Animal Assisted Coaching

ANIMAL ASSISTED COACHING: A NEW AREA OF ANIMAL ASSISTED INTERVENTIONS! Author Dr Dasha Daša Grajfoner CPsychol MSCP Accred ! Institution Edinburgh Napier University! !Abstract! Animal Assisted Coaching in Context! Recommendations!What is Animal Assisted Coaching? Future Work! !Animal Assisted Coaching (AAC) is a part of Animal Assisted Interven8ons (AAI). AAI are goal-‐oriented Changes and In this presenta8on we have taken the first steps towards integra8ng two ac8vi8es incorpora8ng human-‐animal interac8ons to improve human physical or psychological transi8ons health and wellbeing (Odendaal, 2000; Haubenhofer & Kirchengast, 2006). rela8vely new research areas: coaching psychology and animal assisted interven8ons. !The psychological impact of animals upon humans has frequently been reported within educa8onal We believe that AAC could become a leading area within animal assisted interven8ons. The results (Olson, 2010) and therapeu8c contexts (Fine, 2006; Honori, Katcher & Aubrey, 2006) (Yorke et al., from studies on AAI show an overall increased awareness of self and others. It also strengthens social 2008). skills, mo8va8on, well-‐being, performance and contributes to more posi8ve outlooks. These enhance Leadership Team building the quality of life in the non-‐clinical popula8on and are the founda8ons of the theory and applica8on We argue that the benefits of those interven8ons oRen correspond with the goals of coaching of coaching psychology. psychology: enhancing life experience and increasing wellbeing (Palmer & Whybrow, 2007). AAI increase happiness, s8mulate conversa8on, facilitate posi8ve social interac8on and decrease levels of In order to advance the benefits of AAC in the future it will be necessary to address: stress (Duvall-‐Antonacopoulos & Pychyl, 2008), depression (Hoffmann et al., 2009) and suicidal Social and 1) the defini8on of theore8cal frameworks behaviour (Fine, 2006). Therefore, the presence of animals in therapeu8c processes oRen has Empathy 2) methodological issues including reliability and validity interac8ve skills posi8ve results on physical and psychological wellbeing. 3) pre and post interven8on measurements 4) the classifica8on and standardisa8on of tools and techniques Some prac88oners have included animals in the coaching process, however, there is an absence of One of the immediate ac8ons, therefore, is a comprehensive literature review to systema8se exis8ng the consistent use of theore8cal frameworks and research methods, resul8ng in a lack of reliable and work. valid data. The systema8c use of animals in applied coaching psychology remains to be explored. The main goal of coaching psychology is to increase poten8al and enhance wellbeing. The results Mo8va8on AA Self esteem from AAI show that animals, with their emo8onal value and interac8ve capaci8es, can represent an effec8ve tool in achieving that goal. !Introduction! Coaching Short and long References! Anxiety term memory AA BANKS, M. R. & BANKS, W. A. (2002) The Effects of Animal-‐Assisted Therapy on Loneliness in an Elderly Popula8on in Long-‐Term Care AA Animal Assisted Interventions! Facili8es. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 57, M428-‐M432. ! BREITENBACH, E., STUMPF, E., FERSEN, L. V. & EBERT, H. (2009) Dolphin-‐Assisted Therapy: Changes in Interac8on and Communica8on Animal assisted interven8ons is a generic concept which includes animal assisted between Children with Severe Disabili8es and Their Caregivers. Anthrozoos: A Mul<disciplinary Journal of The Interac<ons of People Learning Therapy and Animals, 22, 277-‐289. therapy (AAT), animal assisted learning or educa8on (AAL) and the new area of AAI DUVALL ANTONACOPOULOS, N. M. & PYCHYL, T. A. (2008) An Examina8on of the Rela8ons between Social Support, animal assisted