Sauna Academy: international megatrends in mobility Migration, integration and cohesion in the 21st centuryMichael Keith, 26-27 August 2009 Tuusula, Helsinki, Finland

Migration, integration and cohesion in the 21st century: Global movements of people, national regimes of sovereignty, local impacts of social changeThe world on the move: the scale of migration in the 21st century; global, European, Finland and UKThinking about migration and the dynamics of social change: the case for and against migrationSocial policy and migration: assimilation, multiculturalism, integration, cohesionDwelling and the creativity of modern (migrant) lifeThe Commission on Integration and Cohesion and its legaciesThe roots of incommensurability and the pragmatics of the convivial: translating the details of receiving societiesConclusion

1. The world on the move?

Contemporary migration and 20th century legacies: global flows and national sovereignties – the politics of scale Global dynamics – mobility, cultures, family reunification, universal notions of human rightsNational sovereignties – labour markets, skilled and unskilled labour demand, economic growthLocalised impacts – the metropolis, the neighbourhood, new destinations of migration

Contemporary migration: 20th century legacies and 21st century drivers: global flows and national sovereignties – the politics of scale Nations of migration – North AmericaColonial legacies – North EuropeThe urban age – ChinaLabour markets – the gulf, EC accession countries the A8Universal constructions of human rights, the objective case for asylum and national regimes of migration – Denmark, Sweden, Finland?

2. Thinking about migration and the dynamics of social change: the case for and against migrationGlobalisation’s shadowThe case for migration and the case againstNational economic benefits, local impacts, neighbourhood changeChanging demography: ageing Europe

14Contrasting advocates

15Four falsehoods on UK immigrationBY MARTIN WOLFPUBLISHED: APRIL 3 2008 18:45 | LAST UPDATED: APRIL 3 2008 18:45WHAT WILL HISTORY JUDGE THE MOST IMPORTANT POLICY DECISION TAKEN BY THE LABOUR GOVERNMENT? IT WILL NOT, IN MY VIEW, BE THE WARS IN AFGHANISTAN AND IRAQ, INDEPENDENCE OF THE BANK OF ENGLAND OR REFUSING TO JOIN THE EURO. POLICY ON IMMIGRATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN ANY OF THESE, BECAUSE IT IS TRANSFORMING THE SIZE AND COMPOSITION OF THE POPULATION. YET, ASTONISHINGLY, THE GOVERNMENT HAS NEVER MADE A SERIOUS ATTEMPT TO JUSTIFY MASS IMMIGRATION. WORSE, THE ARGUMENTS IT HAS USED ARE SPECIOUS.

16This may be why the public are very concerned about “Race relations / immigration / immigrants” - in 2006- and 2007 it was in MORI polls “the top issue currently facing Britain”MORI poll May 2006 – “race relations/immigration/immigrants” was the most commonly named main issue facing Britain today, named by 19% of people. As the graph below shows concern has been rising since 1997 – and this was the first time it had overtaken crimeMORI, 2006

MORI poll May 2006 – “race relations/immigration/immigrants” was the most commonly named main issue facing Britain today, named by 19% of people. As the graph below shows concern has been rising since 1997 – and this was the first time it had overtaken crime

3. Social policy and migration: assimilation, multiculturalism, integration and cohesion:Receiving countries and migrationThe civic nationalism of the USAThe multicultural pluralism of CanadaThe urban rural divide and thehukou in China French republicanismThe German gasterbeiter and its demiseBritish accomodation from colonial legacy to cohesion and integration

3. Social policy and migration: assimilation, multiculturalism, integration and cohesionAssimilation’s implicit teleologyMulticulturalism’s implicit geographyCohesion and integration’s popularity Against multiculturalism? “The usefulness of the concept of multiculturalism is now beginning to be questioned, however, in part because of the way in which it encompasses such a wide spectru of difference and fails to reconcile them within a societal framework” (Ted Cantle, 2008)

Zygmunt Bauman“The new migration casts a question mark upon the bond between identity and citizenship, individual and place, neighbourhood and belonging”Culture in a globalised city (July 2008)

4. Dwelling and the creativity of of modern (migrant) life: so what is new?The modern and the tradition of the bildungsromanThe new and Zygmunt Bauman“The new migration casts a question mark upon the bond between identity and citizenship, individual and place, neighbourhood and belonging”Culture in a globalised city (July 2008)Migrant life: living, dwelling, settlingBetween belonging, citizenship, concentrations and community building

Accomodating migration: ghetto routes

Migrant settlement: Fietas, Soweto, downtown Joburg

International skilled labour and London’s machine for living

Chengzhongcun 'villages in the city‘ migrant ‘handshake apartments’

civillagety

The point here is to highlight the creativities of the attempts to make a home; the embossed realities of systemic injustices in the bricks and mortar of the process of settlement and the manner in which the political is realised in ways major and minor through the coming into being of new forms and accommodations of migrant (bare) life.

