A Unified Model of Learning Styles

The Nexus Explored: A Generalised Model of Learning Styles Damian Gordon, Gordon Bull e-Learning Research Group, School of Computing, Dublin Institute of Technology, Kevin Street, Dublin 8, Ireland.

Overview
What is a Learning Style ?
Criticisms of Learning Styles
Equivalence of Martinez and MBTI
The Four-Dimensional Leaning Style
Gordon-Bull MetaModel
Addressing the Criticisms
Questions ???

Introduction
Looking at learning styles
a strength or preference
Build into a Virtual Learning Environment
Which model of Learning Styles to use ?
Are there ‘core’ or fundamental dimensions of all of these models ?

What is Learning Style ?
the composite of characteristic cognitive, affective, and physiological factors that serve as relatively stable indicators of how a learner perceives, interacts with, and responds to the learning environment Keefe (1979)
a consistent pattern of behaviour within a range of individual variability (Cornet, 1983);
a student's consistent way of responding to and using stimuli in a learning environment (Claxton & Ralston, 1978);
how individuals process information and prefer to learn (Garity, 1985);
the way individuals organise information and experiences (Laschinger & Boss, 1984) and;
an expression of psychological differentiation within characteristic modes of information processing (Witkin & Goodenough, 1971, 1981).

Lack of stability over time
Lack of stability over skills
Leads to stereotyping

Models of Learning Styles Curry (1987) Personality Models Information Processing Models Social Interaction Models Instructional & Environmental Models

Learning Styles Models

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator I E N S F T P J

MBTI I E N S F T P J Introversion Extraversion Intuition Sensing Feeling Thinking Perceptive Judging

MBTI I E N S F T P J Chunks of Information Small group Exercises Discovery Learning Small group Exercises Clear Objectives Always seeking more Information Lectures & Essays What Must be Known

Gordon-Bull Algorithm

Gordon-Bull Algorithm Case Study Mixture of Case Study and Theory Theory

Gordon-Bull Algorithm Case Study Mixture of Case Study and Theory Theory Conforming Learner Performing Learner Transforming Learner Martinez Resistant Learner

Keirsey Temperament Sorter Guardians (SJ) Idealists (NF) Artisans (SP) Rationals (NT)

What are the ‘core’ dimensions?

Keirsey Temperament Sorter Guardians Idealists Artisans Rationals

Keirsey Temperament Sorter
Whatever their field, Rationals set out to comprehend the natural world in all its complexity.
Guardians are sensible, down-to-earth people who are the backbone of institutions and the true stabilisers of society.
Idealists believe that friendly co-operation is the best way for people to achieve their goals. They dream of removing the walls of conflict and selfishness that divide people
Artisans are most at home in the external world of solid objects that can be made and manipulated, and of real-life events that can be experienced in the here and now.

Kolb’s Learning Style Inventory

Kolb’s Learning Style Inventory
Theorists/Assimilator : Like case studies, theory readings, and thinking alone. Their strengths lie in their ability to create theoretical models.
Pragmatists/Convergers : peer feedback; activities that apply skills; self-directed autonomous learner. The pragmatist's greatest strength is in the practical application of idea.
Activists/Accomadators: like practising the skill, problem solving, small group discussions, peer feedback; trainer should be a model of a professional, leaving the learner to determine her own criteria for relevance of materials.
Reflectors/Divergers: like lectures with plenty of reflection time; trainer should provide expert interpretation - taskmaster/guide; judge performance by external criteria. Their strengths lie in an imaginative ability.

Hermann Brain Dominance
Quad A
Problem-Solving
Logical, Analytical
Quad B
Controlled
Conservative
Quad D
Holistic
Imaginative
Quad C
Emotional
Interpersonal

Gregorc Learning Style Concrete Sequential Concrete Random Abstract Sequential Abstract Random

4MAT Learning Model

Honey-Mumford Model Activist Theorist Pragmatist Reflector

Gordon-Bull Learning Styles Model
Style α Structured & Practical
Style β Intrapersonal & Discussion
Style γ Imaginative & Holistic
Style δ Logical & Analytical

What’s the Added Value ? Resistant Learners

Resistant Learners
(Like the Avoidant dimension in the Grasha-Riechmann Model)
1. they may lack the ICT skills to interact effectively with e-Learning materials,
2. they may lack the self-confidence to use ICTs effectively, or
3. they may not wish to participate in the learning experience because they are apathetic, frustrated, unable, discouraged or disobedient.

What Else ? Evolutionary Learning Style Models Resistant Learners

Evolutionary Models
Lewin's Cycle
Saljo's Conceptions of Learning
Bloom's Taxonomy
Gagne’s Conditions of Learning

Need to retest: Evolutionary Models

Need to retest: With different tests

Need to retest: With different tests
Technological Solution ??
Educate Learners and teachers

Coming Soon...

Other Learning Styles Models VARK Dual Coding

??? Questions ???

A Unified Model of Learning Styles

by Damian Gordon

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