup............................................................................. 3-2
About Automatic Startup of Database Services ............................................................................ 3-5

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Preparing to Start Up an Instance.................................................................................................... 3-5
Starting Up an Instance ..................................................................................................................... 3-6
Altering Database Availability.............................................................................................................. 3-9
Mounting a Database to an Instance ............................................................................................... 3-9
Opening a Closed Database........................................................................................................... 3-10
Opening a Database in Read-Only Mode.................................................................................... 3-10
Restricting Access to an Open Database...................................................................................... 3-11
Shutting Down a Database.................................................................................................................. 3-11
Shutting Down with the Normal Mode....................................................................................... 3-12
Shutting Down with the Immediate Mode ................................................................................. 3-12
Shutting Down with the Transactional Mode............................................................................. 3-13
Shutting Down with the Abort Mode .......................................................................................... 3-13
Shutdown Timeout ......................................................................................................................... 3-14
Quiescing a Database ........................................................................................................................... 3-14
Placing a Database into a Quiesced State .................................................................................... 3-14
Restoring the System to Normal Operation................................................................................ 3-15
Viewing the Quiesce State of an Instance.................................................................................... 3-16
Suspending and Resuming a Database ............................................................................................ 3-16
4 Configuring Automatic Restart of an Oracle Database
About Oracle Restart ............................................................................................................................... 4-1
Oracle Restart Overview................................................................................................................... 4-1
About Startup Dependencies ........................................................................................................... 4-2
About Starting and Stopping Components with Oracle Restart................................................. 4-3
About Starting and Stopping Oracle Restart.................................................................................. 4-3
Oracle Restart Configuration............................................................................................................ 4-4
Oracle Restart Integration with Oracle Data Guard ..................................................................... 4-5
Fast Application Notification with Oracle Restart........................................................................ 4-6
Configuring Oracle Restart .................................................................................................................... 4-9
Preparing to Run SRVCTL............................................................................................................. 4-10
Obtaining Help for SRVCTL.......................................................................................................... 4-11
Adding Components to the Oracle Restart Configuration ....................................................... 4-11
Removing Components from the Oracle Restart Configuration ............................................. 4-14
Disabling and Enabling Oracle Restart Management for a Component ................................ 4-14
Viewing Component Status........................................................................................................... 4-15
Viewing the Oracle Restart Configuration for a Component................................................... 4-16
Modifying the Oracle Restart Configuration for a Component............................................... 4-16
Managing Environment Variables in the Oracle Restart Configuration................................. 4-17
Creating and Deleting Database Services with SRVCTL .......................................................... 4-19
Enabling FAN Events in an Oracle Restart Environment......................................................... 4-19
Automating the Failover of Connections Between Primary and Standby Databases........... 4-20
Enabling Clients for Fast Connection Failover ........................................................................... 4-21
Starting and Stopping Components Managed by Oracle Restart ............................................... 4-25
Starting and Stopping Components Managed by Oracle Restart with SRVCTL .................. 4-25
Starting a Database Managed by Oracle Restart with Oracle Enterprise Manager .............. 4-26
Stopping and Restarting Oracle Restart for Maintenance Operations....................................... 4-27
SRVCTL Command Reference for Oracle Restart.......................................................................... 4-30

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add..................................................................................................................................................... 4-32
config................................................................................................................................................. 4-38
disable............................................................................................................................................... 4-41
enable ................................................................................................................................................ 4-44
getenv................................................................................................................................................ 4-47
modify............................................................................................................................................... 4-49
remove .............................................................................................................................................. 4-53
setenv ................................................................................................................................................ 4-56
start.................................................................................................................................................... 4-59
status ................................................................................................................................................. 4-63
stop.................................................................................................................................................... 4-67
unsetenv............................................................................................................................................ 4-71
CRSCTL Command Reference ........................................................................................................... 4-73
check.................................................................................................................................................. 4-74
config................................................................................................................................................. 4-75
disable............................................................................................................................................... 4-76
enable ................................................................................................................................................ 4-77
start.................................................................................................................................................... 4-78
stop.................................................................................................................................................... 4-79
5 Managing Processes
About Dedicated and Shared Server Processes.................................................................................. 5-1
Dedicated Server Processes .............................................................................................................. 5-1
Shared Server Processes.................................................................................................................... 5-2
About Database Resident Connection Pooling.................................................................................. 5-4
Comparing DRCP to Dedicated Server and Shared Server......................................................... 5-5
Restrictions on Using Database Resident Connection Pooling ................................................... 5-6
Configuring Oracle Database for Shared Server ............................................................................... 5-6
Initialization Parameters for Shared Server ................................................................................... 5-6
Memory Management for Shared Server ....................................................................................... 5-7
Enabling Shared Server..................................................................................................................... 5-7
Configuring Dispatchers................................................................................................................ 5-10
Disabling Shared Server................................................................................................................. 5-14
Shared Server Data Dictionary Views.......................................................................................... 5-15
Configuring Database Resident Connection Pooling.................................................................... 5-15
Enabling Database Resident Connection Pooling ...................................................................... 5-16
Configuring the Connection Pool for Database Resident Connection Pooling ..................... 5-17
Data Dictionary Views for Database Resident Connection Pooling........................................ 5-19
About Oracle Database Background Processes............................................................................... 5-19
Managing Processes for Parallel SQL Execution ............................................................................ 5-20
About Parallel Execution Servers ................................................................................................. 5-21
Altering Parallel Execution for a Session..................................................................................... 5-21
Managing Processes for External Procedures .................................................................................. 5-22
About External Procedures............................................................................................................ 5-22
DBA Tasks to Enable External Procedure Calls.......................................................................... 5-23
Terminating Sessions ........................................................................................................................... 5-23
Identifying Which Session to Terminate...................................................................................... 5-24

