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DENTAL ANATOMY &
   PHYSIOLOGY


                   Reviewed by:
Dental Anatomy and Physiology



• Identify the major structures of the dental anatomy

• Discuss the primary characteristics of enamel, dentin,
cementum, and      dental pulp

• Describe the biologic functions that take place within
the oral cavity
Dental Anatomy and Physiology

Definition (teeth): There are two definitions

           •Primary
            (deciduous)
           •Secondary
            (permanent)
Dental Anatomy and Physiology

           Elements
A tooth is made up of three
elements:

•Water
•Organic materials
•Inorganic materials
Dental Anatomy and Physiology
                Dentition (teeth): There are two dentitions



Primary (deciduous)
•Consist of 20 teeth
•Begin to form during the
 first trimester of pregnancy
•Typically begin erupting
 around 6 months
•Most children have a
 complete primary dentition
 by 3 years                          1. Oral Health for Children: Patient Education Insert. Compend Cont Educ Dent.
 of age
Dental Anatomy and Physiology
              Dentition (teeth): There are two dentitions

Secondary (permanent)
•Consist of 32 teeth in most         Maxilla                Incisors

 cases                                                            Canine (Cuspid)

•Begin to erupt around 6                                               Premolars

 years                                                                   Molars
 of age
•Most permanent teeth have
 erupted by age 12
•Third molars (wisdom teeth)
 are the exception; often do
 not appear until late teens or     Mandible
 early 20s
Dental Anatomy and Physiology
                         Identifying Teeth



Classification of
   Teeth:
•Incisors (central and
 lateral)
•Canines (cuspids)
•Premolars                          Incisor   Canine   Premolar   Molar

 (bicuspids)
•Molars
Dental Anatomy and Physiology
                          Identifying Teeth2

•Incisors function as cutting or
 shearing instruments for food.
•Canines possess the longest roots of
 all teeth and are located at the
 corners of the dental arch.
•Premolars act like the canines in the
 tearing of food and are similar to
 molars in the grinding of food.               Incisor   Canine   Premolar   Molar
•Molars are located nearest the
 temporomandibular joint (TMJ),
 which serves as the fulcrum during
 function.
Dental Anatomy
and Physiology
                                     Apical
Teeth: Identification                                    Apical

   Tooth Surfaces

   •Apical                                     Mesial             Distal
   •Labial
                        Labial
   •Lingual                                Lingual
   •Distal
   •Mesial                       Incisal                Incisal


   •Incisal
Dental Anatomy
                      and Physiology
•Apical: Pertaining to the apex or
 root of the tooth                             Apical            Apical
•Labial: Pertaining to the lip;
 describes the front surface of
 anterior teeth
                                                        Mesial
•Lingual: Pertaining to the tongue;                                       Distal
 describes the back (interior)        Labial
 surface of all teeth
•Distal: The surface of the tooth
                                                  Lingual
 that is away from the median line
•Mesial: The surface of the tooth
 that is toward the median line
Dental Anatomy and Physiology
     The Dental Tissues:
                                              Enamel
                                                         Dentin
•Enamel (hard tissue)
•Dentin (hard tissue)           Odontoblast Layer                   Gingiva

•Odontoblast Layer
•Pulp Chamber              Periodontal Ligament

•(soft tissue)                                                    Pulp
                                                                  Chamber
•Gingiva (soft tissue)                Cementum

•Periodontal Ligament (soft Alveolar Bone
 tissue)                                Apical Foramen
•Cementum (hard tissue)
•Alveolar Bone (hard tissue)                             Pulp Canals

•Pulp Canals
•Apical Foramen
Dental Anatomy and Physiology

                          Anatomic Crown
The 3 parts of a tooth:

•Anatomic Root
•Pulp Chamber
                                           Pulp
•Anatomic Crown                            Chamber




                           Anatomic Root
Dental Anatomy and Physiology
•The anatomic crown is the
 portion of the tooth covered by
                              Anatomic Crown
 enamel.