5. The UK Commission on Integration and Cohesion and its legaciesPeriodising migration to the UKFrom empire to Fordism – dissenting Britain to the mother countryThe Windrush generationFrom the 90s growth to selective migration

From Cantle to 7/7

The Commission on Integration and Cohesion’s uncertain genealogyTony Blair and the bombsCharles Clarke (HO) and the place of faithJohn Reid (HO) and terrorRuth Kelly (DCLG) and BritishnessHazel Blears (DCLG) and community power

56The CommissionRuth Kelly launched the Commission on Integration and Cohesion on 24th August 2006, alongside the appointment of the Chair, Darra Singh and 13 further Commissioners.The Commission was a fixed term independent body that reported back to the Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government in June 2007.DCLG made an initial response to the Commission’s report in Autumn 2007 and a final policy response in February 2008The Commission agreed to meet again on a single occasion to review progress 12 months after its final reportA formal letter was sent by the Secretary of State in response to the report in October 2007 with policy initiatives developed in response announced in early 2008The Commission covered England only, but also considered issues which affect Scotland and Wales, and good practice from other countries. The Commission undertook its work within the context of existing Government policy.

57The terms of referenceThe Commission was tasked with:Examining the issues that raise tensions between different groups in different areas, and that lead to segregation and conflict; Suggesting how local community and political leadership can push further against perceived barriers to cohesion and integration; Looking at how local communities themselves can be empowered to tackle extremist ideologies; Developing approaches that build local areas’ own capacity to prevent problems, and ensure they have the structures in place to recover from periods of tension

58The nature of diversity is changing

59Migration to the UK has been increasingTotal International Migration (TIM) to/from the UK 1991-2004source ONS website

60Some evidence diversity does not correlate with lack of conviviality

61“Parallel lives” and the UK “sleepwalking into segregation”? Ted Cantle “Whilst the physical segregation of housing estates and inner city areas came as no surprise, the team was particularly struck by the depth of polarisation of our towns and cities. The extent to which these physical divisions were compounded by so many other aspects of our daily lives, was very evident. Separate educational arrangements, community and voluntary bodies, employment, places of worship, language, social and cultural networks, means that many communities operate on the basis of a series of parallel lives. These lives often do not seem to touch at any point, let alone overlap and promote any meaningful interchanges. There is little wonder that the ignorance about each others’ communities can easily grow into fear; especially where this is exploited by extremist groups determined to undermine community harmony and foster divisions.” Source: Building Cohesive Communities (Home Office 2001)Trevor Phillips: “We are a society which, almost without noticing it, is becoming more divided by race and religion. …If we allow this to continue, we could end up …. living in a New Orleans-style Britain of passively co-existing ethnic and religious communities, eyeing each other uneasily over the fences of our differences…. we are sleepwalking our way to segregation. We are becoming strangers to each other, and we are leaving communities to be marooned outside the mainstream.”Source speech of 22/09/05 from CRE website

62The final report new definitionAn integrated and cohesive community is one where:There is a clearly defined and widely shared sense of the contribution of different individuals and different communities to a future vision for a neighbourhood, city, region or country There is a strong sense of an individual’s rights and responsibilities when living in a particular place – people know what everyone expects of them, and what they can expect in turn. Those from different backgrounds have similar life opportunities, access to services and treatment.There is a strong sense of trust in institutions locally to act fairly in arbitrating between different interests and for their role and justifications to be subject to public scrutinyThere is a strong recognition of the contribution of both those who have newly arrived and those who already have deep attachments to a particular place, with a focus on what they have in common.There are strong and positive relationships between people from different backgrounds in the workplace, in schools and other institutions within neighbourhoods.

63Two chimeraSegregation - and the Phillips debatesMulticulturalism debates – ‘the beginning’, the ‘end’ and the middle of multiculturalism

64Structure of final report builds on themes and definition1. INTRODUCTION2. ANALYSIS3. A NEW DEFINITION OF INTEGRATION AND COHESION4. DEVELOPING SHARED FUTURES5. STRENGTHENING RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES6. BUILDING MUTUAL RESPECT AND CIVILITY7. MAKING SOCIAL JUSTICE VISIBLE8. ACTING IN THE FOUR KEY SPHERES

65February 2008 responseClarityNew definitionHuman rights debatesNational policyResourcePSA with cohesion (PSA 21 – cross government PSA)Local deliveryPrinciple – away from one sizeCohesion impactNationality and citizenshipEducation (Ajegbo)