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Terminating an Active Session...................................................................................................... 5-24
Terminating an Inactive Session ................................................................................................... 5-25
Process and Session Data Dictionary Views.................................................................................... 5-25
6 Managing Memory
About Memory Management................................................................................................................. 6-1
Memory Architecture Overview............................................................................................................ 6-2
Using Automatic Memory Management ............................................................................................. 6-3
About Automatic Memory Management ....................................................................................... 6-4
Enabling Automatic Memory Management .................................................................................. 6-4
Monitoring and Tuning Automatic Memory Management ........................................................ 6-6
Configuring Memory Manually............................................................................................................ 6-7
Using Automatic Shared Memory Management .......................................................................... 6-8
Using Manual Shared Memory Management............................................................................. 6-14
Using Automatic PGA Memory Management ........................................................................... 6-20
Using Manual PGA Memory Management ................................................................................ 6-21
Configuring Database Smart Flash Cache........................................................................................ 6-21
When to Configure the Flash Cache............................................................................................. 6-21
Sizing the Flash Cache.................................................................................................................... 6-22
Tuning Memory for the Flash Cache............................................................................................ 6-22
Flash Cache Initialization Parameters.......................................................................................... 6-22
Flash Cache in an Oracle Real Applications Clusters Environment........................................ 6-23
Memory Management Reference....................................................................................................... 6-23
Platforms That Support Automatic Memory Management...................................................... 6-23
Memory Management Data Dictionary Views........................................................................... 6-23
7 Managing Users and Securing the Database
The Importance of Establishing a Security Policy for Your Database........................................... 7-1
Managing Users and Resources............................................................................................................. 7-1
Managing User Privileges and Roles ................................................................................................... 7-2
Auditing Database Activity.................................................................................................................... 7-2
Predefined User Accounts ...................................................................................................................... 7-2
8 Monitoring Database Operations
Monitoring Errors and Alerts................................................................................................................. 8-1
Monitoring Errors with Trace Files and the Alert Log ................................................................. 8-1
Monitoring Database Operations with Server-Generated Alerts ............................................... 8-4
Monitoring Performance......................................................................................................................... 8-6
Monitoring Locks ............................................................................................................................... 8-7
Monitoring Wait Events.................................................................................................................... 8-7
Performance Monitoring Data Dictionary Views.......................................................................... 8-7
9 Managing Diagnostic Data
About the Oracle Database Fault Diagnosability Infrastructure.................................................... 9-1
Fault Diagnosability Infrastructure Overview............................................................................... 9-1
About Incidents and Problems......................................................................................................... 9-3

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Fault Diagnosability Infrastructure Components ......................................................................... 9-5
Structure, Contents, and Location of the Automatic Diagnostic Repository ............................ 9-7
Investigating, Reporting, and Resolving a Problem ...................................................................... 9-11
Roadmap—Investigating, Reporting, and Resolving a Problem............................................. 9-11
Task 1: View Critical Error Alerts in Enterprise Manager ........................................................ 9-13
Task 2: View Problem Details........................................................................................................ 9-14
Task 3: (Optional) Gather Additional Diagnostic Information ................................................ 9-14
Task 4: (Optional) Create a Service Request................................................................................ 9-14
Task 5: Package and Upload Diagnostic Data to Oracle Support............................................ 9-15
Task 6: Track the Service Request and Implement Any Repairs.............................................. 9-16
Task 7: Close Incidents ................................................................................................................... 9-17
Viewing Problems with the Enterprise Manager Support Workbench ..................................... 9-18
Creating a User-Reported Problem.................................................................................................... 9-19
Viewing the Alert Log .......................................................................................................................... 9-20
Finding Trace Files................................................................................................................................ 9-21
Running Health Checks with Health Monitor................................................................................ 9-21
About Health Monitor.................................................................................................................... 9-22
Running Health Checks Manually ............................................................................................... 9-23
Viewing Checker Reports .............................................................................................................. 9-24
Health Monitor Views .................................................................................................................... 9-27
Health Check Parameters Reference ............................................................................................ 9-28
Repairing SQL Failures with the SQL Repair Advisor ................................................................. 9-28
About the SQL Repair Advisor..................................................................................................... 9-29
Running the SQL Repair Advisor................................................................................................. 9-29
Viewing, Disabling, or Removing a SQL Patch.......................................................................... 9-30
Repairing Data Corruptions with the Data Recovery Advisor .................................................... 9-31
Creating, Editing, and Uploading Custom Incident Packages..................................................... 9-32
About Incident Packages................................................................................................................ 9-33
Packaging and Uploading Problems with Custom Packaging ................................................ 9-35
Viewing and Modifying Incident Packages ................................................................................ 9-39
Creating, Editing, and Uploading Correlated Packages ........................................................... 9-45
Deleting Correlated Packages ....................................................................................................... 9-45
Setting Incident Packaging Preferences....................................................................................... 9-46
10 Managing Oracle Enterprise Manager Database Control
Database Control Overview................................................................................................................ 10-1
Understanding the Enterprise Manager Directories.................................................................. 10-1
Configuring Database Control During and After Installation .................................................... 10-3
Overview of Configuration Options ............................................................................................ 10-3
Configuring Database Control During Installation ................................................................... 10-4
Configuring Database Control with DBCA ................................................................................ 10-4
Configuring Database Control Using EMCA ............................................................................. 10-5
Using an Input File for EMCA Parameters ............................................................................... 10-10
Specifying the Ports Used by Database Control....................................................................... 10-11
Using EMCA With Oracle RAC.................................................................................................. 10-11
Administering Database Control ..................................................................................................... 10-15
Starting and Stopping the Database Control Process .............................................................. 10-15

