Congestion charging in Stockholm Muriel Beser Hugosson, PhD Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm

Background Regional or local government not authorised to introduce a congestion fee National decision Regulated by law Executive responsibility - the National Road Administration Time limited full-scale trial Referendum – voted yes Permanent system since Aug 2007

Regional or local government not authorised to introduce a congestion fee

National decision

Regulated by law

Executive responsibility - the National Road Administration

Time limited full-scale trial

Referendum – voted yes

Permanent system since Aug 2007

Objectives Reduce traffic volumes by 10-15% on the most congested roads Increase the average speed Reduce emissions of pollutants harmful to human health and of carbon dioxide Improve the urban environment as perceived by Stockholm residents

Reduce traffic volumes by 10-15% on the most congested roads

Increase the average speed

Reduce emissions of pollutants harmful to human health and of carbon dioxide

Improve the urban environment as perceived by Stockholm residents

County 6500 km 2 County 1.9 millions inhab. County 754 000 cars and 403 cars/1000 inhab City of Stockholm 770 000 inhab. City of Stockholm 279 000 cars and 364 cars/1000 inhab Charging zone 47 km 2 Charging zone 280 000 inhab. 18 control points Charged when entering/ exiting the centre of Stockholm E4/E20 bypass free of charge

No barriers, no stops, no roadside payments Amount due for payment is shown at the control point Automatic identification. License plates are photographed A limited part of the car is shown on photograph Laser Camera Antenna

Amount due for payment is shown at the control point

Automatic identification. License plates are photographed

A limited part of the car is shown on photograph

Charging Point – Process Sequences Vehicle Enters first detection line Laser Line 1 Vehicle Entry message sent with vehicle position

Vehicle Enters first detection line

Laser Line 1 Vehicle Entry message sent with vehicle position

Charging Point – Process Sequences Vehicle Enters Second detection line Laser Line 2 Vehicle Entry message sent with vehicle position Position based Front image capture triggered

Vehicle Enters Second detection line

Laser Line 2 Vehicle Entry message sent with vehicle position

Position based Front image capture triggered

Charging Point – Process Sequences Vehicle Leaves First detection line Laser Line 1 Vehicle Exit message sent

Vehicle Leaves First detection line

Laser Line 1 Vehicle Exit message sent

Charging Point – Process Sequences Vehicle Leaves Second detection line Laser Line 2 Vehicle Exit message sent with vehicle classification data Position based Rear image capture triggered

Vehicle Leaves Second detection line

Laser Line 2 Vehicle Exit message sent with vehicle classification data

Position based Rear image capture triggered

Congestion charges and times PEAK PERIODS 7.30-8.30 a.m., 4-5.30 p.m SEK 20 EUR 2 SEMI PEAK PERIODS 7.-7.30 a.m., 8.30-9 a.m. 3.30-4 p.m., 5.30-6 p.m. SEK 15 EUR 1.5 MEDIUM-VOLUME PERIODS 6.30-7 a.m., 9 a.m.-3.30 p.m. 6-6.30 p.m. SEK 10 EUR 1 MAXIMUM CHARGE: SEK 60/day EUR 6 Evenings, Saturdays, Sundays, holidays: NO CHARGE

Package 3 parts Public transport Congestion charges Park and ride facilities

Improved Public Transport and park and ride facilities 14 new express bus lines 18 bus lines with extended service 200 new busses Improvements of rail-bound lines 2500 new park- and-ride places

14 new express bus lines

18 bus lines with extended service

200 new busses

Improvements of rail-bound lines

2500 new park- and-ride places

Visible effects Last day without charges (low traffic - right after New Year’s Eve) First day with charges First normal working day with charges

Passages in/out of congestion charging zone 06:00 – 19:00 -22 % passages in/out of congestion charging zone End of trial before after

1. All car drivers did not return 2. Reduction at same level as during the trial dashed line – 2006-2007 ”between” charging

Passages in/out of the congestion charging zone Time Vehicles/h before after

30-50% less time in queue before after

Public transport after compared with before Extended public transport itself did not increase amount of passengers Increase of passengers 6 % (4.5 % due to congestion charging) Accessibility increased Small increase of congestion in underground

Extended public transport itself did not increase amount of passengers

Increase of passengers 6 % (4.5 % due to congestion charging)

Accessibility increased

Small increase of congestion in underground

Environment and health effects CO2 - 14 percent NOx - 7 percent PM 10 - 9 percent Emissons were reduced in the ”right” area Inner City 7-14 % reduction County 2-3 % reduction

CO2 - 14 percent

NOx - 7 percent

PM 10 - 9 percent

Emissons were reduced in the ”right” area

Retail Minor effects on the retail trade Department stores, malls and shopping centres trade increased 7 % in city (+ 7 % in nation) Small-scale shops sales -6 % (trend)

Minor effects on the retail trade

Department stores, malls and shopping centres trade increased

7 % in city (+ 7 % in nation)

Small-scale shops sales -6 % (trend)

