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GBIF European Regional Nodes Meeting, 6 to 8 March, 2013, Joensuu, Finland




Globally unique identifiers for digitized specimens
Comparison of alternatives




Dag Endresen
GBIF Norway, NHM-UiO
Natural History Museum, University of Oslo (NHM-UiO)
Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF)

6 March 2013
Topics
    •   Darwin Core (DwC) & Identifiers
    •   Persistent Identifiers
    •   UUIDs
    •   PID and the digitization workflow




2
Persistent identifiers for digitized specimens (2013)
Persistent identifiers for digitized specimens (2013)
Persistent identifiers for digitized specimens (2013)
Darwin Core – a vocabulary of terms




Wieczorek J, Bloom D, Guralnick R, Blum S, Döring M, De Giovanni R, Robertson T, and
Vieglais D (2012) Darwin Core: An Evolving Community-Developed Biodiversity Data Standard.
PLoS ONE 7(1): e29715. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029715
Term name:    occurrenceID
Identifier:   http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/occurrenceID
Class:        http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/Occurrence
Definition:   An identifier for the Occurrence (as opposed to a
              particular digital record of the occurrence). In the
              absence of a persistent global unique identifier,
              construct one from a combination of identifiers in
              the record that will most closely make the
              occurrenceID globally unique.
Comment:      For a specimen in the absence of a bona fide global
              unique identifier, for example, use the form:
              "urn:catalog:[institutionCode]:[collectionCode]:
              [catalogNumber]".

              Examples: "urn:lsid:nhm.ku.edu:Herps:32",
              "urn:catalog:FMNH:Mammal:145732".

              For discussion see
              http://code.google.com/p/darwincore/wiki/Occurre
              nce
Record-level Terms
dcterms:type | dcterms:modified | dcterms:language | dcterms:rights | dcterms:rightsHolder | dcterms:accessRights |
dcterms:bibliographicCitation | dcterms:references | institutionID | collectionID | datasetID | institutionCode | collectionCode |
datasetName | ownerInstitutionCode | basisOfRecord | informationWithheld | dataGeneralizations | dynamicProperties

Occurrence
occurrenceID | catalogNumber | occurrenceRemarks | recordNumber | recordedBy | individualID | individualCount | sex | lifeStage |
reproductiveCondition | behavior | establishmentMeans | occurrenceStatus | preparations | disposition | otherCatalogNumbers |
previousIdentifications | associatedMedia | associatedReferences | associatedOccurrences | associatedSequences | associatedTaxa

Event
eventID | samplingProtocol | samplingEffort | eventDate | eventTime | startDayOfYear | endDayOfYear | year | month | day | verbatimEventDate
| habitat | fieldNumber | fieldNotes | eventRemarks

dcterms:Location
locationID | higherGeographyID | higherGeography | continent | waterBody | islandGroup | island | country | countryCode | stateProvince |
county | municipality | locality | verbatimLocality | verbatimElevation | minimumElevationInMeters | maximumElevationInMeters | verbatimDepth
| minimumDepthInMeters | maximumDepthInMeters | minimumDistanceAboveSurfaceInMeters | maximumDistanceAboveSurfaceInMeters |
locationAccordingTo | locationRemarks | verbatimCoordinates | verbatimLatitude | verbatimLongitude | verbatimCoordinateSystem |
verbatimSRS | decimalLatitude | decimalLongitude | geodeticDatum | coordinateUncertaintyInMeters | coordinatePrecision |
pointRadiusSpatialFit | footprintWKT | footprintSRS | footprintSpatialFit | georeferencedBy | georeferencedDate | georeferenceProtocol |
georeferenceSources | georeferenceVerificationStatus | georeferenceRemarks

