Goal Setting, Behavior Modification and Maintaining Motivation by Dr. Dawn-Elise Snipes PhD, LMHC, CRC, NCC 43 slides at approximately 11 minutes each= 480 minutes or 8 hours of instruction

43 slides at approximately 11 minutes each= 480 minutes or 8 hours of instruction

Objectives The student will learn about: How to elicit goals and convert them into observable, measurable goal statements The goal heirarchy: Goal-Objective-Skills How to use the 5 Ws to create a functional action plan The basic principles of behavior modification and how to apply them to help clients achieve goals How to help clients achieve goals through successive approximations

The student will learn about:

How to elicit goals and convert them into observable, measurable goal statements

The goal heirarchy: Goal-Objective-Skills

How to use the 5 Ws to create a functional action plan

The basic principles of behavior modification and how to apply them to help clients achieve goals

How to help clients achieve goals through successive approximations

Objectives Cont... The three dimensions of motivation and how to use all three to support clients How to identify and overcome barriers to goal achievement The different types of learning styles and how to most effectively teach both to an individual and a mixed group How temperament impacts learning and motivation How to modify your approach to accommodate learning styles and temperaments Ways to modify the environment to increase energy and motivation

The three dimensions of motivation and how to use all three to support clients

How to identify and overcome barriers to goal achievement

The different types of learning styles and how to most effectively teach both to an individual and a mixed group

How temperament impacts learning and motivation

How to modify your approach to accommodate learning styles and temperaments

Ways to modify the environment to increase energy and motivation

Common Questions Common questions heard by counselors: How can I be happier? What can I do to be healthier? How can I improve my relationships? What other questions do you often hear?

Common questions heard by counselors:

How can I be happier?

What can I do to be healthier?

How can I improve my relationships?

What other questions do you often hear?

Activity and Discussion Identify why you as a counselor need to help your clients with goal setting, behavior modification and maintaining motivation. Please share your responses in the Discussion Forum. Thank you.

Identify why you as a counselor need to help your clients with goal setting, behavior modification and maintaining motivation.

Please share your responses in the Discussion Forum. Thank you.

Why Do I Care Aerobics/Group Fitness Instructors and Counselors are often an integral part of behavior management goals. Even if you are not answering questions, it is your job to keep people motivated and confident they can meet their goals. It is important to help class members/clients learn how to set their own goals. Teach one “snippet” each session to help participants start learning how to live a healthier life.

Aerobics/Group Fitness Instructors and Counselors are often an integral part of behavior management goals.

Even if you are not answering questions, it is your job to keep people motivated and confident they can meet their goals.

It is important to help class members/clients learn how to set their own goals.

Teach one “snippet” each session to help participants start learning how to live a healthier life.

Goal Hierarchy Goals Objectives (Small Goals/Why) ‏ Skills (How) & Knowledge (What/Why) ‏

Goals

Objectives (Small Goals/Why) ‏

Skills (How) & Knowledge (What/Why) ‏

Goals Goals (WHY) ‏ Goals are the overarching reason a person begins to do something. Often goals are broad and abstract. “I want to be healthier.” “I want to be happy.” Goals need to be broken down into manageable, meaningful, observable objectives. Phrase goals as adding a positive instead of removing a negative.

Goals (WHY) ‏

Goals are the overarching reason a person begins to do something.

Often goals are broad and abstract. “I want to be healthier.” “I want to be happy.”

Goals need to be broken down into manageable, meaningful, observable objectives.

Phrase goals as adding a positive instead of removing a negative.

Miracle Question One way to elicit goals is through the miracle question: If you woke up tomorrow and you were _____ (i.e. your problem was resolved/goal was achieved) what would be different? This gives you insight into the foundations of this particular persons symptoms/definition of the problem.

One way to elicit goals is through the miracle question:

If you woke up tomorrow and you were _____ (i.e. your problem was resolved/goal was achieved) what would be different?

This gives you insight into the foundations of this particular persons symptoms/definition of the problem.

Activity and Discussion Brainstorm the miracle question for Happier Healthier In Shape Please share your responses in the discussion forum. Thank you.