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Accessing the Database Home Page........................................................................................... 10-16
Creating Database Control Administrative Users.................................................................... 10-17
Granting Access to Database Control for Non-Administrative Users .................................. 10-18
Setting Database Control Preferences ........................................................................................ 10-18
Managing Database Control in an Oracle RAC Environment ................................................... 10-20
Verifying that Database Control is Running in an Oracle RAC Environment .................... 10-21
Backing Up the emkey.ora File ................................................................................................... 10-21
Deleting and Creating Database Control Objects ........................................................................ 10-22
Deleting Database Control Objects............................................................................................. 10-22
Creating Database Control Objects............................................................................................. 10-24
Re-Creating Or Reconfiguring Database Control..................................................................... 10-24
EMCA Troubleshooting Tips............................................................................................................ 10-25
Using EMCA After Changing the Database Listener Port...................................................... 10-25
Upgrading 11g Release 2 Grid Control Agents......................................................................... 10-25
Using EMCA When the Database Host Name or IP Address Changes................................ 10-26
Using EMCA When the TNS Configuration Is Changed........................................................ 10-26
Using EMCA for Desktop Class Installations........................................................................... 10-26
Handling EMCA Error Messages ............................................................................................... 10-26
Part II Oracle Database Structure and Storage
11 Managing Control Files
What Is a Control File? ......................................................................................................................... 11-1
Guidelines for Control Files ............................................................................................................... 11-2
Provide Filenames for the Control Files ...................................................................................... 11-2
Multiplex Control Files on Different Disks ................................................................................. 11-2
Back Up Control Files..................................................................................................................... 11-3
Manage the Size of Control Files .................................................................................................. 11-3
Creating Control Files .......................................................................................................................... 11-3
Creating Initial Control Files ......................................................................................................... 11-3
Creating Additional Copies, Renaming, and Relocating Control Files ................................. 11-4
Creating New Control Files........................................................................................................... 11-4
Troubleshooting After Creating Control Files ................................................................................ 11-7
Checking for Missing or Extra Files ............................................................................................. 11-7
Handling Errors During CREATE CONTROLFILE .................................................................. 11-7
Backing Up Control Files..................................................................................................................... 11-8
Recovering a Control File Using a Current Copy ........................................................................... 11-8
Recovering from Control File Corruption Using a Control File Copy.................................... 11-8
Recovering from Permanent Media Failure Using a Control File Copy................................. 11-8
Dropping Control Files ........................................................................................................................ 11-9
Control Files Data Dictionary Views ................................................................................................ 11-9
12 Managing the Redo Log
What Is the Redo Log?.......................................................................................................................... 12-1
Redo Threads................................................................................................................................... 12-1
Redo Log Contents.......................................................................................................................... 12-2