•The anatomic root is the lower
  two thirds of a tooth.
•
•The pulp chamber houses the                   Pulp
                                               Chamber
  dental pulp, an organ of
  myelinated and unmyelinated
  nerves, arteries, veins, lymph
  channels, connective tissue Anatomic Root
  cells, and various other cells.
Dental Anatomy and Physiology

                               Enamel

The 4 main dental
                                        Dental Pulp
  tissues:                 Dentin

•Enamel
•Dentin
•Cementum
•Dental Pulp
                    Cementum
Dental Anatomy and Physiology

    Dental Tissues—Enamel2

•Structure
  •Highly calcified and hardest tissue in the
   body
  •Crystalline in nature
  •Enamel rods
•Insensitive—no nerves
•Acid-soluble—will dematerialize at a pH of
 5.5 and lower
•Cannot be renewed
•Darkens with age as enamel is lost
•Fluoride and saliva can help with
 remineralization
Dental Anatomy and Physiology
   Dental Tissues—Enamel2

• Enamel can be lost by:3,4
  – Physical mechanism
    • Abrasion (mechanical wear)
    • Attrition (tooth-to-tooth contact)
• Abfraction (lesions)
  – Chemical dissolution
    • Erosion by extrinsic acids (from
    diet)
    • Erosion by intrinsic acids (from the
    oral cavity/digestive tract)
• Multifactorial etiology
  – Combination of physical and
    chemical factors
Dental Anatomy and Physiology

   Dental Tissues—Dentin2

•Softer than enamel
•Susceptible to tooth wear
 (physical or chemical)
•Does not have a nerve supply but
 can be sensitive
•Is produced throughout life
•Three classifications
  •Primary
  •Secondary
  •Tertiary
•Will demineralize at a pH of 6.5
 and lower
Dental Anatomy and Physiology

                         Dental Tissues—Dentin2

  Three classifications:
•Primary dentin forms the initial shape of the tooth.
•Secondary dentin is deposited after the formation of the
 primary dentin on all internal aspects of the pulp cavity.
•Tertiary dentin, or ―reparative dentin‖ is formed by
 replacement odontoblasts in response to moderate-level
 irritants such as attrition, abrasion, erosion, trauma, moderate-
 rate dental caries, and some operative procedures.
Dental Anatomy
                          and Physiology
Dental Tissues—Dentin (Tubules)2
                                                   Dentin
•Dentinal tubules connect the dentin and
                                                                  Pulp
 the pulp (innermost part of the tooth,
 circumscribed by the dentin and lined
 with a layer of odontoblast cells)
•The tubules run parallel to each other
 in an S-shape course
•Tubules contain fluid and nerve fibers Tubule
•External stimuli cause movement of the
 dentinal fluid, a hydrodynamic            Fluid   Nerve Fibers
 movement, which can result in short,
                                                             Odontoblast
 sharp pain episodes                                            Cell
Dental Anatomy
  and Physiology
 Dental Tissues—Dentin (Tubules)2

•Presence of tubules renders
 dentin permeable to fluoride
•Number of tubules per unit
 area varies depending on the
 location because of the
 decreasing area of the dentin
 surfaces in the pulpal
 direction
Dental Anatomy                         Enamel

     and Physiology
  Dental Tissues—Dentin (Tubules)2
Association between erosion
and dentin hypersensitivity3                         Tubules

• Open/patent tubules
   – Greater in number
                                        Exposed
   – Larger in diameter                 Dentin
• Removal of smear           Receding
layer                        Gingiva

• Erosion/tooth wear
                                                           Odontoblast
Dental Anatomy and Physiology

Dental Tissue—Cementum2

•Thin layer of
 mineralized tissue
 covering the dentin
•Softer than enamel and
 dentin
•Anchors the tooth to
 the alveolar bone along
 with the periodontal
 ligament
•Not sensitive
Dental Anatomy and Physiology

  Dental Tissue—Dental Pulp2
•Innermost part of the tooth
•A soft tissue rich with blood
 vessels and nerves
•Responsible for nourishing
 the tooth
•The pulp in the crown of the
 tooth is known as the coronal
 pulp
•Pulp canals traverse the root
 of the tooth
•Typically sensitive to extreme
 thermal stimulation (hot or
 cold)
Dental Anatomy and Physiology
                           Dental Tissue—Dental Pulp2,5