coaching (AAC), introduced in this poster. Other defini8ons are Anthropomorphism and Stress among Dog Owners. Anthrozoos: A Mul<disciplinary Journal of The Interac<ons of People and Animals, also used to describe AAI, for example horse assisted personal development. For Knowledge of Substance abuse 21, 139-‐152. the purpose of defining AAC, we will first make a dis8nc8on between AAI and concepts and addic8ons ELLINGSEN, K., ZANELLA, A. J., BJERK, E. & INDREB, A. (2010) The Rela8onship between Empathy, Percep8on of Pain and Ahtudes toward Pets among Norwegian Dog Owners. Anthrozoos: A Mul<disciplinary Journal of The Interac<ons of People & Animals, 23, AAA, and then provide a more detailed diversifica8on of AAI. 231-‐243. ESTEVES, S. W. & STOKES, T. (2008) Social Effects of a Dogs Presence on Children with Disabili8es. Anthrozoos: A Mul<disciplinary AAA are not necessarily goal oriented and the progress of impact of animals on Journal of The Interac<ons of People and Animals, 21, 5-‐15. humans is not monitored. One example of AAA is taking animals to visit people in FINE, A. (2006) Handbook on Animal Assisted Therapy: Theore<cal founda<ons and guidelines for prac<ce, San Diego, Academic Press, nursing homes and hospitals (Kramer et al., 2009). These interac8ons are defined Elsevier. as meet and greet, with no necessary follow up or con8nuous work. They can HAUBENHOFER, D. K. & KIRCHENGAST, S. (2006) Austrian and American approaches to animal-‐based health care services. Anthrozoos: AA have a mo8va8onal and recrea8onal value and can greatly increase the quality of Increase A Mul<disciplinary Journal of The Interac<ons of People and Animals, 19, 365-‐373. Depression vocabulary AA people’s lives (Pichot and Coulter, 2007). Other non-‐structured ac8vi8es with HOFFMANN, A. O. M., LEE, A. H., WERTENAUER, F., RICKEN, R., JANSEN, J. J., GALLINAT, J. & LANG, U. E. (2009) Dog-‐assisted interven8on significantly reduces anxiety in hospitalized pa8ents with major depression. European Journal of Integra<ve Medicine, 1, poten8al benefits are taking an animal for a walk, playing, grooming, feeding, Physical 145-‐148. stroking. All of which can also have an educa8onal value. Ac8vi8es HONORI KATCHER, A. & AUBREY, H. F. (2006) The Future of Educa8on and Research on the Animal-‐Human Bond and Animal-‐Assisted Therapy: Part B: Animal-‐Assisted Therapy and the Study of Human-‐Animal Rela8onships: Discipline or Bondage? Context or Transi8onal Object? Handbook on Animal-‐Assisted Therapy (Second Edi<on). Burlington, Academic Press. Therapy AAI on the other hand are clearly defined, goal oriented ac8vi8es. They are KLONTZ, B. T., BIVENSB, A., LEINARTC, D. & KLONTZD, T. (2007) Th e Effec8veness of Equine-‐Assisted Experien8al Therapy: Results of an structured and facilitated by trained professionals. The use of animals in mental Open Clinical Trial. Society & Animals, 15, 257-‐267. health contexts or AAT was introduced at the end of the 18th century (Klotz et KOVÁCS, Z., BULUCZ, J., KIS, R. & SIMON, L. (2006) An exploratory study of the effect of animal-‐assisted therapy on nonverbal al., 2007). Since then animals have been used to assist with a diverse range of communica8on in three schizophrenic pa8ents. Anthrozoos: A Mul<disciplinary Journal of The Interac<ons of People & Animals, 19, 353-‐364. mental health issues, including ea8ng disorders, substance abuse and addic8ons Visits in nursing Increasing (Wesley et al., 2009), depression (Hoffmann et al., 2009), anen8on deficit homes and KRAMER, S. C., FRIEDMANN, E. & BERNSTEIN, P. L. (2009) Comparison of the Effect of Human Interac8on, Animal-‐Assisted Therapy, and mo8va8on AIBO-‐Assisted Therapy on Long-‐Term Care Residents with Demen8a. Anthrozoos: A Mul<disciplinary Journal of The Interac<ons of disorder, anxiety, PTSD (Leqowitz et al., 