66Fundamental principlesShared futures; a sense of becoming over being; shared identifies looking forward that recognise diverse histories and identities looking backwardsA notion of citizenship that is fit for purpose for the 21st century and that accomodates different geographical scales of local, regional, national and transnational rights and responsibilitiesAn ethics of hospitality that recognises the value of the stranger and the newcomer within a framework of mutuality and civilityA sense of visible social justice that appeals not only to equality of opportunity and outcome but also to transparency of the decision making process

67Emerging themesThe ‘place shaping’ agenda and regenerationIT IS NOT JUST ABOUT EXTEREMISM AND / OR MIGRATIONThe emergence of ‘fairness’ and forward thinkingFuture thinkingPresent rationingDefining fairnessPlace shaping and the new agenda: Homes Agency, CRE report, Housing Corporation workThe social engineers of place makingHousing and homes; who gets access to the new homesVoice and choice in the new NHSIn whose image is the city (re)made; London’s regeneration agenda

68Rhetorics of partnership and new landscapes of neighbourhood governanceThe pace, demographics and the economics of local changeBetween market and state, new structures of governanceThe incommensurabilities of rational co-ordination of the public sector and particpatory democracy?Understanding ‘place shaping’ and mapping powerUnderstanding the role of new social engineersHousing associations / RSL’sThe new ‘homes agency’LABV’sPCT’s, neighbourhood police, The regional at the level of the local

Housing associations / RSL’s

The new ‘homes agency’

LABV’s

PCT’s, neighbourhood police,

The regional at the level of the local

69CRE, regeneration inquiry and the new homes agencyNo detailed impact assessment has yet been conducted of the plans for this new agency, although a very brief appendix to the current consultation document on the proposal contains what is described as a race equality assessment (CLG, 2007b); it is four paragraphs long and its claim that the new organisation will ‘have a positive impact on Black and Minority Ethnic (BME) groups’ is based on very little evidence. A manager for CLG assured us that a full race equality impact assessment would be carried out, but, as the CRE’s guidance (CRE, 2005b) urges: ‘as soon as you know you have to develop a particular policy or legislative proposal, one of your first questions should be: “what will the policy (or legislation) actually mean for people,depending on their racial group”?’ Had a race equality impact assessment been carried out when the proposals were first put forward, it could have informed the questions in the consultation document and provided valuable evidence for creating the new organisation. The danger of delaying the race equality impact assessment is that ideas become more firmly set and the assessment becomes an exercise in justifying the benefits of an approach that has already been decided upon, rather than examining its potential impact. However, community cohesion has been absent from the approaches of many authorities and agencies working on sustainable development. In a report published in 2007 (Institute of Community Cohesion, 2007), ASC stated: There is little to indicate that [English Partnerships] has yet engaged with building cohesive communities. It could be making a significant contribution in this area through such programmes as Housing Market Renewal and Millennium Communities Commission for Racial Equality, 2007

70New Housing Corporation Guidelines, October 2007Community Cohesion and Housing: A good practice guideShared Places: Community Cohesion StrategyWorking in partnershipInvesting in cohesionShaping neighbourhoods Empowering local peopleEnabling integrataionMyth busting“Method statements will, over time, provide evidence of how investment partners work with community partners, local or regeneration agencies.”

6. The roots of incommensurability and the pragmatics of the convivial: translating the details of receiving societiesTranslating Sonali Gardens

The analytical incommensurabilities of the languages of rights and languages of belongingRights and the good lifeA communitarian sense of belongingThe rationing of finite resourcesMade more complex by plural temporalities and spatialities

Cartographies of the modernIdentity, belonging and scaleNotions of identification and the localThe local and the elsewhereColonial histories and postcolonial presents

Sonali Gardens thematics: A complex assemblage of rights and belongingsThe transnational and challenges to unitary citizenshipEthnicity v faith; secularism and Islam The politics of recognition, identity and the finite logics of the identitarianEligibility criteria; welfare reform, social services, Weber’s paradoxLand and property rights: the land deal, public ownership, private ownership : property as a bundle of rightsVoice and choice – social policy reform and modernisation languageCommunity power – networks and Sonali gardens as a vote bank. Balagonj, Bianibazar (Kalaziri)The state, governance and hybrid institutional formsEstate transfer and public debt

7. Conclusion‘Acting globally, thinking locally’: the importance of geographical scale and tensions betweemIn the register of policy; from chaotic conceptualisation to pragmatic intervention. And the discursive nature of ‘conviviality’ – living through incommensurabilityIn the scholarly register and the dynamics of change: temporalities, cartographies and creativities of the multicultural present