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How Oracle Database Writes to the Redo Log ........................................................................... 12-2
Planning the Redo Log......................................................................................................................... 12-4
Multiplexing Redo Log Files ......................................................................................................... 12-4
Placing Redo Log Members on Different Disks.......................................................................... 12-6
Planning the Size of Redo Log Files ............................................................................................. 12-7
Planning the Block Size of Redo Log Files .................................................................................. 12-7
Choosing the Number of Redo Log Files .................................................................................... 12-8
Controlling Archive Lag ............................................................................................................... 12-9
Creating Redo Log Groups and Members...................................................................................... 12-10
Creating Redo Log Groups.......................................................................................................... 12-10
Creating Redo Log Members....................................................................................................... 12-11
Relocating and Renaming Redo Log Members ............................................................................ 12-11
Dropping Redo Log Groups and Members ................................................................................... 12-12
Dropping Log Groups .................................................................................................................. 12-13
Dropping Redo Log Members..................................................................................................... 12-13
Forcing Log Switches.......................................................................................................................... 12-14
Verifying Blocks in Redo Log Files................................................................................................. 12-14
Clearing a Redo Log File.................................................................................................................... 12-15
Redo Log Data Dictionary Views .................................................................................................... 12-16
13 Managing Archived Redo Logs
What Is the Archived Redo Log?........................................................................................................ 13-1
Choosing Between NOARCHIVELOG and ARCHIVELOG Mode ........................................... 13-2
Running a Database in NOARCHIVELOG Mode ..................................................................... 13-2
Running a Database in ARCHIVELOG Mode............................................................................ 13-3
Controlling Archiving .......................................................................................................................... 13-4
Setting the Initial Database Archiving Mode.............................................................................. 13-4
Changing the Database Archiving Mode ................................................................................... 13-4
Performing Manual Archiving...................................................................................................... 13-5
Adjusting the Number of Archiver Processes ............................................................................ 13-5
Specifying Archive Destinations ....................................................................................................... 13-6
Setting Initialization Parameters for Archive Destinations ...................................................... 13-6
Understanding Archive Destination Status ................................................................................ 13-9
Specifying Alternate Destinations ................................................................................................ 13-9
About Log Transmission Modes ...................................................................................................... 13-10
Normal Transmission Mode........................................................................................................ 13-10
Standby Transmission Mode ...................................................................................................... 13-10
Managing Archive Destination Failure .......................................................................................... 13-10
Specifying the Minimum Number of Successful Destinations............................................... 13-11
Rearchiving to a Failed Destination ........................................................................................... 13-12
Controlling Trace Output Generated by the Archivelog Process.............................................. 13-13
Viewing Information About the Archived Redo Log .................................................................. 13-14
Archived Redo Logs Views ......................................................................................................... 13-14
The ARCHIVE LOG LIST Command......................................................................................... 13-15

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14 Managing Tablespaces
Guidelines for Managing Tablespaces ............................................................................................. 14-1
Using Multiple Tablespaces........................................................................................................... 14-2
Assigning Tablespace Quotas to Users........................................................................................ 14-2
Creating Tablespaces............................................................................................................................ 14-2
Locally Managed Tablespaces....................................................................................................... 14-3
Bigfile Tablespaces.......................................................................................................................... 14-6
Compressed Tablespaces ............................................................................................................... 14-8
Encrypted Tablespaces................................................................................................................... 14-8
Temporary Tablespaces................................................................................................................ 14-10
Multiple Temporary Tablespaces: Using Tablespace Groups................................................ 14-13
Specifying Nonstandard Block Sizes for Tablespaces................................................................. 14-14
Controlling the Writing of Redo Records....................................................................................... 14-15
Altering Tablespace Availability .................................................................................................... 14-16
Taking Tablespaces Offline.......................................................................................................... 14-16
Bringing Tablespaces Online....................................................................................................... 14-17
Using Read-Only Tablespaces.......................................................................................................... 14-17
Making a Tablespace Read-Only ................................................................................................ 14-18
Making a Read-Only Tablespace Writable ............................................................................... 14-20
Creating a Read-Only Tablespace on a WORM Device .......................................................... 14-20
Delaying the Opening of Data Files in Read-Only Tablespaces ............................................ 14-20
Altering and Maintaining Tablespaces........................................................................................... 14-21
Increasing the Size of a Tablespace............................................................................................. 14-21
Altering a Locally Managed Tablespace.................................................................................... 14-22
Altering a Bigfile Tablespace....................................................................................................... 14-22
Altering a Locally Managed Temporary Tablespace............................................................... 14-22
Shrinking a Locally Managed Temporary Tablespace ............................................................ 14-23
Renaming Tablespaces....................................................................................................................... 14-24
Dropping Tablespaces ....................................................................................................................... 14-24
Managing the SYSAUX Tablespace................................................................................................. 14-25
Monitoring Occupants of the SYSAUX Tablespace ................................................................. 14-25
Moving Occupants Out Of or Into the SYSAUX Tablespace.................................................. 14-26
Controlling the Size of the SYSAUX Tablespace ...................................................................... 14-26
Diagnosing and Repairing Locally Managed Tablespace Problems ........................................ 14-27
Scenario 1: Fixing Bitmap When Allocated Blocks are Marked Free (No Overlap)............ 14-28
Scenario 2: Dropping a Corrupted Segment ............................................................................. 14-28
Scenario 3: Fixing Bitmap Where Overlap is Reported ........................................................... 14-29
Scenario 4: Correcting Media Corruption of Bitmap Blocks................................................... 14-29
Scenario 5: Migrating from a Dictionary-Managed to a Locally Managed Tablespace...... 14-29
Migrating the SYSTEM Tablespace to a Locally Managed Tablespace ................................... 14-30
Transporting Tablespaces Between Databases ............................................................................. 14-30
Introduction to Transportable Tablespaces............................................................................... 14-31
About Transporting Tablespaces Across Platforms................................................................. 14-32
Limitations on Transportable Tablespace Use.......................................................................... 14-33
Compatibility Considerations for Transportable Tablespaces............................................... 14-35
Transporting Tablespaces Between Databases: A Procedure and Example ........................ 14-35
Using Transportable Tablespaces: Scenarios ............................................................................ 14-45

