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 learn more
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Appendices: Learn More About Israel’s Story                                       91



                      Struggles of the Middle Ages



B
            lood libel was the allegation that Jews    hundreds were burned at the stake or drowned in
            murder non-Jews, especially Christian      wells. If they didn’t “confess” voluntarily to the
            children, in order to obtain blood for     crime, a confession was obtained through torture.
            the making of Matzah Passover or other
rituals; most blood libels occurred close to Pass-     Jews were subject to a wide range of legal disabili-
over. The blood libel led to trials and massacres of   ties and restrictions throughout the Middle Ages,
Jews in the Middle Ages and early modern times,        some of which lasted until the end of the 19th
and was revived by the Nazis. The blood libel (libel   century. Jews were excluded from most trades.
is a false allegation) was particularly ironic given   Often Jews were barred from all occupations but
that a Jew may not ingest blood in any form (it’s      money-lending and peddling, and even these were
a violation of the Kosher laws). Tragically, Jews in   forbidden at times. The number of Jews permitted
every generation lost their lives due to this hor-     to reside in different places was limited; they were
rible lie.                                             concentrated in ghettos and were not allowed to
                                                       own land. They were subject to discriminatory
As the Black Death epidemics devastated Europe         taxes when entering cities or districts other than
in the mid-14th century, annihilating more than        their own and were forced to swear special Jewish
a half the population, Jews were taken as scape-       Oaths and wear yellow Stars of David to identify
goats. Rumors spread that they caused the dis-         themselves as Jews.
ease by deliberately poisoning wells. Hundreds of
Jewish communities were destroyed by violence;




                            Russian Anti-Semitism



C
            zar Catherine the Great sought to get      In addition, thousands of Jews fell victim to dev-
            rid of Russia’s Jews, and in 1791, she     astating pogroms (outbreaks of violence against
            established the Pale of Settlement as a    Jews in Europe) in the 1870s and 1880s. The po-
            dumping place. More than 90 percent        groms, boycotts and other anti-Semitic depreda-
of Russia’s Jews were crammed into the Pale. This      tions Jews faced in the Pale led to mass immigra-
settlement covered the territory of present-day        tion to the United States (2 million between 1881
Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine and Belorus-        and 1914).
sia. Even within the Pale, Jews were discriminated
against: They paid double taxes, were forbidden to
lease land, run taverns or receive higher education.
92   Appendices: Learn More About Israel’s Story
Appendices: Learn More About Israel’s Story   93
94   Appendices: Learn More About Israel’s Story
Appendices: Learn More About Israel’s Story   95
96   Appendices: Learn More About Israel’s Story
Appendices: Learn More About Israel’s Story   97
Israel in the Middle East Context




98   Appendices: Learn More About Israel’s Story
06 fbs reader app
The Holy Land Democracy Project, a program of
The Jewish Federation Community Engagement Strategic Initiative

                   The Many Faces of Israel

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  • 1. appendices learn more about Israel’s story
  • 3. Appendices: Learn More About Israel’s Story 91 Struggles of the Middle Ages B lood libel was the allegation that Jews hundreds were burned at the stake or drowned in murder non-Jews, especially Christian wells. If they didn’t “confess” voluntarily to the children, in order to obtain blood for crime, a confession was obtained through torture. the making of Matzah Passover or other rituals; most blood libels occurred close to Pass- Jews were subject to a wide range of legal disabili- over. The blood libel led to trials and massacres of ties and restrictions throughout the Middle Ages, Jews in the Middle Ages and early modern times, some of which lasted until the end of the 19th and was revived by the Nazis. The blood libel (libel century. Jews were excluded from most trades. is a false allegation) was particularly ironic given Often Jews were barred from all occupations but that a Jew may not ingest blood in any form (it’s money-lending and peddling, and even these were a violation of the Kosher laws). Tragically, Jews in forbidden at times. The number of Jews permitted every generation lost their lives due to this hor- to reside in different places was limited; they were rible lie. concentrated in ghettos and were not allowed to own land. They were subject to discriminatory As the Black Death epidemics devastated Europe taxes when entering cities or districts other than in the mid-14th century, annihilating more than their own and were forced to swear special Jewish a half the population, Jews were taken as scape- Oaths and wear yellow Stars of David to identify goats. Rumors spread that they caused the dis- themselves as Jews. ease by deliberately poisoning wells. Hundreds of Jewish communities were destroyed by violence; Russian Anti-Semitism C zar Catherine the Great sought to get In addition, thousands of Jews fell victim to dev- rid of Russia’s Jews, and in 1791, she astating pogroms (outbreaks of violence against established the Pale of Settlement as a Jews in Europe) in the 1870s and 1880s. The po- dumping place. More than 90 percent groms, boycotts and other anti-Semitic depreda- of Russia’s Jews were crammed into the Pale. This tions Jews faced in the Pale led to mass immigra- settlement covered the territory of present-day tion to the United States (2 million between 1881 Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine and Belorus- and 1914). sia. Even within the Pale, Jews were discriminated against: They paid double taxes, were forbidden to lease land, run taverns or receive higher education.
  • 4. 92 Appendices: Learn More About Israel’s Story
  • 5. Appendices: Learn More About Israel’s Story 93
  • 6. 94 Appendices: Learn More About Israel’s Story
  • 7. Appendices: Learn More About Israel’s Story 95
  • 8. 96 Appendices: Learn More About Israel’s Story
  • 9. Appendices: Learn More About Israel’s Story 97
  • 10. Israel in the Middle East Context 98 Appendices: Learn More About Israel’s Story
  • 12. The Holy Land Democracy Project, a program of The Jewish Federation Community Engagement Strategic Initiative The Many Faces of Israel