• Pulpitis is inflammation or infection of the dental pulp, causing extreme
 sensitivity and/or pain.
• Pain is derived as a result of the hydrodynamic stimuli activating
 mechanoreceptors in the nerve fibers of the superficial pulp (A-beta, A-delta, C-
 fibers).
• Hydrodynamic stimuli include: thermal (hot and cold); tactile; evaporative; and
 osmotic
• These stimuli generate inward or outward movement of the fluid in the tubules
 and activate the nerve fibers.
• A-beta and A-delta fibers are responsible for sharp pain of short duration
• C-fibers are responsible for dull, throbbing pain of long duration
• Pulpitis may be reversible (treated with restorative procedures) or irreversible
 (necessitating root canal).
• Untreated pulpitis can lead to pulpal necrosis necessitating root canal or
 extraction.
Dental Anatomy and Physiology


      Periodontal Tissues6

•Gingiva
                              Gingiva
•Alveolar Bone
•Periodontal Ligament
                  Periodontal Ligament

•Cementum         Alveolar bone


                             Cementum
Dental Anatomy and Physiology
                     Dental Tissue—Dental Tissue6


•Gingiva: The part of the
 oral mucosa overlying the
 crowns of Unerupted
                          Gingiva
 teeth
 and encircling the necks
 of erupted teeth, serving
 as support structure for
 subadjacent tissues.
Dental Anatomy and Physiology
                  Dental Tissue—Dental Tissue6


•Alveolar Bone: Also
 called the ―alveolar
 process‖; the thickened
 ridge of bone
 containing the tooth bone
                    Alveolar
 sockets in the mandible
 and maxilla.
Dental Anatomy and Physiology
                   Dental Tissue—Dental Tissue6


•Periodontal
 Ligament: Connects
 the cementum of the
 tooth root to the
                       Periodontal Ligament
 alveolar
 bone of the socket.
Dental Anatomy and Physiology
                        Dental Tissue—Dental Tissue6


•Cementum:
• Bonelike, rigid connective
 tissue covering the root of a
 tooth from the cementoenamel
 junction to the apex and lining
 the apex of the root canal. It
 also serves as an attachment
 structure for the periodontal
 ligament, thus assisting in Cementum
 tooth support.
Dental Anatomy and Physiology

       Oral Cavity/Environment7,8


           •Plaque
           •Saliva
           •pH Values
           •Demineralization
           •Remineralization
Dental Anatomy
     and Physiology
             Oral Cavity
Plaque:7,8

•is a biofilm
•contains more than 600 different
 identified species of bacteria
•there is harmless and harmful
 plaque
•salivary pellicle allows the bacteria
 to adhere to the tooth surface, which
 begins the formation of plaque
Dental Anatomy
       and Physiology
             Oral Cavity
Saliva:7,8
•complex mixture of fluids
•performs protective functions:
  – lubrication—aids swallowing
  – mastication
  – key role in remineralization of
    enamel and dentin
  – buffering
Dental Anatomy
    and Physiology
           Oral Cavity

pH values:7,8
•measure of acidity or alkalinity of a
 solution
•measured on a scale of 1-14
•pH of 7 indicated that the solution is
 neutral
•pH of the mouth is close to neutral until
 other factors are introduced
•pH is a factor in demineralization and
 remineralization                       3. Strassler HE, Drisko CL, Alexander DC.
Dental Anatomy
                       and Physiology
         Oral Cavity

Demineralization:7,8
•mineral salts dissolve into
 the surrounding salivary
 fluid:
   –enamel at approximate
    pH of 5.5 or lower
   –dentin at approximate pH
    of 6.5 or lower
•erosion or caries can occur
Dental Anatomy
                 and Physiology
Remineralization:7,8
•pH comes back to neutral
 (7)
•saliva-rich calcium and
 phosphates
•minerals penetrate the
 damaged enamel surface
 and repair it:
  –enamel pH is above 5.5
  –dentin pH is above 6.5

