appendix.doc

Appendix—Access technologies Telecommunications services involve three main technological concepts, these being: • access—the technology that connects a user to the greater network, allowing them to communicate with other users or to access other types of telecommunications services such as internet services; • transmission—the technology that links network components, such as telephone exchanges, that manage and direct telecommunications traffic; and • interconnect—the links between the networks owned by different carriers that enable the end-user customers of different carriers to communicate. This chapter provides an overview of the terrestrial access technologies used to provide telecommunications services in Australia. A summary table at the end of this chapter outlines the performance attributes, the types of services and applications that may be delivered over these access technologies. It also describes the availability of these technologies at the end of June 2005. Fixed voice access technologies Generally, there are two main types of networks used to deliver fixed telephone services. These are circuit-switched networks and packet-switched networks, such as those using internet protocol (IP) signalling. All telecommunications services in Australia use digital architecture. Circuit-switched networks In circuit-switched networks, a dedicated end-to-end circuit is created and maintained for the duration of a particular session, usually a telephone call. Circuit-switched connections are possible between almost any two points, where the infrastructure exists. Circuit-switched access services are usually provided over networks deployed primarily or specifically for that purpose and involve significant infrastructure components that can only be used for voice telephony or a limited range of other data services. The great majority of standard telephone services in Australia, including fixed and mobile services and payphones, use circuit-switched access networks. Packet networks Packet networks break up each communication into small individual packets of data and sends them through the network using the most efficient route at the time of transmission. This means that any particular communication may travel over many different routes before being reassembled. A telephony service that uses IP access technology involves an IP-based packet-switched network, which may include the public internet. Unlike circuit-switched calls, packet network calls do not require a dedicated circuit, and therefore use network resources much more efficiently. In some cases, IP-telephony offerings are stand-alone services such as PC-to-PC services. In other cases, IP-telephony services connect to the circuit-switched portion of the public switched telephone network (PSTN). IP-telephony can operate on existing telecommunications access infrastructure where service providers use existing ADSL-based broadband access services, as is the case for most services offered to the Australian residential market. IP-telephony can be supplied in a package that imitates the technology, features and performance of circuit-switched services or Australian Communications and Media Authority 54 November 2005

it can be supplied as a computer application and may require some configuration, such as the installation and connection of telephony hardware and software through a computer, by the end-user. IP-based networks can enable the supply of myriad applications, services and content, with telephony being merely one, albeit significant, example. This diversity of functionality is a key advantage that IP-based networks have over circuit-switched networks and also means it is difficult to assess IP-telephony technologies in isolation from the other services using them. Packet networks, including IP-based networks, do not use dedicated circuits and it is therefore impossible to categorically state what the data transmission rate of any particular session is going to be. Reported data rates for these services are usually theoretical maximums, which may not be achievable and vary during any particular session. Issues such as congestion and distance from the transmitter (for wireless services) all affect the actual data rate experienced. Mobile services As with fixed access networks in Australia, all mobile telecommunications access networks now use digital architecture, but there is greater diversity in the features and performance attributes of mobile access technology. Mobile technologies have developed in ‘generations’, with first-generation technologies being based on analog architecture (Australia’s only analog network was closed at the end of 1999) and second-generation (2G) technologies introducing digital architecture and basic data services (particularly SMS). Subsequent enhancements to 2G technologies, usually described as 2.5G, enabled higher data rates and the feasibility of applications such as video downloads Third-generation (3G) access technologies offer even higher data rates and support more sophisticated and content-rich services such as video telephony. While all mobile technologies support internet access, this application has only become a significant feature of these services since the deployment of 2.5G services. 2G networks Global system for mobile communications (GSM) and code division multiple access (CDMA) are digital technologies currently used to provide the majority of mobile services in Australia. In addition to voice services, GSM and CDMA technologies also support short message service (SMS), Australia’s most widely-used mobile data application service. 2.5G—enhancements to 2G Second-generation GSM was upgraded to enable general packet radio service (GPRS). GPRS provides additional mobile data services in areas of GSM coverage to consumers with enabled mobile handsets. Optus, Telstra and Vodafone have all upgraded their GSM networks to enable GPRS. GPRS offers data transmission rates between 20 and 40 kbit/s. 3G networks CDMA2000 is a third-generation (3G) mobile standard that delivers increased system capacity and higher data throughput over 2G CDMA systems. CDMA2000 describes Australian Communications and Media Authority 55 November 2005