xiii
Moving Databases Across Platforms Using Transportable Tablespaces.............................. 14-47
Tablespace Data Dictionary Views.................................................................................................. 14-48
Example 1: Listing Tablespaces and Default Storage Parameters ......................................... 14-49
Example 2: Listing the Data Files and Associated Tablespaces of a Database..................... 14-49
Example 3: Displaying Statistics for Free Space (Extents) of Each Tablespace.................... 14-49
15 Managing Data Files and Temp Files
Guidelines for Managing Data Files ................................................................................................. 15-1
Determine the Number of Data Files ........................................................................................... 15-2
Determine the Size of Data Files ................................................................................................... 15-3
Place Data Files Appropriately ..................................................................................................... 15-4
Store Data Files Separate from Redo Log Files........................................................................... 15-4
Creating Data Files and Adding Data Files to a Tablespace ........................................................ 15-4
Changing Data File Size....................................................................................................................... 15-5
Enabling and Disabling Automatic Extension for a Data File.................................................. 15-5
Manually Resizing a Data File....................................................................................................... 15-6
Altering Data File Availability........................................................................................................... 15-6
Bringing Data Files Online or Taking Offline in ARCHIVELOG Mode................................. 15-7
Taking Data Files Offline in NOARCHIVELOG Mode............................................................. 15-7
Altering the Availability of All Data Files or Temp Files in a Tablespace.............................. 15-8
Renaming and Relocating Data Files ................................................................................................ 15-8
Procedures for Renaming and Relocating Data Files in a Single Tablespace ........................ 15-9
Procedure for Renaming and Relocating Data Files in Multiple Tablespaces..................... 15-10
Dropping Data Files............................................................................................................................ 15-11
Verifying Data Blocks in Data Files ................................................................................................ 15-12
Copying Files Using the Database Server...................................................................................... 15-12
Copying a File on a Local File System........................................................................................ 15-13
Third-Party File Transfer ............................................................................................................. 15-14
File Transfer and the DBMS_SCHEDULER Package............................................................... 15-15
Advanced File Transfer Mechanisms......................................................................................... 15-15
Mapping Files to Physical Devices.................................................................................................. 15-15
Overview of Oracle Database File Mapping Interface ............................................................ 15-16
How the Oracle Database File Mapping Interface Works....................................................... 15-16
Using the Oracle Database File Mapping Interface.................................................................. 15-20
File Mapping Examples................................................................................................................ 15-23
Data Files Data Dictionary Views.................................................................................................... 15-25
16 Managing Undo
What Is Undo?........................................................................................................................................ 16-1
Introduction to Automatic Undo Management .............................................................................. 16-2
Overview of Automatic Undo Management .............................................................................. 16-2
About the Undo Retention Period................................................................................................ 16-3
Setting the Minimum Undo Retention Period ................................................................................ 16-5
Sizing a Fixed-Size Undo Tablespace ............................................................................................... 16-6
The Undo Advisor PL/SQL Interface.......................................................................................... 16-7
Managing Undo Tablespaces.............................................................................................................. 16-7

xiv
Creating an Undo Tablespace ....................................................................................................... 16-8
Altering an Undo Tablespace........................................................................................................ 16-9
Dropping an Undo Tablespace ..................................................................................................... 16-9
Switching Undo Tablespaces....................................................................................................... 16-10
Establishing User Quotas for Undo Space................................................................................. 16-10
Managing Space Threshold Alerts for the Undo Tablespace ................................................. 16-11
Migrating to Automatic Undo Management.................................................................................. 16-11
Undo Space Data Dictionary Views ................................................................................................ 16-11
17 Using Oracle Managed Files
What Are Oracle Managed Files?....................................................................................................... 17-1
Who Can Use Oracle Managed Files?.......................................................................................... 17-2
Benefits of Using Oracle Managed Files...................................................................................... 17-3
Oracle Managed Files and Existing Functionality...................................................................... 17-3
Enabling the Creation and Use of Oracle Managed Files ............................................................. 17-3
Setting the DB_CREATE_FILE_DEST Initialization Parameter............................................... 17-4
Setting the DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST Parameter................................................................. 17-5
Setting the DB_CREATE_ONLINE_LOG_DEST_n Initialization Parameters....................... 17-5
Creating Oracle Managed Files .......................................................................................................... 17-5
How Oracle Managed Files Are Named...................................................................................... 17-6
Creating Oracle Managed Files at Database Creation............................................................... 17-7
Creating Data Files for Tablespaces Using Oracle Managed Files ........................................ 17-12
Creating Temp Files for Temporary Tablespaces Using Oracle Managed Files.................. 17-14
Creating Control Files Using Oracle Managed Files................................................................ 17-15
Creating Redo Log Files Using Oracle Managed Files ............................................................ 17-16
Creating Archived Logs Using Oracle Managed Files ............................................................ 17-17
Operation of Oracle Managed Files................................................................................................. 17-17
Dropping Data Files and Temp Files ......................................................................................... 17-18
Dropping Redo Log Files............................................................................................................. 17-18
Renaming Files .............................................................................................................................. 17-18
Managing Standby Databases .................................................................................................... 17-19
Scenarios for Using Oracle Managed Files .................................................................................... 17-19
Scenario 1: Create and Manage a Database with Multiplexed Redo Logs ........................... 17-19
Scenario 2: Create and Manage a Database with Database and Fast Recovery Areas........ 17-22
Scenario 3: Adding Oracle Managed Files to an Existing Database...................................... 17-23
Part III Schema Objects
18 Managing Schema Objects
Creating Multiple Tables and Views in a Single Operation........................................................ 18-1
Analyzing Tables, Indexes, and Clusters ......................................................................................... 18-2
Using DBMS_STATS to Collect Table and Index Statistics....................................................... 18-2
Validating Tables, Indexes, Clusters, and Materialized Views................................................ 18-3
Listing Chained Rows of Tables and Clusters ............................................................................ 18-4
Truncating Tables and Clusters ......................................................................................................... 18-5
Using DELETE................................................................................................................................. 18-6