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Dental anatomy

  • 1. DENTAL ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Reviewed by:
  • 2. Dental Anatomy and Physiology • Identify the major structures of the dental anatomy • Discuss the primary characteristics of enamel, dentin, cementum, and dental pulp • Describe the biologic functions that take place within the oral cavity
  • 3. Dental Anatomy and Physiology Definition (teeth): There are two definitions •Primary (deciduous) •Secondary (permanent)
  • 4. Dental Anatomy and Physiology Elements A tooth is made up of three elements: •Water •Organic materials •Inorganic materials
  • 5. Dental Anatomy and Physiology Dentition (teeth): There are two dentitions Primary (deciduous) •Consist of 20 teeth •Begin to form during the first trimester of pregnancy •Typically begin erupting around 6 months •Most children have a complete primary dentition by 3 years 1. Oral Health for Children: Patient Education Insert. Compend Cont Educ Dent. of age
  • 6. Dental Anatomy and Physiology Dentition (teeth): There are two dentitions Secondary (permanent) •Consist of 32 teeth in most Maxilla Incisors cases Canine (Cuspid) •Begin to erupt around 6 Premolars years Molars of age •Most permanent teeth have erupted by age 12 •Third molars (wisdom teeth) are the exception; often do not appear until late teens or Mandible early 20s
  • 7. Dental Anatomy and Physiology Identifying Teeth Classification of Teeth: •Incisors (central and lateral) •Canines (cuspids) •Premolars Incisor Canine Premolar Molar (bicuspids) •Molars
  • 8. Dental Anatomy and Physiology Identifying Teeth2 •Incisors function as cutting or shearing instruments for food. •Canines possess the longest roots of all teeth and are located at the corners of the dental arch. •Premolars act like the canines in the tearing of food and are similar to molars in the grinding of food. Incisor Canine Premolar Molar •Molars are located nearest the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), which serves as the fulcrum during function.
  • 9. Dental Anatomy and Physiology Apical Teeth: Identification Apical Tooth Surfaces •Apical Mesial Distal •Labial Labial •Lingual Lingual •Distal •Mesial Incisal Incisal •Incisal
  • 10. Dental Anatomy and Physiology •Apical: Pertaining to the apex or root of the tooth Apical Apical •Labial: Pertaining to the lip; describes the front surface of anterior teeth Mesial •Lingual: Pertaining to the tongue; Distal describes the back (interior) Labial surface of all teeth •Distal: The surface of the tooth Lingual that is away from the median line •Mesial: The surface of the tooth that is toward the median line
  • 11. Dental Anatomy and Physiology The Dental Tissues: Enamel Dentin •Enamel (hard tissue) •Dentin (hard tissue) Odontoblast Layer Gingiva •Odontoblast Layer •Pulp Chamber Periodontal Ligament •(soft tissue) Pulp Chamber •Gingiva (soft tissue) Cementum •Periodontal Ligament (soft Alveolar Bone tissue) Apical Foramen •Cementum (hard tissue) •Alveolar Bone (hard tissue) Pulp Canals •Pulp Canals •Apical Foramen
  • 12. Dental Anatomy and Physiology Anatomic Crown The 3 parts of a tooth: •Anatomic Root •Pulp Chamber Pulp •Anatomic Crown Chamber Anatomic Root
  • 13. Dental Anatomy and Physiology •The anatomic crown is the portion of the tooth covered by Anatomic Crown enamel. •The anatomic root is the lower two thirds of a tooth. • •The pulp chamber houses the Pulp Chamber dental pulp, an organ of myelinated and unmyelinated nerves, arteries, veins, lymph channels, connective tissue Anatomic Root cells, and various other cells.
  • 14. Dental Anatomy and Physiology Enamel The 4 main dental Dental Pulp tissues: Dentin •Enamel •Dentin •Cementum •Dental Pulp Cementum
  • 15. Dental Anatomy and Physiology Dental Tissues—Enamel2 •Structure •Highly calcified and hardest tissue in the body •Crystalline in nature •Enamel rods •Insensitive—no nerves •Acid-soluble—will dematerialize at a pH of 5.5 and lower •Cannot be renewed •Darkens with age as enamel is lost •Fluoride and saliva can help with remineralization
  • 16. Dental Anatomy and Physiology Dental Tissues—Enamel2 • Enamel can be lost by:3,4 – Physical mechanism • Abrasion (mechanical wear) • Attrition (tooth-to-tooth contact) • Abfraction (lesions) – Chemical dissolution • Erosion by extrinsic acids (from diet) • Erosion by intrinsic acids (from the oral cavity/digestive tract) • Multifactorial etiology – Combination of physical and chemical factors
  • 17. Dental Anatomy and Physiology Dental Tissues—Dentin2 •Softer than enamel •Susceptible to tooth wear (physical or chemical) •Does not have a nerve supply but can be sensitive •Is produced throughout life •Three classifications •Primary •Secondary •Tertiary •Will demineralize at a pH of 6.5 and lower
  • 18. Dental Anatomy and Physiology Dental Tissues—Dentin2 Three classifications: •Primary dentin forms the initial shape of the tooth. •Secondary dentin is deposited after the formation of the primary dentin on all internal aspects of the pulp cavity. •Tertiary dentin, or ―reparative dentin‖ is formed by replacement odontoblasts in response to moderate-level irritants such as attrition, abrasion, erosion, trauma, moderate- rate dental caries, and some operative procedures.