Brainstorm the miracle question for

Happier

Healthier

In Shape

Please share your responses in the discussion forum. Thank you.

Goals Objectives need to be put into measurable terms. What does having a “better social life” mean to her? How will she know when she feels better about herself? How much weight does she want to lose?

Objectives need to be put into measurable terms.

What does having a “better social life” mean to her?

How will she know when she feels better about herself?

How much weight does she want to lose?

Often you can measure abstract concepts with... Frequency A better social life might mean going out at least once a week, or calling a friend once a day Feeling better about herself might be measured in terms of frequency of negative self statements or degree of anxiety about social situations Intensity Related Behaviors Likert Scale

Frequency

A better social life might mean going out at least once a week, or calling a friend once a day

Feeling better about herself might be measured in terms of frequency of negative self statements or degree of anxiety about social situations

Intensity

Related Behaviors

Likert Scale

Activity Write each of the following “goals” on a piece of paper: Lose weight Get in shape Feel better about myself Be happier Identify at least 2 ways for each goal that tells the person he or she has achieved that goal. “How will you know when you are/have _____”

Write each of the following “goals” on a piece of paper:

Lose weight

Get in shape

Feel better about myself

Be happier

Identify at least 2 ways for each goal that tells the person he or she has achieved that goal. “How will you know when you are/have _____”

Objectives Objectives are small goals that can usually be achieved in 1-3 months They combine to make the ultimate goal a reality. For example, someone who wants to be “happy” might want to have a better social life, to feel better about herself, to lose some weight. . .

Objectives are small goals that can usually be achieved in 1-3 months

They combine to make the ultimate goal a reality.

For example, someone who wants to be “happy” might want to have a better social life, to feel better about herself, to lose some weight. . .

Skills & Knowledge If you believe that people do the best they can with the tools they have at any given time, then you understand that your client now needs to learn how to change. Give a man a fish you feed him for a day, teach him to fish and you feed him for a lifetime. Give your clients the knowledge to understand what you are doing and why.

If you believe that people do the best they can with the tools they have at any given time, then you understand that your client now needs to learn how to change.

Give a man a fish you feed him for a day, teach him to fish and you feed him for a lifetime.

Give your clients the knowledge to understand what you are doing and why.

The Hook, A.K.A. The 5 Ws Who is responsible for doing What, When, Where, Why and How This is your client's action plan or map Who (your client) ‏ What are they responsible for doing, when and where Why are they doing it How is it helping them meet their ultimate goal

Who is responsible for doing What, When, Where, Why and How

This is your client's action plan or map

Who (your client) ‏

What are they responsible for doing, when and where

Why are they doing it

How is it helping them meet their ultimate goal

Client Responsibilities The following is a list of some of the things your clients should be accountable for: Prompt attendance Preparing for sessions (i.e. not coming in with a hangover) ‏ Discussing with you what is and is not “working” for them including environment and time Although some exercises and interventions may be perfectly valid, they will not work if the client will not do them. Doing out of session assignments

The following is a list of some of the things your clients should be accountable for:

Prompt attendance

Preparing for sessions (i.e. not coming in with a hangover) ‏

Discussing with you what is and is not “working” for them including environment and time

Although some exercises and interventions may be perfectly valid, they will not work if the client will not do them.

Doing out of session assignments

Instructor/Trainer/Counselor Responsibilities Your responsibilities include: Showing up on time Being prepared for sessions “Uhhh, wait a minute, I know your file is around here somewhere...” Educating clients about the fundamentals of what they are doing and why Helping clients find solutions/overcome resistance

Your responsibilities include:

Showing up on time

Being prepared for sessions “Uhhh, wait a minute, I know your file is around here somewhere...”

Educating clients about the fundamentals of what they are doing and why

Helping clients find solutions/overcome resistance

Behavior Modification Behavior an observable, measurable event Reinforcer something that increases the frequency of a behavior Reinforcing a quality that ensures the repetition of a behavior

Behavior

an observable, measurable event

Reinforcer

something that increases the frequency of a behavior

Reinforcing

a quality that ensures the repetition of a behavior

Activity and Discussion How can you incorporate reinforcers into your group classes? What about for individual students? Please take a moment to share your responses in the discussion forum. Thank you.

