Substance Use Prevention Dr. Dawn-Elise Snipes

Objectives To provide information about substance abuse prevention To assist students in understanding the risk and protective factors for substance abuse To provide resources for prevention

To provide information about substance abuse prevention

To assist students in understanding the risk and protective factors for substance abuse

To provide resources for prevention

Overview Substance use can be thought of on a continuum from social/recreational use to abuse and dependence. Many factors affect whether substance use is a problem including whether it causes significant impairments in health, social, legal or occupational functioning No certain amount of substance use necessarily means there is a problem. It is important to consider the situation, the consequences and whether the person was in jeopardy of causing themselves physical harm by using.

Substance use can be thought of on a continuum from social/recreational use to abuse and dependence.

Many factors affect whether substance use is a problem including whether it causes significant impairments in health, social, legal or occupational functioning

No certain amount of substance use necessarily means there is a problem. It is important to consider the situation, the consequences and whether the person was in jeopardy of causing themselves physical harm by using.

What is Addiction Three facets to the definition A person, substance, or activity Regularly used to escape from negative feeling states Continues to be used despite experiencing negative consequences. Note: Physiological dependence is NOT necessarily a part of addiction

Three facets to the definition

A person, substance, or activity

Regularly used to escape from negative feeling states

Continues to be used despite experiencing negative consequences.

Note: Physiological dependence is NOT necessarily a part of addiction

Prevention Prevention is A proactive process empowering individuals and systems to meet the challenges of life by creating and reinforcing conditions that promote healthy behaviors and prevent co-morbidity, relapse and disability. Goals fostering a climate in which alcohol is used legally and only when the risk of adverse consequences is minimal prescription and over-the-counter drugs and other abusable substances, e.g., aerosols, are used only for their intended purposes illegal drugs and tobacco are not used at all. (Source:http://preventionplatform.samhsa.gov/MacroHQ/Glossary2/viewgloss.cfm?action=terms&letter=P&gloss=all&sect_id=1&topic_id=99&CFID=336820&CFTOKEN=20068893)

Prevention is

A proactive process empowering individuals and systems to meet the challenges of life by creating and reinforcing conditions that promote healthy behaviors and prevent co-morbidity, relapse and disability.

Goals

fostering a climate in which

alcohol is used legally and only when the risk of adverse consequences is minimal

prescription and over-the-counter drugs and other abusable substances, e.g., aerosols, are used only for their intended purposes

illegal drugs and tobacco are not used at all.

(Source:http://preventionplatform.samhsa.gov/MacroHQ/Glossary2/viewgloss.cfm?action=terms&letter=P&gloss=all&sect_id=1&topic_id=99&CFID=336820&CFTOKEN=20068893)

Definition of addiction cont… Another way to understand addiction is to apply the four Cs: Behavior that is motivated by emotions ranging along the Craving to Compulsion spectrum Continued use in spite of adverse Consequences, and Loss of Control.

Another way to understand addiction is to apply the four Cs:

Behavior that is motivated by emotions ranging along the Craving to Compulsion spectrum

Continued use in spite of adverse Consequences, and

Loss of Control.

Levels of Prevention Primary Goals are to prevent the problem from occurring in the first place Secondary Goals are to goals are to prevent the problem from getting worse Tertiary Goal are to prevent the problem from getting worse and prevent any other complications Information on Prevention Programs for Those Interested

Primary

Goals are to prevent the problem from occurring in the first place

Secondary

Goals are to goals are to prevent the problem from getting worse

Tertiary

Goal are to prevent the problem from getting worse and prevent any other complications

Information on Prevention Programs for Those Interested

Risk and Resiliency Factors PROTECTIVE FACTORS Knowledge regarding risks associated with substance abuse/use Negative attitudes toward substances and substance use Bonding to pro-social culture Positive relationships with adults Views parents, teachers, doctors, law enforcement officers and other adults as allies Social competence Youth involvement in alternative activities Sense of well-being/self confidence Has positive future plans RISK FACTORS Certain physical, emotional or personality traits Inherited genetic vulnerability Low self esteem Psychological disturbances Inappropriate coping responses Violence/ aggression Risk taking propensity/impulsivity Alienation and rebelliousness Rejection of pro-social values/religion Lack of peer refusal skills Early and persistent problem behaviors Early sexual activity/teen pregnancy Early anti-social behavior Peer rejection in elementary grades Academic Failure Less involved in recreational, social, activities Lack of information on positive health behaviors INDIVIDUAL

Peer Risk Factors cont. . . PROTECTIVE FACTORS Involved in substance-free activities Friends disapprove of alcohol and other drug use RISK FACTORS Reinforcement of negative norms and expectations within peer group Thinks alcohol and drug use is "cool" Inappropriate sexual activity among peers Ties to deviant peers/gang involvement

PROTECTIVE FACTORS

Involved in substance-free activities

Friends disapprove of alcohol and other drug use

RISK FACTORS

Reinforcement of negative norms and expectations within peer group

Thinks alcohol and drug use is "cool"

Inappropriate sexual activity among peers

Ties to deviant peers/gang involvement

Family Risk Factors PROTECTIVE FACTORS Close family relationships Consistency of parenting Education is valued and encouraged, and parents are actively involved Copes with stress in a positive way Clear expectations and limits regarding alcohol and other drug use Encourages supportive relationships with caring adults beyond the immediate family Share family responsibilities, including chores and decision making Family members are nurturing and support each other RISK FACTORS Family members with a history of alcohol or other drug abuse Family members don't spend much time together Parents have trouble keeping track of teens, who they're with and where they go Lack of clear rules and consequences regarding alcohol and other drug use Parents use drugs, involve youth in their use ("Get me a beer, would you?") or tolerate use by youth Parents have trouble setting consistent expectations and limits Family conflict/abuse Loss of employment