  • 19. Dental Anatomy and Physiology Dental Tissues—Dentin (Tubules)2 Dentin •Dentinal tubules connect the dentin and Pulp the pulp (innermost part of the tooth, circumscribed by the dentin and lined with a layer of odontoblast cells) •The tubules run parallel to each other in an S-shape course •Tubules contain fluid and nerve fibers Tubule •External stimuli cause movement of the dentinal fluid, a hydrodynamic Fluid Nerve Fibers movement, which can result in short, Odontoblast sharp pain episodes Cell
  • 20. Dental Anatomy and Physiology Dental Tissues—Dentin (Tubules)2 •Presence of tubules renders dentin permeable to fluoride •Number of tubules per unit area varies depending on the location because of the decreasing area of the dentin surfaces in the pulpal direction
  • 21. Dental Anatomy Enamel and Physiology Dental Tissues—Dentin (Tubules)2 Association between erosion and dentin hypersensitivity3 Tubules • Open/patent tubules – Greater in number Exposed – Larger in diameter Dentin • Removal of smear Receding layer Gingiva • Erosion/tooth wear Odontoblast
  • 22. Dental Anatomy and Physiology Dental Tissue—Cementum2 •Thin layer of mineralized tissue covering the dentin •Softer than enamel and dentin •Anchors the tooth to the alveolar bone along with the periodontal ligament •Not sensitive
  • 23. Dental Anatomy and Physiology Dental Tissue—Dental Pulp2 •Innermost part of the tooth •A soft tissue rich with blood vessels and nerves •Responsible for nourishing the tooth •The pulp in the crown of the tooth is known as the coronal pulp •Pulp canals traverse the root of the tooth •Typically sensitive to extreme thermal stimulation (hot or cold)
  • 24. Dental Anatomy and Physiology Dental Tissue—Dental Pulp2,5 • Pulpitis is inflammation or infection of the dental pulp, causing extreme sensitivity and/or pain. • Pain is derived as a result of the hydrodynamic stimuli activating mechanoreceptors in the nerve fibers of the superficial pulp (A-beta, A-delta, C- fibers). • Hydrodynamic stimuli include: thermal (hot and cold); tactile; evaporative; and osmotic • These stimuli generate inward or outward movement of the fluid in the tubules and activate the nerve fibers. • A-beta and A-delta fibers are responsible for sharp pain of short duration • C-fibers are responsible for dull, throbbing pain of long duration • Pulpitis may be reversible (treated with restorative procedures) or irreversible (necessitating root canal). • Untreated pulpitis can lead to pulpal necrosis necessitating root canal or extraction.
  • 25. Dental Anatomy and Physiology Periodontal Tissues6 •Gingiva Gingiva •Alveolar Bone •Periodontal Ligament Periodontal Ligament •Cementum Alveolar bone Cementum
  • 26. Dental Anatomy and Physiology Dental Tissue—Dental Tissue6 •Gingiva: The part of the oral mucosa overlying the crowns of Unerupted Gingiva teeth and encircling the necks of erupted teeth, serving as support structure for subadjacent tissues.
  • 27. Dental Anatomy and Physiology Dental Tissue—Dental Tissue6 •Alveolar Bone: Also called the ―alveolar process‖; the thickened ridge of bone containing the tooth bone Alveolar sockets in the mandible and maxilla.
  • 28. Dental Anatomy and Physiology Dental Tissue—Dental Tissue6 •Periodontal Ligament: Connects the cementum of the tooth root to the Periodontal Ligament alveolar bone of the socket.
  • 29. Dental Anatomy and Physiology Dental Tissue—Dental Tissue6 •Cementum: • Bonelike, rigid connective tissue covering the root of a tooth from the cementoenamel junction to the apex and lining the apex of the root canal. It also serves as an attachment structure for the periodontal ligament, thus assisting in Cementum tooth support.
  • 30. Dental Anatomy and Physiology Oral Cavity/Environment7,8 •Plaque •Saliva •pH Values •Demineralization •Remineralization
  • 31. Dental Anatomy and Physiology Oral Cavity Plaque:7,8 •is a biofilm •contains more than 600 different identified species of bacteria •there is harmless and harmful plaque •salivary pellicle allows the bacteria to adhere to the tooth surface, which begins the formation of plaque
  • 32. Dental Anatomy and Physiology Oral Cavity Saliva:7,8 •complex mixture of fluids •performs protective functions: – lubrication—aids swallowing – mastication – key role in remineralization of enamel and dentin – buffering
  • 33. Dental Anatomy and Physiology Oral Cavity pH values:7,8 •measure of acidity or alkalinity of a solution •measured on a scale of 1-14 •pH of 7 indicated that the solution is neutral •pH of the mouth is close to neutral until other factors are introduced •pH is a factor in demineralization and remineralization 3. Strassler HE, Drisko CL, Alexander DC.
  • 34. Dental Anatomy and Physiology Oral Cavity Demineralization:7,8 •mineral salts dissolve into the surrounding salivary fluid: –enamel at approximate pH of 5.5 or lower –dentin at approximate pH of 6.5 or lower •erosion or caries can occur
  • 35. Dental Anatomy and Physiology Remineralization:7,8 •pH comes back to neutral (7) •saliva-rich calcium and phosphates •minerals penetrate the damaged enamel surface and repair it: –enamel pH is above 5.5 –dentin pH is above 6.5