a family of technologies including CDMA2000 1xRTT and CDMA2000 1xEV-DO. CDMA2000 1xRTT (also known as CDMA2000 1x) provides data rates of up to 144 kbit/s, but typically provides between 80 and 100 kbit/s. Wideband CDMA (W-CDMA) is a third-generation (3G) mobile technology that enables applications such as full-motion video, video-conferencing, broadband internet access and video phone calls. The technology can achieve data rates of up to 2 Mbit/s, but the W-CDMA services in Australia currently offered on the Hutchison ‘3’ network are typically configured to offer data rates up to 384 kbit/s. Satellite voice services In addition to the terrestrial mobile networks, mobile satellite services are also available in Australia. These services provide access to mobile telecommunications for consumers living outside the coverage of the terrestrial mobile and fixed broadband networks, particularly in remote areas. Data services access technologies A diverse range of access technologies deliver data services in Australia. Many of the technologies that provide voice services and messaging services also support data applications such as email, internet browsing, peer-to-peer applications and internet- based multimedia services. Some of these technologies provide unconditioned access that enable users to configure the service to support a range of applications that they may choose, including for very high bandwidth requirements. The focus of this section is on higher rate data services, offering rates above 256 kbit/ s download. The only technologies providing ubiquitous access to high data rate services throughout Australia are some of the satellite services. The vast majority of high data rate access networks and technologies are concentrated in metropolitan areas and selected regional centres—a reflection of the limited range (distance between the user’s premises and the nearest network point-of-presence) of many of these technologies. Fixed data access technologies Dial-up internet access Dial-up internet access enables users to access internet applications such as email and browsing the World Wide Web by establishing a connection through a modem that dials into the circuit switched PSTN. This technology requires a ‘call’ to be made and establishes the data link through the voice channel of the PSTN. This means users incur any relevant calling charges (in addition to charges levied for internet access) when establishing a session and users cannot use any telephones connected to the same line during an internet session. The data rate is limited (usually to a maximum of 56 kbit/s downstream) by the narrow bandwidth of the voice channel. Dial-up access can be made from a copper-pair connection to the PSTN or using a mobile telephony service. While access to these services is almost always available from any premises with a connection to the PSTN, its performance may be affected by geographic conditions or the configuration of the access network. Australian Communications and Media Authority 56 November 2005

Integrated services digital network Integrated services digital network (ISDN) technology provides a dedicated data service that can be used to provide voice telephony and basic data services such as internet and point-of-sale electronic payment services. It offers downstream data rates of up to 128 kbit/s and is not generally considered to be ‘broadband’. ISDN uses an unique architecture that is conceptually similar to circuit-switched networks, but it can function over significantly longer distances between the user’s premises and the nearest network point-of-presence compared with many terrestrial broadband technologies. Digital subscriber line technologies Various digital subscriber line (DSL) technologies are deployed in Australia, offering data rates significantly higher than dial-up internet access and a wider range of applications and services. DSL technologies operate over copper-pair access networks originally deployed for circuit-switched telephony (the PSTN) and exploit the significant bandwidth not used by those telephony services. DSL technologies vary significantly in performance attributes and configuration and there is an emerging trend towards generational evolution analogous to the evolution of mobile access technologies, with the prime example being the evolution of asymmetric DSL (ADSL) into longer range and faster versions, described as ADSL2 and ADSL2+. ADSL is asymmetrical due to the different rates for uploading and downloading data, with the upload rate usually being a fraction of the download rate. It is theoretically capable of download rates up to 8 Mbit/s and upload rates of up to 1 Mbit/s, but there are virtually no services offering download rates of more than 1.5 Mbit/s, due to the limitations of the PSTN. ADSL is historically only available up to about four kilometres from an ADSL-enabled exchange. However, there have been successful trials where ADSL has been provided over longer distances (between 15 and 20 kilometres) from an exchange using network extension devices. ADSL2 permits downstream rates of up to 12 Mbit/s using the PSTN copper pair access network. It may also extend the reach of ADSL services by about 250 metres and adds voice channel capabilities, as well as an additional 256 kbit/s upstream capability. The newer ADSL2+ standard doubles the peak frequency of downstream data from 1.1 MHz to 2.2 MHz, making it capable of data transmission rates of up to 25 Mbit/s over phone lines up to two kilometres in length. With some newer ADSL modems being configured to support these standards, some ADSL services may be upgraded with no more than a software update and change to the user’s agreement with their ISP. High DSL (HDSL) and symmetric high DSL (SHDSL) technologies can be provided over the same infrastructure as ADSL, but they differ in terms of the number of copper pairs required, the symmetry of upload and download data rates, and the distances over which particular data-transfer rates can be achieved. Australian Communications and Media Authority 57 November 2005