xv
Using DROP and CREATE............................................................................................................ 18-6
Using TRUNCATE.......................................................................................................................... 18-6
Enabling and Disabling Triggers....................................................................................................... 18-7
Enabling Triggers............................................................................................................................ 18-9
Disabling Triggers........................................................................................................................... 18-9
Managing Integrity Constraints ......................................................................................................... 18-9
Integrity Constraint States .......................................................................................................... 18-10
Setting Integrity Constraints Upon Definition.......................................................................... 18-11
Modifying, Renaming, or Dropping Existing Integrity Constraints ..................................... 18-12
Deferring Constraint Checks....................................................................................................... 18-14
Reporting Constraint Exceptions................................................................................................ 18-14
Viewing Constraint Information................................................................................................. 18-16
Renaming Schema Objects................................................................................................................ 18-16
Managing Object Dependencies...................................................................................................... 18-17
About Object Dependencies and Object Invalidation.............................................................. 18-17
Manually Recompiling Invalid Objects with DDL................................................................... 18-18
Manually Recompiling Invalid Objects with PL/SQL Package Procedures........................ 18-19
Managing Object Name Resolution ................................................................................................ 18-19
Switching to a Different Schema ..................................................................................................... 18-21
Managing Editions.............................................................................................................................. 18-21
About Editions and Edition-Based Redefinition ...................................................................... 18-22
DBA Tasks for Edition-Based Redefinition............................................................................... 18-22
Setting the Database Default Edition ......................................................................................... 18-22
Querying the Database Default Edition..................................................................................... 18-22
Setting the Edition Attribute of a Database Service................................................................. 18-23
Using an Edition............................................................................................................................ 18-24
Editions Data Dictionary Views.................................................................................................. 18-24
Displaying Information About Schema Objects .......................................................................... 18-25
Using a PL/SQL Package to Display Information About Schema Objects .......................... 18-25
Schema Objects Data Dictionary Views..................................................................................... 18-25
19 Managing Space for Schema Objects
Managing Tablespace Alerts............................................................................................................... 19-1
Setting Alert Thresholds ................................................................................................................ 19-2
Viewing Alerts................................................................................................................................. 19-3
Limitations ....................................................................................................................................... 19-3
Managing Resumable Space Allocation........................................................................................... 19-4
Resumable Space Allocation Overview....................................................................................... 19-4
Enabling and Disabling Resumable Space Allocation............................................................... 19-7
Using a LOGON Trigger to Set Default Resumable Mode....................................................... 19-9
Detecting Suspended Statements.................................................................................................. 19-9
Operation-Suspended Alert......................................................................................................... 19-10
Resumable Space Allocation Example: Registering an AFTER SUSPEND Trigger............ 19-11
Reclaiming Wasted Space.................................................................................................................. 19-12
Understanding Reclaimable Unused Space .............................................................................. 19-12
Using the Segment Advisor......................................................................................................... 19-13
Shrinking Database Segments Online........................................................................................ 19-26