Editor's Notes

  1. Softer than enamelSusceptible to tooth wear (physical or chemical)Does not have a nerve supply but can be sensitiveIs produced throughout lifeThree classifications PrimarySecondaryTertiaryWill demineralize at a pH of 6.5 and lowerPrimary dentin forms the initial shape of the tooth. It is usually completed 3 years after tooth eruption (for permanent teeth). Secondary dentin is deposited after the formation of the primary dentin. Secondary dentin forms on all internal aspects of the pulp cavity, but in the pulp chamber of multirooted teeth it tends to be thicker on the roof and floor than on the side walls.Tertiary dentin, or “reparative dentin” is formed by replacement odontoblasts in response to moderate-level irritants such as attrition, abrasion, erosion, trauma, moderate-rate dental caries, and some operative procedures. It usually appears as a localized dentin deposit on the wall of the pulp cavity immediately subadjacent to the area of the tooth that has received the injury.
  2. Softer than enamelSusceptible to tooth wear (physical or chemical)Does not have a nerve supply but can be sensitiveIs produced throughout lifeThree classifications PrimarySecondaryTertiaryWill demineralize at a pH of 6.5 and lowerPrimary dentin forms the initial shape of the tooth. It is usually completed 3 years after tooth eruption (for permanent teeth). Secondary dentin is deposited after the formation of the primary dentin. Secondary dentin forms on all internal aspects of the pulp cavity, but in the pulp chamber of multirooted teeth it tends to be thicker on the roof and floor than on the side walls.Tertiary dentin, or “reparative dentin” is formed by replacement odontoblasts in response to moderate-level irritants such as attrition, abrasion, erosion, trauma, moderate-rate dental caries, and some operative procedures. It usually appears as a localized dentin deposit on the wall of the pulp cavity immediately subadjacent to the area of the tooth that has received the injury.
  3. Softer than enamelSusceptible to tooth wear (physical or chemical)Does not have a nerve supply but can be sensitiveIs produced throughout lifeThree classifications PrimarySecondaryTertiaryWill demineralize at a pH of 6.5 and lowerPrimary dentin forms the initial shape of the tooth. It is usually completed 3 years after tooth eruption (for permanent teeth). Secondary dentin is deposited after the formation of the primary dentin. Secondary dentin forms on all internal aspects of the pulp cavity, but in the pulp chamber of multirooted teeth it tends to be thicker on the roof and floor than on the side walls.Tertiary dentin, or “reparative dentin” is formed by replacement odontoblasts in response to moderate-level irritants such as attrition, abrasion, erosion, trauma, moderate-rate dental caries, and some operative procedures. It usually appears as a localized dentin deposit on the wall of the pulp cavity immediately subadjacent to the area of the tooth that has received the injury.