Very high data rate DSL (VDSL) offers much higher data rates over relatively short distances, between 51 and 55 Mbit/s over copper lines of up to 300 metres in length. Unlike other forms of DSL, it is typically deployed over hybrid networks such as fibre-to-the-kerb or fibre-to-the-neighbourhood (discussed under ‘Optical fibre technologies’ below) that extend optical fibre cables into the access network, with the final connection being via copper cable. Hybrid fibre coaxial cable technologies Hybrid fibre coaxial cable (HFC) technologies involve the use of optical fibre and coaxial cable to carry data at high rates. The optical fibre connection forms the ‘backbone’, with coaxial cable running from fibre nodes to the customer’s premises. These networks usually support multiple service channels in the form of voice telephony, internet access and subscription television services. Optical fibre technologies Optical fibre cable services are regarded as the most reliable and highest data rate infrastructure available for supplying telecommunications services. While other current and emerging services may be able to deliver the same applications and content, most of these alternatives are limited in geographic range from the required base stations and the maximum available data rate. The relative disadvantage of optical fibre as a delivery system for services is its cost, because it requires trenching and physical installation of a buried or overhead cable. It is also much more expensive to terminate. Fibre-to-the-premises (FTTP) or fibre-to-the-home (FTTH) technology involves installation of optical fibre cable services in the access network, from the exchange all the way to the subscriber’s dwelling. Fibre-to-the–kerb (FTTK, also known as FTTC) technology involves the deployment of optical fibre cable infrastructure from network nodes to a point close to the subscriber’s premises, then the use of copper cable (usually existing) to connect the dwelling. Unlike FTTP, the optical fibre cable component of the network is usually shared between services. The maximum data rate achievable over an FTTK service is significantly lower than FTTH, which is typically 25 Gbit/s, compared with more than 1 Gbit/s for FTTK. Fibre-to-the-neighbourhood (FTTN) involves deployment of optical fibre cable services from the exchange to a service pedestal or underground utility box and coaxial or copper pair cable from that point to subscriber dwellings. Some DSL services may be provided via FTTN, where the access network includes optical fibre cable infrastructure for some links to and from the exchange. Broadband over power line communications Broadband over power line (BPL) communications is an emerging technology that uses electricity networks for the transmission of data, voice and video. Subscribers only need to install a modem that plugs into an ordinary electricity outlet and pay a subscription fee similar to other internet access services. BPL may also be used for in- building networks, such as business local area networks (LANs) and home networks. It has been deployed in four pilot projects in Australia and is currently subject to an ACMA review. Australian Communications and Media Authority 58 November 2005