xvi
Deallocating Unused Space ......................................................................................................... 19-28
Dropping Unused Object Storage.................................................................................................... 19-28
Understanding Space Usage of Data Types................................................................................... 19-29
Displaying Information About Space Usage for Schema Objects ............................................ 19-29
Using PL/SQL Packages to Display Information About Schema Object Space Usage ...... 19-29
Schema Objects Space Usage Data Dictionary Views.............................................................. 19-30
Capacity Planning for Database Objects ....................................................................................... 19-32
Estimating the Space Use of a Table .......................................................................................... 19-32
Estimating the Space Use of an Index ....................................................................................... 19-33
Obtaining Object Growth Trends .............................................................................................. 19-33
20 Managing Tables
About Tables .......................................................................................................................................... 20-1
Guidelines for Managing Tables ....................................................................................................... 20-2
Design Tables Before Creating Them........................................................................................... 20-2
Specify the Type of Table to Create.............................................................................................. 20-3
Specify the Location of Each Table............................................................................................... 20-4
Consider Parallelizing Table Creation ......................................................................................... 20-4
Consider Using NOLOGGING When Creating Tables ............................................................ 20-4
Consider Using Table Compression............................................................................................. 20-5
Consider Encrypting Columns That Contain Sensitive Data ................................................. 20-13
Understand Deferred Segment Creation ................................................................................... 20-14
Materializing Segments................................................................................................................ 20-16
Estimate Table Size and Plan Accordingly................................................................................ 20-16
Restrictions to Consider When Creating Tables....................................................................... 20-17
Creating Tables.................................................................................................................................... 20-17
Example: Creating a Table........................................................................................................... 20-18
Creating a Temporary Table........................................................................................................ 20-19
Parallelizing Table Creation ........................................................................................................ 20-20
Loading Tables..................................................................................................................................... 20-21
Methods for Loading Tables........................................................................................................ 20-21
Improving INSERT Performance with Direct-Path INSERT.................................................. 20-22
Using Conventional Inserts to Load Tables .............................................................................. 20-27
Avoiding Bulk INSERT Failures with DML Error Logging ................................................... 20-27
Automatically Collecting Statistics on Tables............................................................................... 20-31
Altering Tables .................................................................................................................................... 20-32
Reasons for Using the ALTER TABLE Statement .................................................................... 20-32
Altering Physical Attributes of a Table...................................................................................... 20-33
Moving a Table to a New Segment or Tablespace ................................................................... 20-33
Manually Allocating Storage for a Table................................................................................... 20-34
Modifying an Existing Column Definition................................................................................ 20-34
Adding Table Columns................................................................................................................ 20-34
Renaming Table Columns............................................................................................................ 20-35
Dropping Table Columns ........................................................................................................... 20-36
Placing a Table in Read-Only Mode........................................................................................... 20-37
Redefining Tables Online ................................................................................................................. 20-38
Features of Online Table Redefinition ....................................................................................... 20-39

xvii
Performing Online Redefinition with DBMS_REDEFINITION............................................. 20-40
Results of the Redefinition Process............................................................................................. 20-44
Performing Intermediate Synchronization................................................................................ 20-44
Aborting Online Table Redefinition and Cleaning Up After Errors ..................................... 20-45
Restrictions for Online Redefinition of Tables.......................................................................... 20-45
Online Redefinition of a Single Partition................................................................................... 20-46
Online Table Redefinition Examples.......................................................................................... 20-48
Privileges Required for the DBMS_REDEFINITION Package............................................... 20-54
Researching and Reversing Erroneous Table Changes ............................................................... 20-54
Recovering Tables Using Oracle Flashback Table ....................................................................... 20-55
Dropping Tables.................................................................................................................................. 20-55
Using Flashback Drop and Managing the Recycle Bin ............................................................... 20-56
What Is the Recycle Bin? .............................................................................................................. 20-57
Enabling and Disabling the Recycle Bin.................................................................................... 20-58
Viewing and Querying Objects in the Recycle Bin .................................................................. 20-58
Purging Objects in the Recycle Bin............................................................................................. 20-59
Restoring Tables from the Recycle Bin....................................................................................... 20-60
Managing Index-Organized Tables ................................................................................................ 20-61
What Are Index-Organized Tables?........................................................................................... 20-61
Creating Index-Organized Tables............................................................................................... 20-62
Maintaining Index-Organized Tables ........................................................................................ 20-66
Creating Secondary Indexes on Index-Organized Tables....................................................... 20-68
Analyzing Index-Organized Tables ........................................................................................... 20-69
Using the ORDER BY Clause with Index-Organized Tables.................................................. 20-70
Converting Index-Organized Tables to Regular Tables.......................................................... 20-70
Managing External Tables................................................................................................................. 20-70
About External Tables .................................................................................................................. 20-71
Creating External Tables.............................................................................................................. 20-72
Altering External Tables............................................................................................................... 20-75
Preprocessing External Tables..................................................................................................... 20-75
Dropping External Tables............................................................................................................ 20-76
System and Object Privileges for External Tables.................................................................... 20-76
Tables Data Dictionary Views ......................................................................................................... 20-77
21 Managing Indexes
About Indexes ........................................................................................................................................ 21-1
Guidelines for Managing Indexes ..................................................................................................... 21-2
Create Indexes After Inserting Table Data .................................................................................. 21-2
Index the Correct Tables and Columns ....................................................................................... 21-3
Order Index Columns for Performance ....................................................................................... 21-4
Limit the Number of Indexes for Each Table.............................................................................. 21-4
Drop Indexes That Are No Longer Required ............................................................................ 21-4
Indexes and Deferred Segment Creation..................................................................................... 21-4
Estimate Index Size and Set Storage Parameters........................................................................ 21-4
Specify the Tablespace for Each Index......................................................................................... 21-5
Consider Parallelizing Index Creation......................................................................................... 21-5
Consider Creating Indexes with NOLOGGING ........................................................................ 21-5