Changed reporting in the media

Was it a good idea to carry out the congestion charge trial? Good idea Bad idea

Exempted passages … Share of exempted vehicles trial after catogory

2009 From environmental fee to revenues for infrastucture investments Month Tax decisions Amount, MEuro Januari 409 500 5,46 Februari 423 800 5,97 Mars 441 100 6,72 April 437 500 5,74 Maj 449 200 5,71 Juni 479 500 6,17

Why a success story? Technical system worked Information – people knew what to do Visible congestion reductions Comprehensive evaluation programme Clear objectives – achieved The design was consistent with expressed purpose

Technical system worked

Information – people knew what to do

Visible congestion reductions

Comprehensive evaluation programme

Clear objectives – achieved

The design was consistent with expressed purpose

Conclusions Better public transport cannot reduce road congestion on its own Change of opinion when people get real experience Positive evironmental effects in decided areas Sold clean vehicles increased rapidly

Better public transport cannot reduce road congestion on its own

Change of opinion when people get real experience

Positive evironmental effects in decided areas

Sold clean vehicles increased rapidly

Muriel Beser Hugosson [email_address] www.stockholmsforsoket.se www.stockholm.se/trängselskatt Thank you!

Evaluation tasks Car Traffic Public transport Stockholm county travel survey Business and economic impacts Retail sales, contractors, taxi, transport services etc Environment and Health effects Other studied effects Traffic safety, attitude surveys, events affecting the evaluation programme Cost benefit analysis Effects on regional economy

Car Traffic

Public transport

Stockholm county travel survey

Business and economic impacts

Retail sales, contractors, taxi, transport services etc

Environment and Health effects

Other studied effects

Traffic safety, attitude surveys, events affecting the evaluation programme

Cost benefit analysis

Effects on regional economy

Which car trips have ”disappeared”? Work/school -22% business -30% shopping/services -27% leisure -23% other -33%

Where did the they go? Work/School: To public transport Change of route Leisure, shopping/services, business and other: Not public transport Instead: Change of destination Change of route Less trips

Work/School:

To public transport

Change of route

Leisure, shopping/services, business and other:

Not public transport

Instead:

Change of destination

Change of route

Less trips

Avgifterna urholkas… Inflationen Skatten avdragsgill För företag För privatpersoners arbetsresor (knappt 40 %) C:a 1/3 räknar med att göra bilavdrag 10 kr blir drygt 4 kr Ingår i förmånen för förmånsbilar Ingen kostnad för förare med arbetsgivarbetald bil 10 kr blir knappt 4 kr för förare med s.k. bruttolönebil Systemets legitimitet – att skapa framkomlighet!

Inflationen

Skatten avdragsgill

För företag

För privatpersoners arbetsresor (knappt 40 %)

C:a 1/3 räknar med att göra bilavdrag

10 kr blir drygt 4 kr

Ingår i förmånen för förmånsbilar

Ingen kostnad för förare med arbetsgivarbetald bil

10 kr blir knappt 4 kr för förare med s.k. bruttolönebil

Systemets legitimitet – att skapa framkomlighet!

Yes No Stockholm 51.3 % 45.5 % County 39.8 % 60.2 % (14 Municipalities) Results of the referendum 17 Sept 2006

Avgifterna urholkas… Inflationen Skatten avdragsgill För företag För privatpersoners arbetsresor (knappt 40 %) C:a 1/3 räknar med att göra bilavdrag 10 kr blir drygt 4 kr Ingår i förmånen för förmånsbilar Ingen kostnad för förare med arbetsgivarbetald bil 10 kr blir knappt 4 kr för förare med s.k. bruttolönebil Systemets legitimitet – att skapa framkomlighet!

Inflationen

Skatten avdragsgill

För företag

För privatpersoners arbetsresor (knappt 40 %)

C:a 1/3 räknar med att göra bilavdrag

10 kr blir drygt 4 kr

Ingår i förmånen för förmånsbilar

Ingen kostnad för förare med arbetsgivarbetald bil

10 kr blir knappt 4 kr för förare med s.k. bruttolönebil

Systemets legitimitet – att skapa framkomlighet!

Slutsatser Avgifterna har samma effekt som förr… … men allt eftersom befolkning etc. ökar så bör de justeras … och det är politiskt svårt Förmodligen tror många att avgiftseffekten ”nöts av” Fylls omgivande vägutrymme ut? Stort stöd – ca 2/3 av dem som har en uppfattning är positiva Mindre kontroversiell fråga nuförtiden

Avgifterna har samma effekt som förr…

… men allt eftersom befolkning etc. ökar så bör de justeras

… och det är politiskt svårt

Förmodligen tror många att avgiftseffekten ”nöts av”

Fylls omgivande vägutrymme ut?

Stort stöd – ca 2/3 av dem som har en uppfattning är positiva

Mindre kontroversiell fråga nuförtiden

Market share of brand new passenger cars in Stockholm County SIDAN Target 2010* *(Stockholms Miljöprogram 2008-2011) City of Stockholm 42.5 percent Jan-July 2009