Wireless access technologies The deployment of wireless access technology has been the most significant trend in Australia over the last few years. Mobile wireless access technologies can generally support access to a limited range of data services and applications. While 2G mobile services were designed with the primary (if not sole) intention of providing voice services and their suitability for other applications is extremely limited, other wireless access technologies were designed primarily for data services. Wireless access technologies are grouped according to whether they enable fixed access (access from a single location) or nomadic access (access from either multiple static locations or access while mobile). Nomadic services are described as being either ‘portable’, meaning they can be moved between access points but usually not able to be used while moving, and ‘mobile’, meaning they can be used while moving. Fixed wireless technologies Local multipoint distribution system (LMDS) is a technology for broadband microwave wireless transmission direct from a local antenna to customers within a line-of-sight radius. LMDS is an alternative to installing optical fibre all the way to the user or to adapting subscription television for broadband internet service. Some services offer both downstream and upstream service (symmetrical service); others offer downstream only (asymmetrical service), with upstream being obtained using wire connections. LMDS is unable to provide nomadic access due to the size of the customer equipment, specifically the transceiver. Multi-channel multipoint distribution service (MMDS) is a broadcasting and communications service that operates in the ultra-high-frequency (UHF) portion of the radio spectrum between 2.1 and 2.7 GHz. MMDS is also known as wireless cable. It was conceived as a substitute for conventional cable television. However, it also has applications in telephone/fax and data communications. Both MMDS and LMDS are frequently described as microwave services. Wireless mesh networks feature a distributed network of wireless base stations that may also act as transit links for managing network data traffic. While the IEEE 802.11 standards technologies can also provide nomadic access (discussed below), the transceivers usually need to be fixed when they form part of a mesh network to maintain the integrity of the network. Nomadic wireless access—proprietary technologies Two access networks offer high data rate access using proprietary portable or mobile technologies in Australia. iBurst uses smart adaptive antenna technology to provide mobile access and high data rates in the 1.9 GHz licensed band. Navini uses a beam- forming, diversity path loading technology providing a nomadic broadband system in the 3.4 GHz licensed spectrum band CDMA2000 1xEV-DO is an evolution of CDMA2000 1XRTT that provides users with average data rates of 300–600 kbit/s and the ability to ‘burst’ in excess of 1 Mbit/ s up to a maximum burst data rate of 2.4 Mbit/s. Australian Communications and Media Authority 59 November 2005

Nomadic wireless access—open standards technologies Some access technologies are based on standards developed through cooperative projects managed by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802 standards working groups. The IEEE 802.11 standards (often described as wireless LAN or Wi-Fi) provide high data rate wireless access over short distances that enable the deployment of hotspot networks (where base stations are located in numerous amenities such as cafes, libraries or universities) or mesh networks. 802.11b, or Wi-Fi, is a standard for wireless LANs operating in the 2.4 GHz spectrum with a data rate of up to 11 Mbit/s, while 802.11a is a standard for WLANs operating in the 5 GHz frequency range with a maximum data rate of 54 Mbit/s. The 802.11g standard is for WLANs operating in the 2.4 GHz frequency, but with a maximum data rate of 54 Mbit/s. The relatively low cost of 802.11 base station and mesh network infrastructure coupled with the use of class-licensed spectrum enables the deployment of networks covering significant portions of metropolitan and some regional areas and it allows the service to become portable despite its short ranges. The 802.16 standard (also known as WiMAX) specifies fixed point-to-multipoint broadband wireless systems operating in the 10–66 GHz licensed spectrum. An amendment, 802.16a, specifies non line-of-sight extensions in the 2–11 GHz spectrum, delivering data rates of up to 70 Mbit/s at distances up to 50 kilometres. These standards offer fixed wireless access with the possibility of portability. The IEEE 80.16 Working Group is developing the 802.16e that may offer similar performance attributes combined with mobility. Australian Communications and Media Authority 60 November 2005

Table A.1: Access technology performance attributes and availability Access Rate (downstream/ Distance range Applications and services supported Geographic availability technology upstream) and mobility ADSL 256/64 kbit/s to 1.5/1 Within approx. 4 • Circuit-switched telephony can be More than 1,750 Telstra ESAs in all Mbit/s. Up to 8 Mbit/s km of an exchange provided over the same access line states of Australia, serving all major over short distances. that is ADSL- • Internet browsing, email and peer-to- urban centres and most localities with Fixed access enabled (up to 20 peer applications a population over 1,000 km with ADSL • Audio and low-definition video extender) All ADSL access via the Telstra streaming and communications, video copper local loop; with exchange conferencing infrastructure provided by • VoIP approximately 15 other carriers • Business applications, e-commerce including public key infrastructure ADSL extender only available to some (PKI) encryption services in the Telstra Torquay ESA in Qld at 18 August 2005 VDSL (very high Downstream: up to 52 Depending on the • Circuit-switched voice telephony and TransACT network covering data rate digital Mbit/s at 300 m, up to network pay TV services over the same line, approximately 50% of the Canberra subscriber line) 13 Mbit/s at 1.5 km. configuration, up to subject to the configuration of the metropolitan area 1.5 km from an network Upstream: 1.5–6.4 exchange • Internet browsing, email and peer-to- Mbit/s peer applications Fixed access • Audio and high-definition video streaming and communications, and VoIP • Video-on-demand and high-definition IP television • E-commerce including PKI encryption • Telemedicine including remote surgery Australian Communications and Media Authority 61 November 2005

