An approach for live data exchanges between ESRI ArcGIS and ...

DEVELOPMENT OF A COST-EFFECTIVE, USER-FRIENDLY ADMINISTRATIVE AND DATA MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR NEIGHBORHOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEYS Hua Zheng Health Geography Lab, Preventive and Behavioral Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA Email: Hua.Zheng@umassmed.edu Christopher C. Duncan GISmatters, Amherst, MA 01002, USA Email: duncan@gismatters.com Jennifer L. Kelsey Health Geography Lab, Preventive and Behavioral Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA Email: jennykelsey@comcast.net Wenjun Li* Health Geography Lab, Preventive and Behavioral Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA Email: Wenjun.Li@umassmed.edu * Corresponding author -1-

ABSTRACT This paper introduces a user-friendly and cost-effective administrative and data management system for neighborhood environmental surveys, using the neighborhood walking environment as an example. The system uses a desktop geographic information system application, ESRI ArcGIS, to manage geographically referenced information on the environment in the study area, while concurrently employing the popular Windows desktop database product, Microsoft Access, to administer field survey activities and manage data collection. The integration of these two applications lets users with little Geographic Information Systems expertise seamlessly and intuitively manage and visualize the entire survey process in both map and tabular formats, including survey planning, generating field assignments and data collection forms, processing collected data, and tracking survey progress. The result is greater efficiency, improved data quality, and significant cost-reduction in field survey administration and data management. This paper describes the successful application of the integrated system to the assessment of the design features and maintenance conditions of a neighborhood walking environment. Keywords: Neighborhood Environmental Survey, MS Access Database, Geographic Information System, Cost-Effectiveness, Data Management System, Project Administration -2-

BACKGROUND This article describes a user-friendly neighborhood survey management system that combines the familiarity and ease-of-use of form-oriented database software with the visual and analytical advantages of geographical information systems (GIS) to provide a seamless framework for survey planning, administration, tracking, visualization, and analysis. Key benefits of this approach, which automates data exchange, manipulation, and presentation between the database and GIS components, include: more efficient planning and deployment of field assignments; lower skill-level requirements for data entry, manipulation, and processing; improved data quality control; and more intuitive and effective map-based tracking and analysis of survey results. In short, the system provides better results with less effort at lower cost. We developed the system to support a particular field survey of neighborhood environment, which we will use to illustrate its features and benefits, but the approach can be readily adapted to other neighborhood studies. Neighborhood environmental policy can be a significant contributor to improvement of public health. For example, living in a walkable neighborhood is important in promoting physical exercise and general health (Nagel et al. 2008, Pikora et al. 2006, Li et al. 2005). Good data on the neighborhood environment are fundamental to research into the influences of that environment on the health of the residents and on related public policy making. However, collecting and processing a large volume of survey data on neighborhood environments in a reliable and cost-effective manner involves several challenges, including the need to relate survey data to real-world features and locations to -3-

model and analyze relationships between neighborhood environment and residents' behaviors and health, and the problem of finding and funding staff with adequate skills and experience in GIS software and methods. Our research project, the Neighborhood Risk Factors for Falls in the Elderly Study, supported by the National Institute on Aging, examines how the neighborhood walking environment affects the physical activity and the risk for falling outdoors in a prospective cohort of older men and women living in the Boston MA area. It is ancillary to the population-based MOBILIZE Boston Study, which is following a cohort of 765 community-dwelling men and women aged 70 years and older. The MOBILIZE Boston Study examines individual-level risk factors for falls, such as balance and gait, cognitive function, medications, pain, musculoskeletal conditions, and foot disorders (Leveille et al. 2008). The ancillary study extends the scope of the MOBILIZE Boston Study by integrating neighborhood environmental data with individual-level information on study participants, and by examining how participant rates of outdoor falls vary according to neighborhood characteristics. The walking environment is of particular interest in this study. We developed a set of surveys, the Older Pedestrian Environment Survey (Figure 1), as a means to assess objectively the physical attributes of the walking environment in the neighborhoods in which the study participants reside. The Older Pedestrian Environment Survey assesses the design features (e.g., sidewalk availability, width of sidewalk, type of pavement) and maintenance conditions (e.g., sidewalk surface condition and cleanliness) of the walking systems during the study period. -4-

Figure 1. Example of field survey forms. The parts of the Older Pedestrian Environment Survey are given, including Field Survey Tracking Form, Street and Sidewalk Features, and Sidewalk, Street and Road Conditions. -5-