2005), au8sm, low self-‐esteem and hospitals People and Animals, 22, 43-‐57. schizophrenia (Kovács et al., 2006; Villalta-‐Gil et al., 2009). ARer the therapy LEFKOWITZ, C., PROUT, M., BLEIBERG, J., PAHARIA, I. & DEBIAK, D. (2005) Animal-‐Assisted Prolonged Exposure: A Treatment for most clients report feeling more self suppor8ve, living fully in the present and Survivors of Sexual Assault Suffering Posnrauma8c Stress Disorder. Society & Animals, 13, 275-‐295. being less focused on fears, regrets and guilt (Klontz et al., 2007). MAURER, M., DELFOUR, F., WOLFF, M. & ADRIEN, J.-‐L. (2010) Dogs, Cats and Horses: Their Different Representa8ons in the Minds of Improving motor Typical and Clinical Popula8ons of Children. Anthrozoos: A Mul<disciplinary Journal of The Interac<ons of People & Animals, 23, Walking 383-‐395. AAL has addressed issues related to learning difficul8es and increasing the skills ODENDAAL, J. S. J. (2000) Animal-‐assisted therapy -‐-‐ magic or medicine? Journal of Psychosoma<c Research, 49, 275-‐280. effec8veness of learning (Pira et al., 2010). It aims to increase vocabulary, long OLSON, M. R. (2010) Animals in Schools: Processes and Strategies in Human-‐Animal Educa8on. Anthrozoos: A Mul<disciplinary Journal and short term memory, knowledge of concepts, such as colours or shapes, and of The Interac<ons of People and Animals, 23, 304-‐306. skills related to non-‐verbal communica8on. It can also be used to address an8-‐ PALMER, S. & WHYBROW, A. (2007). Handbook of Coaching Psychology: A Guide for Prac<<oners. Routledge. social behaviour through the learning of empathy and social skills (Ellingsen et PICHOT, T. & COULTER, M. (2007) Animal-‐Assisted brief Therapy: A Solu<on-‐Focused Approach, Binghampton, NY, The Haworth Press. al., 2010). PIRA, T., STEFANINI, C., MEERS, L., NORMANDO, S., SAMUELS, W. E. & FRANK, O. (2010) A conceptual study about ànimal-‐assisted interven8ons in Antwerp (Belgium). Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applica<ons and Research, 5, 49-‐50. Recently animal assisted interven8ons have started being included in personal THOMPSON, K. L. & GULLONE, E. (2008) Prosocial and An8social Behaviors in Adolescents: An Inves8ga8on into Associa8ons with and organisa8onal contexts for enhancing interac8onal and social skills, Anachment and Empathy. Anthrozoos: A Mul<disciplinary Journal of The Interac<ons of People and Animals, 21, 123-‐137. produc8vity, goal achievements, life experience, psychological well-‐being and VILLALTA-‐GIL, V., ROCA, M., GONZALES, N., DOMENEC, E., CUCA, ESCANILLA, A., ASSENIO, M. R., ESTEBAN, M. E., OCHOA, S. & HARO, J. happiness. The methodologies and approaches are not systema8c and there is M. (2009) Dog-‐Assisted Therapy in the Treatment of Chronic Schizophrenia Inpa8ents. Anthrozoos: A Mul<disciplinary Journal of The Interac<ons of People and Animals, 22, 149-‐159. virtually no data measuring the effec8veness of the interven8ons. We define this Copyright Dr D Grajfoner CPsychol MSCP Accred - 1st International Congress of Coaching Psychology Conference – BPS Special Group in Coaching Psychology - 14th & 15th December 2010 – City University London – United Kingdomunexplored area as Animal assisted coaching. WESLEY, M. C., MINATREA, N. B. & WATSON, J. C. (2009) Animal-‐Assisted Therapy in the Treatment of Substance Dependence. Anthrozoos: A Mul<disciplinary Journal of The Interac<ons of People and Animals, 22, 137-‐148. YORKE, J., ADAMS, C. & COADY, N. (2008) Therapeu8c Value of EquineHuman Bonding in Recovery from Trauma. Anthrozoos: A Mul<disciplinary Journal of The Interac<ons of People and Animals, 21, 17-‐30.

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Animal Assisted Coaching

by Dr. Daša Dasha Grajfoner on May 02, 2011

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