Access Rate (downstream/ Distance range Applications and services supported Geographic availability technology upstream) and mobility HDSL (high bit 1.5 to 2 Mbit/s symmetric Within approx. 4 • Cannot operate voice telephony over Telstra, Optus, Powertel providing rate digital Fixed access km of ADSL- same access line access in over 90 Telstra ESAs in subscriber line) enabled exchange • Internet browsing, email and peer-to- major metropolitan areas and SHDSL peer services (single pair high • Audio and low-definition video speed digital streaming and communications subscriber line) (including video conferencing) • VoIP • Business applications, e-commerce including PKI encryption ADSL2+ 24 Mbit/s up to 600 m; 4 • Can operate voice telephony over the Available in Adelaide and Perth from Mbit/s at 3.7 km same access line carriers such as Amnet (Amcom), Fixed access • Internet browsing, email and peer-to- Agile, Adam Internet and iiNet peer services Trialled by Telstra, with wider deployment announced to occur • Audio and standard-definition video during 2005 streaming and communications and HD-IPTV • VoIP • Business applications, e-commerce including PKI encryption • Telemedicine including remote surgery Australian Communications and Media Authority 62 November 2005

Access Rate (downstream/ Distance range Applications and services supported Geographic availability technology upstream) and mobility ADSL2 12 Mbit/s up to 1.8 km; 4 250 metres beyond • Can operate voice telephony over the Available in Adelaide and Perth from Mbit/s at 3.7 km the range of ADSL same access line carriers such as Amnet (Amcom), Fixed access • Internet browsing, email and peer-to- Agile, Adam Internet and iiNet. peer services • Audio and standard-definition video streaming and communications and standard definition IPTV (SD-IPTV) • VoIP • business applications, e-commerce including public key infrastructure (PKI) encryption • telemedicine HFC cable Up to 3.5 Mbit/s Range is limited by • Can operate POTS, broadband and pay Telstra and Optus networks deployed Fixed access network TV over the same line, subject to the in most of metropolitan Melbourne, deployment and configuration of the network. Sydney, Brisbane and Gold Coast configuration • Internet browsing, email and peer-to- peer applications Neighborhood Cable network in Geelong, Mildura and Ballarat • Audio and high-definition video streaming and communications • VoD and HD-IPTV • VoIP • Business applications, e-commerce including PKI encryption • Telemedicine Australian Communications and Media Authority 63 November 2005

Access Rate (downstream/ Distance range Applications and services supported Geographic availability technology upstream) and mobility Broadband Fixed access • Can operate voice telephony and pay Field trials conducted in Hobart, powerline TV over the same line, subject to the Tasmania in late 2004 and Moruya, communications configuration of the network Queanbeyan and Newcastle in New • Internet browsing, email and peer-to- South Wales in early 2005, with peer applications commercial trials commenced in • Audio and high-definition video September 2005 streaming and communications • VoD and high-definition IP television (HD-IPTV) • VoIP • Business applications, e-commerce including public key infrastructure (PKI) encryption • Telemedicine Satellite downlink, Up to 512/128 kbit/s Limited by the • Can operate a circuit switch voice 100% of Australian population for ISDN uplink (one- Fixed access range of ISDN telephony service over the same access satellite component, 97% for ISDN way satellite) services; up to 10 line component km from an ISDN • Internet browsing, email and peer-to- enabled exchange peer applications • Audio and low-definition video streaming and communications (including video conferencing) • VoIP • Business applications, e-commerce including PKI encryption Australian Communications and Media Authority 64 November 2005

Access Rate (downstream/ Distance range Applications and services supported Geographic availability technology upstream) and mobility Satellite downlink, Up to 512/512 kbit/s Total coverage of • Can operate a circuit switch voice 100% of Australian population satellite uplink Fixed access Australia. telephony service over the same access (two-way satellite) line • Internet browsing, email and peer-to- peer applications • Audio and low-definition video streaming and communications (including video conferencing) • VoIP • Business applications, e-commerce including PKI encryption WiFi Up to 11 Mbit/s Usually within 500 • Internet browsing, email and peer-to- • Hotspot access available nationally IEEE 802.11a/b/g (802.11b) m of a wireless peer services in more than 1,000 hotspots in Portable, packet- Up to 54 Mbit/s (802.11g access point • Audio and standard-definition video hotels, cafes, shops and airport switched, local and 802.11a) streaming and communications and lounges in capital cities and access Fixed access when part IPTV regional centres in all mainland of a local, usually • VoIP states and territories and mesh, access network; • Business applications, e-commerce Tasmania portable across a including PKI encryption • Local access provided by hotspot network • Telemedicine community-based co-operatives Portable with a using mesh network configurations in all capital cities and more than subscription to a 50 localities in all states hotspot service. • Local access provided by ISPs in all capital cities and a small number of localities Australian Communications and Media Authority 65 November 2005