Sidewalk spatial data, collected and processed for the study, consist of two components, that is, geographic reference data and field survey data. The geographic reference data refer to information on 1) geographic units defined by the US Census (e.g., census tracts, census block groups and census blocks), 2) municipalities defined by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts (e.g., cities, subdivisions of large cities and towns), and 3) road networks within the study area. The geographic reference data contain information on these geographic units, such as their specific geographic coordinates and their topology where points represent street/road intersections, lines represent street/road segments and polygons represent census units and municipalities. The field survey data are collected by field staff through on-site inspection of the design features and maintenance conditions of street segments and intersections and linked to those geographic reference features to enable map display and spatial analysis of the survey results. We use Microsoft Access 2007 for form-based survey data display and management, and ESRI ArcGIS 9.3 for map-based geographic data display and management. Microsoft Access, the most popular Windows desktop database management system, has been commonly used in public health research settings because of its wide availability, relatively low cost and remarkable ease of use. We therefore chose it to handle the collection and data-entry aspects of the survey for this study. ESRI ArcGIS is a widely used desktop Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software package developed for processing and analyzing spatial data. Its powerful map-based visual display capability allows the depiction of complex spatial information in an intuitive and easy-to- comprehend format (Clarke et al. 1996, Skop et al. 1999, Rushton 2003). However, -6-

ArcGIS does not provide effective tools and functions to facilitate the collection and management of survey-based data without extensive programming. Our experience from previous studies also indicates that ArcGIS requires extensive personnel training before it can be used easily and effectively by survey administrators and workers; among public health research institutes, there are relatively few personnel with adequate training in ArcGIS to be able to operate such an information management system. Independently managing separate information systems requires time-consuming and error-prone procedures to keep data synchronized (i.e., concurrent data updates across two systems). There are various limitations of using separate information systems. First, if any changes are made to the samples of geographic features in ArcGIS, such as adding or dropping a sampled object, data management staff have to manually insert or delete the associated geographic reference record in Access in order to ensure the consistency of geographic reference data in ArcGIS and Access. Second, after entering daily survey data into Access, data entry staff immediately have to update the status attributes of surveyed units in ArcGIS in order to display the study progress in map format in ArcGIS. Third, the staff have to switch frequently between ArcGIS and Access in order to review both the geographic location of a sampled unit and its associated survey records. Fourth, the survey records in Access are managed and displayed by alphanumeric codes in tables or forms rather than visually in a geo-referenced format, making it difficult to locate specific geographic units and to track study progress. Each of these tasks across the separate information systems presents the risk of errors in identifying and modifying features and records, which would compromise overall data consistency, completeness, -7-

and accuracy. In summary, maintaining separate data entry and mapping systems creates data exchange and data integrity problems that require continuous, careful and costly efforts to address. To eliminate these problems and enhance data management operations, we developed an integrated data management system with live and automated data exchange modules that allow ArcGIS and MS Access to interact continuously and seamlessly. The integrated data management system is designed to: 1) achieve greater efficiency in data delivery by minimizing or eliminating error-prone manual operations; 2) be cost-effective and easy to use in field survey administration and data operation; 3) have reliable and fast processes; and 4) minimize staff training requirements. Following these design goals, we developed an approach that uses Access to generate field survey assignment and data collection forms, process collected data, and track survey progress, and ArcGIS to concurrently visualize and process spatial information on the geographic units under examination, update study progress, and produce survey site maps. METHODS Geographic Reference Data in ArcGIS The ArcGIS database for the Older Pedestrian Environment Survey includes detailed geographic reference information on road segments and intersections derived from the local road network data obtained from Massachusetts Geographic Information Systems (MassGIS), and US Census 2000 information on the census block, block group, tract, and city/town of those particular segments or intersections. Three types of spatial units were -8-

used in this system: census block groups, road/sidewalk segments, and road intersections. For each type, an associated map layer was created in ArcGIS. Within each block group, a random sample of non-contiguous road segments and their connected intersections was selected for field observation using a sampling algorithm written in Stata MP 9.2 (Stata Corp., College Station, TX). This algorithm approximates uniform spatial distribution of selected segments and intersections and thus optimizes the geographic representation of collected data. In total, 6,500 segments and 10,500 intersections were sampled from the 611 block groups in the study area. Site maps, at the level of community and census block group, were produced as a guide for daily survey assignment and tracking of field work. On the site maps, spatial units were color-coded to reflect their status and status changes, such as sampled versus non-sampled units or completed versus non-completed field survey and data entry. This is illustrated in Figure 2. -9-

Figure 2. Example of block group-level survey site map. A block group with ID 250250805003 in the South End community of City of Boston was selected as an example to show its site map at the block group level, which is printed and used as a guide material for daily survey assignment and tracking of field work. - 10 -