How can you incorporate reinforcers into your group classes?

What about for individual students?

Please take a moment to share your responses in the discussion forum. Thank you.

Behavior Modification Cont... Punishment something that decreases the frequency of a behavior Punishing a quality that ensures the reduction of a behavior Contingency If x then y Remind your students of the rewards for doing x---

Punishment

something that decreases the frequency of a behavior

Punishing

a quality that ensures the reduction of a behavior

Contingency

If x then y

Remind your students of the rewards for doing x---

Activity How can you use contingencies in your class/sessions? If you do X (squats) now, you will get benefit Y (increased definition in your lower body) ‏ If everybody works hard through this song, I'll give you an additional, optional 2 minutes of recovery If you keep your next 6 appointments, we can discuss ending your program If you keep getting out of bed and going on a walk each day you will start to see some improvements in your sleep and mood What are the Ys your class members/clients are concerned about?

How can you use contingencies in your class/sessions?

If you do X (squats) now, you will get benefit Y (increased definition in your lower body) ‏

If everybody works hard through this song, I'll give you an additional, optional 2 minutes of recovery

If you keep your next 6 appointments, we can discuss ending your program

If you keep getting out of bed and going on a walk each day you will start to see some improvements in your sleep and mood

What are the Ys your class members/clients are concerned about?

Activity Identify three “positive” behaviors and three “negative” behaviors. Identify the reinforcers for each. What about something like depression or obesity? List 1 or 2 ways you can eliminate each negative behavior. Identify things which might be preventing those behaviors.

Identify three “positive” behaviors and three “negative” behaviors.

Identify the reinforcers for each.

What about something like depression or obesity?

List 1 or 2 ways you can eliminate each negative behavior.

Identify things which might be preventing those behaviors.

POINTS We only do things in which the reinforcers (positive) outweigh the punishments (negative). It is vital not only to ask why a person wants to change, but also why he/she does not want to change. I want to increase my motivation. Why are you not motivated now? (Obstacles) What would help motivate you? (Reinforcers)

We only do things in which the reinforcers (positive) outweigh the punishments (negative).

It is vital not only to ask why a person wants to change, but also why he/she does not want to change.

I want to increase my motivation.

Why are you not motivated now? (Obstacles)

What would help motivate you? (Reinforcers)

Activity Give anonymous case examples of clients you have had who professed they wanted to change, but would not follow through. Discuss the whys and why not’s of change for each. Please take a moment to share your responses in the discussion forum. Thank you.

Give anonymous case examples of clients you have had who professed they wanted to change, but would not follow through.

Discuss the whys and why not’s of change for each.

Please take a moment to share your responses in the discussion forum.

Thank you.

Baby Steps Successive Approximations Rewarding attempts at the behavior, while gradually increasing the criteria for reward. This is also accomplished by showing varying levels of the same exercise (think group fitness videos). Fitness Counseling Showing up for class Completing half of the class Completing the whole class Completing the whole class with 100% effort Remembering you had an assignment Partially completing the assignment Completing the whole assignment Thoroughly completing the assignment

Successive Approximations

Rewarding attempts at the behavior, while gradually increasing the criteria for reward.

This is also accomplished by showing varying levels of the same exercise (think group fitness videos).

Activity Break into groups and create successive approximations for the following goals: Working out three days a week Stopping smoking Reducing anger outbursts to less than one per month

Break into groups and create successive approximations for the following goals:

Working out three days a week

Stopping smoking

Reducing anger outbursts to less than one per month

More Behavior Modification Competing behaviors/responses Positive behaviors that can be done instead of negative behaviors. Better to reward competing responses than punish negative behaviors. Premack principle Pairing rewards with behaviors you would rather not do (i.e. watching television while running) ‏ .

Competing behaviors/responses

Positive behaviors that can be done instead of negative behaviors.

Better to reward competing responses than punish negative behaviors.

Premack principle

Pairing rewards with behaviors you would rather not do (i.e. watching television while running) ‏ .