GeologicalContext
geologicalContextID | earliestEonOrLowestEonothem | latestEonOrHighestEonothem | earliestEraOrLowestErathem |
latestEraOrHighestErathem | earliestPeriodOrLowestSystem | latestPeriodOrHighestSystem | earliestEpochOrLowestSeries |
latestEpochOrHighestSeries | earliestAgeOrLowestStage | latestAgeOrHighestStage | lowestBiostratigraphicZone | highestBiostratigraphicZone
| lithostratigraphicTerms | group | formation | member | bed

Identification
identificationID | identifiedBy | dateIdentified | identificationReferences | identificationVerificationStatus | identificationRemarks |
identificationQualifier | typeStatus

Taxon
taxonID | scientificNameID | acceptedNameUsageID | parentNameUsageID | originalNameUsageID | nameAccordingToID |
namePublishedInID | taxonConceptID | scientificName | acceptedNameUsage | parentNameUsage | originalNameUsage | nameAccordingTo
| namePublishedIn | namePublishedInYear | higherClassification | kingdom | phylum | class | order | family | genus | subgenus | specificEpithet |
infraspecificEpithet | taxonRank | verbatimTaxonRank | scientificNameAuthorship | vernacularName | nomenclaturalCode | taxonomicStatus |
nomenclaturalStatus | taxonRemarks

ResourceRelationship (Auxiliary Terms)
resourceRelationshipID | resourceID | relatedResourceID | relationshipOfResource | relationshipAccordingTo | relationshipEstablishedDate |
relationshipRemarks

MeasurementOrFact (Auxiliary Terms)
measurementID | measurementType | measurementValue | measurementAccuracy | measurementUnit | measurementDeterminedDate |
measurementDeterminedBy | measurementMethod | measurementRemarks
Semantic
 MediaWiki
   a forum for
 discussion and
development of
  terminology.

http://terms.gbif.org/

 9
10
•        Persistent Identifier (PID)
•        Globally Unique Identifier (GUID)
•        Universal Resource Identifier (URI)
•        Persistent Uniform Resource Locator (PURL)
•        Life Science Identifier (LSID)
•        Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
•        Handle system (Handle)
•        Archival Resource Key (ARK)
•        Universally Unique Identifier (UUID)
    11
•    Scalability, number of IDs
•    Community acceptance
•    Long-term life-cycle
•    Resolvable, resolution service(s)
•    Cost per identifier
•    People-friendly or machine-friendly
•    Generation of IDs
     – Central generation, PID issuer
     – Distributed generation at source
12
• A UUID is a 16-octet (128-bit) number.
• Example: C37E3F9B-BCAF-4479-8EB7-
     3346A2DB2373
• The probability of one duplicate would be
  about 50% if every person on earth owns
  600 million UUIDs.
• Allows for easy generation at source in a
  distributed network.

13
• Quick Response Code (QR code).
• A type of matrix barcode (or two-
  dimensional code).
• Popular due to its fast readability and large
  storage capacity.
• The use of QR Codes is free of any license.
• The QR Code is clearly defined and
  published as an ISO standard.
• Invented in Japan by the Toyota subsidiary
  Denso Wave in 1994.
14
QR code for all museum objects at
NHM-UiO would provide:
•Machine-readable using an ordinary smart
phone (or a barcode reader).

•New and efficient workflows for collection
management.

•Deployment for stable identifiers appropriate
for data-basing.




  15
Persistent identifiers for digitized specimens (2013)
Persistent identifiers for digitized specimens (2013)
Persistent identifiers for digitized specimens (2013)
Persistent identifiers for digitized specimens (2013)
dwc:datasetID  DOI?
Furthermore, I
     think that we
     need persistent
     identifiers!




             Cato the Elder ended all his speeches
             in the senate of Rome with: "Ceterum
                  autem censeo Carthaginem esse
               delendam" (English: "Furthermore, I
               think Carthage must be destroyed").




21
GBIF Norge
Dag Endresen
dag.endresen@nhm.uio.no

Christian Svindseth
christian.svindseth@nhm.uio.no



GBIF European Regional Nodes
Meeting, 6 to 8 March, 2013.