Sidewalk Survey Data in Access The Access database is primarily used to store and process the data from the field survey done by our staff. Since characteristics differ between road segments and intersections from the environmental perspective, their survey questions were designed separately. For example, the intersection surveys focus on the point-based corner and crosswalk elements, unlike the line-based street and sidewalk attributes from the segment surveys. Therefore, the four primary tables (hereafter referred to as sidewalk survey tables) were set up to store information on the four categories of field survey data: segment features, segment conditions, intersection features and intersection conditions, respectively. Additional survey completion status fields, such as data entry completed or not, were also set up for all survey records in the four tables. In order to keep track of the relationship between geographic reference features (e.g., road line segments) and survey data (e.g., sidewalk conditions), the sample segment and intersection lists were separately imported into two additional Access tables that explicitly link the record identifier of each geographic feature with the record identifier of the corresponding survey record for that feature (in database parlance, these tables are often called "mapping tables", because they "map" records from one table to records in another; to avoid confusion with our use of the terms "mapping" and "maps" in their cartographic sense, however, we refer to these tables hereafter as geographic reference tables). We sampled segments and their connected intersections. For convenience, each intersection is uniquely identified by two intersecting segments. The sampled segment connecting to an intersection is named Intersecting Segment A, and the adjacent segment in clockwise order is defined as Intersecting Segment B, such that segments and their connecting intersections can be - 11 -

linked using segment as well as intersection identifiers. The data structure of the Access database is shown in Figure 3. Some of the geographic location attributes are included in the Access database as well, such as Block Group Number, to generate field survey assignments and data collection forms used together with printed site maps for daily survey deployment. - 12 -

Figure 3. Access database structure. The boxes represent tables containing geographic and survey data; the black arrows on the right represent links between geographic and survey records. - 13 -

Integration of ArcGIS and Access The integration is achieved by means of code modules that concurrently manage both ArcGIS and Access data and user-interface components. The modules allow the two applications to communicate and exchange geographic reference data or sidewalk survey data in either direction (Figure 4), with the simultaneous display of corresponding data in Access forms and ArcGIS maps. With the integrated system, data updates in ArcGIS or Access make immediate and automatic corresponding changes in the data tables of the other application; this facilitates the study process and makes the field survey administration and data management system more efficient and cost-effective. Figure 4. Live data exchange modules. Four designed modules allow the ArcGIS and Access databases to communicate and exchange geographic reference data or sidewalk survey data in either direction. - 14 -

The code modules automate four distinct types of interaction between Access and ArcGIS: two modules operate within ArcGIS to handle user actions made in the map display that require corresponding updates in the Access tables, one operates within Access to handle user actions made in the forms that require corresponding updates of the GIS data, and the other symbolizes and labels within ArcGIS survey-related features delivered from Access. One ArcGIS module automatically updates geographic information on sample spatial units in the Access geographic reference tables in response to simple map-based sampling or non-sampling operations, keeping the sample data synchronized between the two applications without manual transmission of data from ArcGIS (Figure 4 - ). A second ArcGIS module opens a data entry form in Access for a specific segment or intersection record by clicking on that feature in the map display (Figure 4 - ), making it possible for less skilled workers to carry out data entry tasks, therefore reducing operational costs. The module in Access provides complementary functionality: the module lets users select and highlight in the ArcGIS map interface the feature corresponding to the current record being viewed in Access (Figure 4 - ), providing an easily understood display of the surveyed unit locations for data entry staff and an intuitive way for data managers to monitor the field survey work. The fourth module with joint functionality immediately displays on the map within ArcGIS the survey results and status entered in Access (Figure 4 - ). Approaches to Programming the Integration Functions The integration functions have been implemented with the Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) development environment in ArcGIS and Access, respectively, on a Windows XP - 15 -

platform. VBA has been used for development of user interface and database operations in ArcGIS (Patil et al. 2008, Marinoni 2004) and Access applications (Hanchette et al. 2005). From the ArcGIS side, new user-interface (UI) controls have been created to execute the interactive operations with Access. For convenience, the newly established controls are arranged on the Tools bar. The operation of these controls is the same as any other button: clicking a control and then clicking the map enables that selected control function. Clicking on any of the controls starts up the Access application (if it is not already open) and makes the appropriate function calls and data exchanges to carry out the requested operation. The controls are feature-aware, meaning that clicking on different feature types in ArcGIS, such as block groups (polygons), segments (lines) or intersections (points), triggers appropriate processing in Access by using layer category filtering. Specifically, the “Add Info” UI control is used to create a new sample of segment or intersection and to insert its corresponding geographic data into the Access geographic reference tables. After selecting the “Add Info” control, clicking on a non-sampled segment adds a new set of segment geographic data into the Access segment-related geographic reference table, and clicking on a non-sampled intersection adds a new set of intersection geographic data into the other intersection-related geographic reference table. Checks are made before every insert operation in the Access tables to ensure the feature does not already exist in the current sample list. Conversely, the control named “Delete Info” changes the unit status from sampled to non-sampled on the map and simultaneously removes the existing information related to that particular unit stored in - 16 -