Activity Identify competing responses for the following behaviors: Bingeing Smoking Fighting/Screaming Sleeping all day every day

Identify competing responses for the following behaviors:

Bingeing

Smoking

Fighting/Screaming

Sleeping all day every day

Still more... Behavior Strain too much punishment/work without sufficient reward

Behavior Strain

too much punishment/work without sufficient reward

Using Behavior Modification Goal: I want to be healthier Objective: I want to improve my physical fitness by 30% First identify things your clients enjoy that they can do to reach this goal (reinforcing activities) ‏ . Then make those things reasonable. Do not have a couch potato start hiking 5 miles per day. Start with a 20 minute walk then gradually increase the time and speed (successive approximations) ‏ .

Goal: I want to be healthier

Objective: I want to improve my physical fitness by 30%

First identify things your clients enjoy that they can do to reach this goal (reinforcing activities) ‏ .

Then make those things reasonable. Do not have a couch potato start hiking 5 miles per day. Start with a 20 minute walk then gradually increase the time and speed (successive approximations) ‏ .

A Spoon Full of Sugar Okay, in the pursuit of any goal we all have to do things we do not really care for. Make those things as painless as possible by: Combining them with something the clients like (Premack Principle) ‏ Providing a reward for successful completion of the behavior. Think about your own behaviors---things you like to do and how you cajole yourself to do things you don't like.

Okay, in the pursuit of any goal we all have to do things we do not really care for. Make those things as painless as possible by:

Combining them with something the clients like (Premack Principle) ‏

Providing a reward for successful completion of the behavior.

Think about your own behaviors---things you like to do and how you cajole yourself to do things you don't like.

Treatment/Action Plan Activity Write one of the most common reasons people come to see you Turn that into an observable/measurable goal Break the goal into 3-5 objectives that clearly state the 5 Ws What is to be done Who will do it When will it be done Why will it be done Where will it be done How (if applicable) ‏

Write one of the most common reasons people come to see you

Turn that into an observable/measurable goal

Break the goal into 3-5 objectives that clearly state the 5 Ws

What is to be done

Who will do it

When will it be done

Why will it be done

Where will it be done

How (if applicable) ‏

Motivation Multidimensional Emotional—I want to Intellectual-- I need to Behavioral-- I am

Multidimensional

Emotional—I want to

Intellectual-- I need to

Behavioral-- I am

Maintaining Emotional Motivation Keep a running anonymous list on poster board in the front of class of the goals of class members. Have them submit goals to you (anonymously if they want) of their goals for class/reasons for coming. List 10 reasons you want to _________ and review them daily. Create a collage of all the reasons you want to __________.

Keep a running anonymous list on poster board in the front of class of the goals of class members.

Have them submit goals to you (anonymously if they want) of their goals for class/reasons for coming.

List 10 reasons you want to _________ and review them daily.

Create a collage of all the reasons you want to __________.

Emotional Motivation cont… Keep a journal of how things change positively for you as you ___________. Make a list of disputes for your most frequent cop-outs. Tell three people about your goal.

Keep a journal of how things change positively for you as you ___________.

Make a list of disputes for your most frequent cop-outs.

Tell three people about your goal.

Maintaining Intellectual Motivation List 10 reasons you need to _______________. Keep written information available that highlights the benefits of your class/activities. Have clients research how exercise can help their physical and mental health problems. List 10 reasons you know you can _________. Set an end date for each objective.

List 10 reasons you need to _______________.

Keep written information available that highlights the benefits of your class/activities.

Have clients research how exercise can help their physical and mental health problems.

List 10 reasons you know you can _________.

Set an end date for each objective.

Maintaining Behavioral Motivation Identify all of the obstacles to accomplishing your goal and find solutions: Won't go to the gym after dinner Childcare issues Too far to travel Bad weather Gym too busy Too tired to cook Too much other stuff to do No time

Identify all of the obstacles to accomplishing your goal and find solutions:

Won't go to the gym after dinner

Childcare issues

Too far to travel

Bad weather

Gym too busy

Too tired to cook

Too much other stuff to do

No time

Maintaining Behavioral Motivation Buddy-Up Encourage people with similar goals to support each other in and out of group/class.