Access Rate (downstream/ Distance range Applications and services supported Geographic availability technology upstream) and mobility iBurst Up to 1,024/345 kbit/s In some capital • Portable or mobile internet access Brisbane, Canberra, Gold Coast, Portable, packet- Mobile cities, within 10 km Melbourne, Sydney switched, of CBD metropolitan area network 3G WCDMA Up to 384 kbit/s Subject to the • Voice telephony Adelaide, Brisbane, Canberra, Gold Mobile cellular, Mobile. location of base • SMS and MMS Coast, Melbourne, Perth and Sydney circuit and packet- stations and the • Video MMS, video streaming switched configuration of • Broadband internet access and email cells; up to a • Video calls maximum of • Video streaming and video approximately conferencing 35km using a wide- area configuration. GSM 9.6 kbit/s Subject to the • Voice telephony All urban localities. Also many Mobile cellular, Mobile location of base • SMS regional areas throughout Australia, circuit-switched stations and the • Limited email access particularly on the mainland east configuration of coast cells; up to a maximum of approximately 35km using a wide- area configuration Australian Communications and Media Authority 66 November 2005

Access Rate (downstream/ Distance range Applications and services supported Geographic availability technology upstream) and mobility GSM GPRS Typical speeds of 20– Subject to the • Voice telephony All urban localities. Also many Mobile cellular 40 kbps, up to 172.2 location of base • SMS and MMS regional areas throughout Australia, packet-switched kbit/s stations and the • Video MMS, video streaming particularly on the mainland east Mobile configuration of • Internet access and email coast cells; up to a maximum of approximately 35km using a wide- area configuration CDMA Up to 144 kbit/s Subject to the • Voice telephony Adelaide, Brisbane, Canberra, Gold CDMA2000 Mobile location of base • SMS and MMS Coast, Melbourne, Perth and Sydney, 1xRTT mobile stations and the • Video MMS, video streaming and selected regional centres cellular packet- configuration of • Internet access and email switched cells; up to a maximum of approximately 35km using a wide- area configuration CDMA Typically 300–600 kbit/s Subject to the • Voice telephony Adelaide, Brisbane, Canberra, Gold CDMA2000 up to a maximum of 2.4 location of base • SMS and MMS Coast, Melbourne, Perth and Sydney, 1xEVDO mobile Mbit/s stations and the • Video MMS, video streaming and selected regional centres cellular packet- Mobile configuration of • Internet access and email switched cells; up to a maximum of approximately 35km using a wide- area configuration Australian Communications and Media Authority 67 November 2005

Access Rate (downstream/ Distance range Applications and services supported Geographic availability technology upstream) and mobility I3.4-3.5 GHz band 64/32 kbit/s Limited to 10 km • Internet access Sydney metropolitan area fixed wireless 128/64 kbit/s from transmitters in • VoIP metropolitan area 1,024/256 kbit/s capital cities • Web hosting network Portable LMDS in the 2.8 2.048 Mbit/s (E1) or Up to 8 km line-of- • Voice telephony Parts of Adelaide, Brisbane, GHz band fixed NX64 kbit/s, STM1 ATM sight between • Wireless pay TV Canberra, Perth, Hobart, Melbourne wireless link points and Sydney and three rural cities in • Two-way interactive video metropolitan area Fixed access Victoria network communications • High data rate including internet • Telemedicine • Teleconferencing MMDS fixed Up to 155 Mbit/s (STN1 Up to 60 km Used for television broadcasting and All major urban and regional wireless wide configuration). between points increasingly for two-way, high data rate localities in NSW, Victoria and area network internet access Queensland Adelaide and Perth Australian Communications and Media Authority 68 November 2005

Australian Communications and Media Authority 69 November 2005

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