the Access tables. The UI control named “Connect to Survey Info” navigates users directly to the survey entry forms in Access. If a segment or an intersection is clicked in ArcGIS, the corresponding segment or intersection record is automatically opened in an Access form; if a blank place in a block group is clicked in ArcGIS, a complete list of sampled segments in the block group appears in tabular form in Access, each row represents a specific segment; by clicking on any place in a row, one can open the survey form of that segment. From the Access side, a dual-function button linked to the ArcGIS map, called “Zoom to Feature”, is created for every segment and intersection unit. Clicking on the button associated with a segment or an intersection survey record in Access launches ArcGIS (if it is not already open) and the specific segment or intersection is selected on its respective map layer, with the zoom extent centered on the feature. In addition, join operations are created in ArcGIS to build a live link appending the required fields of the Access sidewalk survey tables to the associated segment or intersection attribute tables in ArcGIS. The joint operations are implemented using OLE DB providers and ODBC drivers that are available in ArcGIS 9.3 and enable easy access to external data in Access. OLE DB connections have been commonly used in GIS studies to retrieve data from databases (Kim et al. 2002). With the join function, the sample units as well as their survey data (survey results and survey status) can be concurrently displayed on a map, categorized and marked using different symbols and colors, which enhances the visual impact of the various spatial data in the study. - 17 -

RESULTS The new integrated data management system with live data exchange modules results in significant improvement in several aspects, including a) greater efficiency, b) more user- friendly functions, c) better reliability, and d) lower staff skill requirements. The new integrated system is about five times more efficient than the older system without any integration. To compare the efficiency, we used as a benchmark the time needed to complete pre-field work preparation and data entry for a typical block group with 10 segments and 20 intersections. With the non-integrated system, it took over 45 minutes for a well-trained research assistant with a bachelor’s degree in geography to prepare survey forms and track/update the status of target segments; with the new system, it took less than 8 minutes for the same person to complete the same amount of work. With the non-integrated system, a trained research technician took about 3 hours to complete the data entry, and an additional hour to verify the accuracy of data entry and to update and synchronize the two databases. With the new system, data entry for a block group was completed in less than 1 hour. Data quality check and synchronization of the databases are automatically executed without any manual operations. Through the user-friendly interface design, which provides simple and familiar button- based "tools" to activate the automation code running in the background, the data management staff can easily update and organize the study sample environmental units in either of the two databases without worrying about data discrepancies between the two - 18 -

databases, and the data entry staff can also easily operate and review geographic data and survey records in a smooth and automated way, without frequent manual switches between the two applications. The integrated system is more reliable since it ensures that requested actions will be carried out appropriately by using feature-specific processing. For instance, clicking on a segment (a line), an intersection (a point) or a block group (a polygon) in ArcGIS with the UI controls causes similar but feature-specific operations to be performed in the code (Figure 5). Likewise, the “Zoom to Feature” button in Access responds appropriately to a request for visual display of location whether the record is for a road segment or an intersection (Figure 6). Lower technical skill requirement and user-friendly interface design make system operation simple and cost-effective. Since the UI controls hide the technical programming from the user, the function operation and data management of the two software applications, particularly those of ArcGIS, are much easier; little or no experience or training in ArcGIS is needed for daily data entry and data organization work. - 19 -

(a) Data entry location of a specific segment (b) Data entry location of a specific intersection Figure 5. Response examples of the UI control “Connect to Survey Info” in ArcGIS. (a) Clicking the UI control “Connect to Survey Info” and then click on a segment with ID 54085 in ArcGIS launches Access and directly navigates to the data entry location of the selected segment. (b) Clicking the UI control “Connect to Survey Info” and then click on an intersection with ID A54085B52363 in ArcGIS launches Access and directly navigates to the data entry location of the selected intersection. - 20 -