PROTECTIVE FACTORS

Close family relationships

Consistency of parenting

Education is valued and encouraged, and parents are actively involved

Copes with stress in a positive way

Clear expectations and limits regarding alcohol and other drug use

Encourages supportive relationships with caring adults beyond the immediate family

Share family responsibilities, including chores and decision making

Family members are nurturing and support each other

RISK FACTORS

Family members with a history of alcohol or other drug abuse

Family members don't spend much time together

Parents have trouble keeping track of teens, who they're with and where they go

Lack of clear rules and consequences regarding alcohol and other drug use

Parents use drugs, involve youth in their use ("Get me a beer, would you?") or tolerate use by youth

Parents have trouble setting consistent expectations and limits

Family conflict/abuse

Loss of employment

School Risk Factors PROTECTIVE FACTORS Positive attitudes toward school School bonding Regular school attendance Communicates high academic and behavioral expectations Encourages goal-setting, academic achievement and positive social development Tutoring available Positive instructional climate Provides leadership and decision making opportunities for students Fosters active involvement of students, parents and community members Sponsors substance-free events School responsive to students' needs RISK FACTORS Lack of clear expectations, both academic and behavioral Students lack commitment or sense of belonging at school High numbers of students who fail academically at school Parents and community members not actively involved

Community Risk Factors PROTECTIVE FACTORS Opportunities for community involvement Community religious composition Laws are consistently enforced Informal social control Policies and norms encourage non-use Community service opportunities Resources (housing, healthcare, childcare, jobs, recreation, etc.) available Comprehensive risk focused programs available for youth Programs for parents of children and adolescents Early childhood and family support programs RISK FACTORS Alcohol/other drugs readily available Irresponsible servers and sellers Laws and ordinances are unclear or inconsistently enforced Norms are unclear or encourage use No sense of "connection" to community Neighborhood disorganization Rapid changes in neighborhood High unemployment Residents at or below the poverty level Lack of strong social institutions Lack of monitoring youths' activities Inadequate media portrayals Misleading advertising Pro-use messages

PROTECTIVE FACTORS

Opportunities for community involvement

Community religious composition

Laws are consistently enforced

Informal social control

Policies and norms encourage non-use

Community service opportunities Resources (housing, healthcare, childcare, jobs, recreation, etc.) available

Comprehensive risk focused programs available for youth

Programs for parents of children and adolescents

Early childhood and family support programs

RISK FACTORS

Alcohol/other drugs readily available

Irresponsible servers and sellers

Laws and ordinances are unclear or inconsistently enforced

Norms are unclear or encourage use

No sense of "connection" to community

Neighborhood disorganization

Rapid changes in neighborhood High unemployment

Residents at or below the poverty level

Lack of strong social institutions

Lack of monitoring youths' activities

Inadequate media portrayals

Misleading advertising

Pro-use messages

Additional Resources The Higher Education Center for Alcohol and Other Drug Prevention http://www.edc.org/hec National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information http://www.health.org National Council on Alcohol and Drug Dependence http://www.ncadd.org Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP) http://www.coresoft.comlcsap.html Virtual Clearinghouse on Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drugs http://www.ccsa.calatod.htm National Center on Addiction & Substance Abuse (CASN Columbia University) http://www.casacolumbia.org Promising Practices - Campus Alcohol Strategies http://www.promprac.gmu.edu Training for Intervention Procedures (TIPS) http://www.gettips.com Harvard School of Public Health College Alcohol Study http://hsph.harvard.edu/cas National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism http://www.niaaa.nih.gov National Institute on Drug Abuse http://www.nida.nih.gov AI-Anon http://www.al-anon.org Health finder http://www.healthfinder.gov Drugs Awareness Online: Use, Abuse, & Treatment http://www.mhhe.comlhper/health/drugs

The Higher Education Center for Alcohol and Other Drug Prevention http://www.edc.org/hec

National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information http://www.health.org

National Council on Alcohol and Drug Dependence http://www.ncadd.org

Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP) http://www.coresoft.comlcsap.html

Virtual Clearinghouse on Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drugs http://www.ccsa.calatod.htm

National Center on Addiction & Substance Abuse (CASN Columbia University) http://www.casacolumbia.org

Promising Practices - Campus Alcohol Strategies http://www.promprac.gmu.edu

Training for Intervention Procedures (TIPS) http://www.gettips.com

Harvard School of Public Health College Alcohol Study http://hsph.harvard.edu/cas

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism http://www.niaaa.nih.gov

National Institute on Drug Abuse http://www.nida.nih.gov

AI-Anon http://www.al-anon.org

Health finder http://www.healthfinder.gov

Drugs Awareness Online: Use, Abuse, & Treatment http://www.mhhe.comlhper/health/drugs

Summary Substance abuse is defined by impairment in one or more areas of functioning over a 12 month period as a result of substance use More than 50% of people have an addiction There are a host of outpatient and more intensive programs and styles

Substance abuse is defined by impairment in one or more areas of functioning over a 12 month period as a result of substance use

More than 50% of people have an addiction

There are a host of outpatient and more intensive programs and styles