Buddy-Up

Encourage people with similar goals to support each other in and out of group/class.

Time Management Identify Eliminate Delegate Prioritize/combine

Identify

Eliminate

Delegate

Prioritize/combine

Child Care For many clients, this will affect compliance. Brainstorm ways to accommodate this...

For many clients, this will affect compliance.

Brainstorm ways to accommodate this...

Rewards Rewards maintain behavior, but they must be of sufficient frequency, intensity and duration. Small-daily ---”Great job in class/group today!” “Glad to see you here today!” Medium-weekly or monthly/objective accomplishment-- Person gets to choose music/particular activity Large-goal accomplishment-- Certificate of Achievement, Recognition in class???

Rewards maintain behavior, but they must be of sufficient frequency, intensity and duration.

Small-daily ---”Great job in class/group today!” “Glad to see you here today!”

Medium-weekly or monthly/objective accomplishment-- Person gets to choose music/particular activity

Large-goal accomplishment-- Certificate of Achievement, Recognition in class???

Learning Styles Global/Sequential Auditory/Visual/Kinesthetic

Global/Sequential

Auditory/Visual/Kinesthetic

Activity and Discussion Break into groups of 4 to 6 I am assigning each group a learning style Brainstorm ways you can help your clients who have that learning style. Then please take a moment to share your brainstorm results in the discussion forum. Thank you.

Break into groups of 4 to 6

I am assigning each group a learning style

Brainstorm ways you can help your clients who have that learning style.

Then please take a moment to share your brainstorm results in the discussion forum. Thank you.

Temperament http:keirsey.com Extrovert/Introvert Sensing(details)/Intuitive (big picture) ‏ Thinking(“Rational”)/Feeling(“Emotional”) ‏ Caution: Thinkers do not experience anything less intensely than Feelers. They just do it differently. Judging(structured)/Perceiving(flexible) ‏

http:keirsey.com

Extrovert/Introvert

Sensing(details)/Intuitive (big picture) ‏

Thinking(“Rational”)/Feeling(“Emotional”) ‏

Caution: Thinkers do not experience anything less intensely than Feelers. They just do it differently.

Judging(structured)/Perceiving(flexible) ‏

Activity Review your Treatment/Action Plan Activity What might you do differently for: Extroverts vs. Introverts Sensing vs. Intuitive (Think about teaching a routine) ‏ Judging vs. Perceiving Class structure Substitutes

Review your Treatment/Action Plan Activity

What might you do differently for:

Extroverts vs. Introverts

Sensing vs. Intuitive (Think about teaching a routine) ‏

Judging vs. Perceiving

Class structure

Substitutes

Music Tempo Words/Meaning Mood Calming Cathartic Energizing Depressing Combination

Tempo

Words/Meaning

Mood

Calming

Cathartic

Energizing

Depressing

Combination

Activity Listen to various snippets and identify motivation/activities you would do.

Activity

Listen to various snippets and identify motivation/activities you would do.

Environmental Motivators Lighting/Color Sunlight Spectrum vs. Traditional Flourescent Reds Earth Tones (Yellows, Browns) ‏ Blues/Greens Whites Murals/Pictures

Lighting/Color

Sunlight Spectrum vs. Traditional Flourescent

Reds

Earth Tones (Yellows, Browns) ‏

Blues/Greens

Whites

Murals/Pictures

Environmental Motivators cont... Smell Stinky: Exhaust fans are helpful Allergies Aromatherapy towels Space Temperature Try to maintain about the same temperature from week to week. Have fans available for pregnant or heat sensitive people.

Smell

Stinky: Exhaust fans are helpful

Allergies

Aromatherapy towels

Space

Temperature

Try to maintain about the same temperature from week to week.

Have fans available for pregnant or heat sensitive people.

Review Goal setting Behavior Modification Principles Learning Style Temperament Three Types of Motivation Environmental Motivators

Goal setting

Behavior Modification Principles

Learning Style

Temperament

Three Types of Motivation

Environmental Motivators