(a) Geographic location of a specific segment (b) Geographic location of a specific intersection Figure 6. Response examples of the button “Zoom to Feature” in Access. (a) Clicking the button “Zoom to Feature” for a segment with ID 54085 in Access launches ArcGIS and zooms in to the geographic location of the selected segment. (b) Clicking the button “Zoom to Feature” for an intersection with ID A54085B52363 in Access launches ArcGIS and zooms in to the geographic location of the selected intersection. - 21 -

DISCUSSION We have successfully designed and developed a data management system with a live data exchange capability, by integrating the functions between ESRI ArcGIS 9.3 and MS Access 2007. This system facilitates the data management operations of the environmental data collected in this Neighborhood Study. The system provides an efficient means to perform data operations across the two applications and shares geographic reference data and sidewalk survey data instantly in both applications. First, the seamless retrieval and visual display of survey data in ArcGIS and the quick zoom function identifying the particular geographic location of a unit in Access improve efficiency and provide users with an intuitive interface to control concurrent changes. Second, the ArcGIS and Access code modules bind the previously unrelated processes and ensure the integrity of the database structure of the combined system. Data communication becomes more efficient with the tight integration of the two applications. Third, the concurrent operations in both databases result in significant labor-saving and cost-reduction in field survey administration. Finally, the new system does not require the operators to have previous experience in the use of ArcGIS, which is an important factor in public health workforce where finding a staff with ArcGIS training is not common. To develop such a system, a person with intermediate level of programming skills in database design is needed. We estimated that the cost for developing such a system is around 700 working hours in academic settings without prior experience, with approximately 160 hours spent on the development of GIS data layers and a sampling plan, 200 hours on the construction of Access databases, and 340 hours on the integration - 22 -

of the two databases. The cost may be substantially lower if the database design team has prior experience. Considering the potential significant savings on labor costs for field work administration and data processing and remarkable improvement in data quality, our approach to integrating ArcGIS and Access data is highly cost-effective. Nevertheless, our current implementation has several shortcomings. First, the integration between ArcGIS and Access is only at the level of specific data operation functions; this is considered "partial integration". Both applications still operate in two independent software packages. If a computer with a single monitor is used, a user has to switch windows manually between the two applications. To avoid this, it is necessary to use dual monitors connected to the same desktop computer, or to use a single wide-screen monitor. A better and more efficient method is to achieve a "full integration" though at greater software development and maintenance, through which the functions available in Access are completely integrated into ArcGIS, and user interface functions are created within ArcGIS to allow users execute all Access data operations within ArcGIS. One promising approach is to build an integration interface in ArcGIS for survey data entry, through a complete back-end data exchange with the Access database. As a component of ArcGIS, the survey data interface would offer more effective data retrieval and storage with spatial data organization. Another potentially effective solution would involve the use of a handheld device, such as, a PDA (Casademont et al. 2004, Huang et al. 2004, Lin et al. 2006, Cardoso et al. 2004), to input field survey data directly into ArcGIS and Access through web services instead of traditional paper-based recording of field data. - 23 -

CONCLUSION In conclusion, a new efficient integrated survey administration and data management system was developed through the implementation of seamless and live data exchange between ESRI ArcGIS and Microsoft Access. This integrated system provides users with an interactive interface in an intuitive, easily understood format when making and viewing concurrent changes in the two application components, resulting in greater efficiency and significant cost-reduction in field survey administration and spatial data operations. The same approach could be applied to data management systems for the surveys of park and recreational areas, neighborhood grocery stores, and other business establishments. We encourage other public health researchers and practitioners to apply this method when conducting community environmental surveys. - 24 -

About the Authors Hua Zheng is a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Health Geography Lab, Division of Preventive and Behavioral Medicine at the University of Massachusetts Medical School (UMMS). Her research focuses on the use of information technology to improve health service research and health care delivery. Christopher C. Duncan is President of GISmatters, Inc. and Adjunct Professor in the Department of Geosciences at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. His interests include application of Geographic Information Systems, spatial analysis, systems integration, and database development. Jennifer L. Kelsey is Professor of Medicine in the Division of Preventive and Behavioral Medicine at the UMMS. She has a long-standing interest in epidemiology and prevention of falls and fractures. Wenjun Li is Director of Health Geography Lab and Associate Professor of Medicine in the Division of Preventive and Behavioral Medicine at the UMMS. His research focuses on analyzing impact of neighborhood environment on health and health behaviors. Acknowledgments This research was supported by the National Institute on Aging (NIH/NIA 1R01AG028738). The authors thank Dr. Sylvie Puig for her editorial assistance, Ms. Danielle Fontaine, Ms. Laura Mottola, Mr. Daniel Makridakis and Mr. Alex McManus for their suggestions and testing the integrated system. - 25 -

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