xviii
Understand When to Use Unusable or Invisible Indexes ......................................................... 21-6
Consider Costs and Benefits of Coalescing or Rebuilding Indexes......................................... 21-7
Consider Cost Before Disabling or Dropping Constraints........................................................ 21-8
Creating Indexes.................................................................................................................................... 21-8
Creating an Index Explicitly.......................................................................................................... 21-9
Creating a Unique Index Explicitly .............................................................................................. 21-9
Creating an Index Associated with a Constraint........................................................................ 21-9
Creating a Large Index................................................................................................................. 21-11
Creating an Index Online............................................................................................................. 21-11
Creating a Function-Based Index................................................................................................ 21-11
Creating a Key-Compressed Index............................................................................................. 21-12
Creating an Unusable Index........................................................................................................ 21-13
Creating an Invisible Index.......................................................................................................... 21-14
Altering Indexes .................................................................................................................................. 21-15
Altering Storage Characteristics of an Index............................................................................. 21-15
Rebuilding an Existing Index ...................................................................................................... 21-16
Making an Index Unusable.......................................................................................................... 21-17
Making an Index Invisible ........................................................................................................... 21-18
Renaming an Index ....................................................................................................................... 21-19
Monitoring Index Usage .............................................................................................................. 21-19
Monitoring Space Use of Indexes .................................................................................................... 21-19
Dropping Indexes................................................................................................................................ 21-20
Indexes Data Dictionary Views........................................................................................................ 21-21
22 Managing Clusters
About Clusters ....................................................................................................................................... 22-1
Guidelines for Managing Clusters .................................................................................................... 22-2
Choose Appropriate Tables for the Cluster ................................................................................ 22-3
Choose Appropriate Columns for the Cluster Key.................................................................... 22-3
Specify the Space Required by an Average Cluster Key and Its Associated Rows .............. 22-3
Specify the Location of Each Cluster and Cluster Index Rows ................................................ 22-4
Estimate Cluster Size and Set Storage Parameters..................................................................... 22-4
Creating Clusters................................................................................................................................... 22-4
Creating Clustered Tables.............................................................................................................. 22-5
Creating Cluster Indexes................................................................................................................ 22-5
Altering Clusters ................................................................................................................................... 22-6
Altering Clustered Tables .............................................................................................................. 22-6
Altering Cluster Indexes ................................................................................................................ 22-7
Dropping Clusters................................................................................................................................. 22-7
Dropping Clustered Tables............................................................................................................ 22-8
Dropping Cluster Indexes.............................................................................................................. 22-8
Clusters Data Dictionary Views......................................................................................................... 22-8
23 Managing Hash Clusters
About Hash Clusters............................................................................................................................. 23-1
When to Use Hash Clusters................................................................................................................. 23-2
Situations Where Hashing Is Useful............................................................................................. 23-2

xix
Situations Where Hashing Is Not Advantageous ...................................................................... 23-2
Creating Hash Clusters ........................................................................................................................ 23-2
Creating a Sorted Hash Cluster..................................................................................................... 23-3
Creating Single-Table Hash Clusters ........................................................................................... 23-6
Controlling Space Use Within a Hash Cluster............................................................................ 23-6
Estimating Size Required by Hash Clusters................................................................................ 23-8
Altering Hash Clusters......................................................................................................................... 23-9
Dropping Hash Clusters ...................................................................................................................... 23-9
Hash Clusters Data Dictionary Views .............................................................................................. 23-9
24 Managing Views, Sequences, and Synonyms
Managing Views.................................................................................................................................... 24-1
About Views .................................................................................................................................... 24-1
Creating Views ................................................................................................................................ 24-2
Replacing Views.............................................................................................................................. 24-4
Using Views in Queries ................................................................................................................. 24-4
Updating a Join View ..................................................................................................................... 24-6
Altering Views............................................................................................................................... 24-12
Dropping Views ............................................................................................................................ 24-12
Managing Sequences.......................................................................................................................... 24-12
About Sequences ........................................................................................................................... 24-12
Creating Sequences....................................................................................................................... 24-13
Altering Sequences........................................................................................................................ 24-13
Using Sequences............................................................................................................................ 24-14
Dropping Sequences..................................................................................................................... 24-16
Managing Synonyms.......................................................................................................................... 24-17
About Synonyms........................................................................................................................... 24-17
Creating Synonyms....................................................................................................................... 24-17
Using Synonyms in DML Statements ....................................................................................... 24-18
Dropping Synonyms..................................................................................................................... 24-18
Views, Synonyms, and Sequences Data Dictionary Views........................................................ 24-18
25 Repairing Corrupted Data
Options for Repairing Data Block Corruption................................................................................ 25-1
About the DBMS_REPAIR Package.................................................................................................. 25-2
DBMS_REPAIR Procedures........................................................................................................... 25-2
Limitations and Restrictions.......................................................................................................... 25-2
Using the DBMS_REPAIR Package................................................................................................... 25-2
Task 1: Detect and Report Corruptions ....................................................................................... 25-3
Task 2: Evaluate the Costs and Benefits of Using DBMS_REPAIR.......................................... 25-4
Task 3: Make Objects Usable ......................................................................................................... 25-5
Task 4: Repair Corruptions and Rebuild Lost Data ................................................................... 25-5
DBMS_REPAIR Examples................................................................................................................... 25-5
Examples: Building a Repair Table or Orphan Key Table ........................................................ 25-6
Example: Detecting Corruption .................................................................................................... 25-7
Example: Fixing Corrupt Blocks ................................................................................................... 25-8

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