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Persistent identifiers for digitized specimens (2013)

  • 1. GBIF European Regional Nodes Meeting, 6 to 8 March, 2013, Joensuu, Finland Globally unique identifiers for digitized specimens Comparison of alternatives Dag Endresen GBIF Norway, NHM-UiO Natural History Museum, University of Oslo (NHM-UiO) Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) 6 March 2013
  • 2. Topics • Darwin Core (DwC) & Identifiers • Persistent Identifiers • UUIDs • PID and the digitization workflow 2
  • 6. Darwin Core – a vocabulary of terms Wieczorek J, Bloom D, Guralnick R, Blum S, Döring M, De Giovanni R, Robertson T, and Vieglais D (2012) Darwin Core: An Evolving Community-Developed Biodiversity Data Standard. PLoS ONE 7(1): e29715. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029715
  • 7. Term name: occurrenceID Identifier: http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/occurrenceID Class: http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/Occurrence Definition: An identifier for the Occurrence (as opposed to a particular digital record of the occurrence). In the absence of a persistent global unique identifier, construct one from a combination of identifiers in the record that will most closely make the occurrenceID globally unique. Comment: For a specimen in the absence of a bona fide global unique identifier, for example, use the form: "urn:catalog:[institutionCode]:[collectionCode]: [catalogNumber]". Examples: "urn:lsid:nhm.ku.edu:Herps:32", "urn:catalog:FMNH:Mammal:145732". For discussion see http://code.google.com/p/darwincore/wiki/Occurre nce
  • 8. Record-level Terms dcterms:type | dcterms:modified | dcterms:language | dcterms:rights | dcterms:rightsHolder | dcterms:accessRights | dcterms:bibliographicCitation | dcterms:references | institutionID | collectionID | datasetID | institutionCode | collectionCode | datasetName | ownerInstitutionCode | basisOfRecord | informationWithheld | dataGeneralizations | dynamicProperties Occurrence occurrenceID | catalogNumber | occurrenceRemarks | recordNumber | recordedBy | individualID | individualCount | sex | lifeStage | reproductiveCondition | behavior | establishmentMeans | occurrenceStatus | preparations | disposition | otherCatalogNumbers | previousIdentifications | associatedMedia | associatedReferences | associatedOccurrences | associatedSequences | associatedTaxa Event eventID | samplingProtocol | samplingEffort | eventDate | eventTime | startDayOfYear | endDayOfYear | year | month | day | verbatimEventDate | habitat | fieldNumber | fieldNotes | eventRemarks dcterms:Location locationID | higherGeographyID | higherGeography | continent | waterBody | islandGroup | island | country | countryCode | stateProvince | county | municipality | locality | verbatimLocality | verbatimElevation | minimumElevationInMeters | maximumElevationInMeters | verbatimDepth | minimumDepthInMeters | maximumDepthInMeters | minimumDistanceAboveSurfaceInMeters | maximumDistanceAboveSurfaceInMeters | locationAccordingTo | locationRemarks | verbatimCoordinates | verbatimLatitude | verbatimLongitude | verbatimCoordinateSystem | verbatimSRS | decimalLatitude | decimalLongitude | geodeticDatum | coordinateUncertaintyInMeters | coordinatePrecision | pointRadiusSpatialFit | footprintWKT | footprintSRS | footprintSpatialFit | georeferencedBy | georeferencedDate | georeferenceProtocol | georeferenceSources | georeferenceVerificationStatus | georeferenceRemarks GeologicalContext geologicalContextID | earliestEonOrLowestEonothem | latestEonOrHighestEonothem | earliestEraOrLowestErathem | latestEraOrHighestErathem | earliestPeriodOrLowestSystem | latestPeriodOrHighestSystem | earliestEpochOrLowestSeries | latestEpochOrHighestSeries | earliestAgeOrLowestStage | latestAgeOrHighestStage | lowestBiostratigraphicZone | highestBiostratigraphicZone | lithostratigraphicTerms | group | formation | member | bed Identification identificationID | identifiedBy | dateIdentified | identificationReferences | identificationVerificationStatus | identificationRemarks | identificationQualifier | typeStatus Taxon taxonID | scientificNameID | acceptedNameUsageID | parentNameUsageID | originalNameUsageID | nameAccordingToID | namePublishedInID | taxonConceptID | scientificName | acceptedNameUsage | parentNameUsage | originalNameUsage | nameAccordingTo | namePublishedIn | namePublishedInYear | higherClassification | kingdom | phylum | class | order | family | genus | subgenus | specificEpithet | infraspecificEpithet | taxonRank | verbatimTaxonRank | scientificNameAuthorship | vernacularName | nomenclaturalCode | taxonomicStatus | nomenclaturalStatus | taxonRemarks ResourceRelationship (Auxiliary Terms) resourceRelationshipID | resourceID | relatedResourceID | relationshipOfResource | relationshipAccordingTo | relationshipEstablishedDate | relationshipRemarks MeasurementOrFact (Auxiliary Terms) measurementID | measurementType | measurementValue | measurementAccuracy | measurementUnit | measurementDeterminedDate | measurementDeterminedBy | measurementMethod | measurementRemarks
  • 9. Semantic MediaWiki a forum for discussion and development of terminology. http://terms.gbif.org/ 9
  • 10. 10
  • 11. Persistent Identifier (PID) • Globally Unique Identifier (GUID) • Universal Resource Identifier (URI) • Persistent Uniform Resource Locator (PURL) • Life Science Identifier (LSID) • Digital Object Identifier (DOI) • Handle system (Handle) • Archival Resource Key (ARK) • Universally Unique Identifier (UUID) 11
  • 12. Scalability, number of IDs • Community acceptance • Long-term life-cycle • Resolvable, resolution service(s) • Cost per identifier • People-friendly or machine-friendly • Generation of IDs – Central generation, PID issuer – Distributed generation at source 12
  • 13. • A UUID is a 16-octet (128-bit) number. • Example: C37E3F9B-BCAF-4479-8EB7- 3346A2DB2373 • The probability of one duplicate would be about 50% if every person on earth owns 600 million UUIDs. • Allows for easy generation at source in a distributed network. 13
  • 14. • Quick Response Code (QR code). • A type of matrix barcode (or two- dimensional code). • Popular due to its fast readability and large storage capacity. • The use of QR Codes is free of any license. • The QR Code is clearly defined and published as an ISO standard. • Invented in Japan by the Toyota subsidiary Denso Wave in 1994. 14
  • 15. QR code for all museum objects at NHM-UiO would provide: •Machine-readable using an ordinary smart phone (or a barcode reader). •New and efficient workflows for collection management. •Deployment for stable identifiers appropriate for data-basing. 15
  • 21. Furthermore, I think that we need persistent identifiers! Cato the Elder ended all his speeches in the senate of Rome with: "Ceterum autem censeo Carthaginem esse delendam" (English: "Furthermore, I think Carthage must be destroyed"). 21
  • 22. GBIF Norge Dag Endresen dag.endresen@nhm.uio.no Christian Svindseth christian.svindseth@nhm.uio.no GBIF European Regional Nodes Meeting, 6 to 8 March, 2013.

Editor's Notes

  1. Kunze, J. A. (2003). Towards electronic persistence using ARK identifiers. Proceedings of the ECDL Web Archiving Workshop 2003. Available at http://www.cdlib.org/inside/diglib/ark/arkcdl.pdf Coyle, K. (2006). Managing technology: Identifiers: unique, persistent, global. Journal of academic librarianship, 34(4): 428-431. Campbell, D. (2007). Identifying the identifiers. Proceedings of the International Conference on Dublin Core and Metadata Applications.
  2. Kunze, J. A. (2003). Towards electronic persistence using ARK identifiers. Proceedings of the ECDL Web Archiving Workshop 2003. Available at http://www.cdlib.org/inside/diglib/ark/arkcdl.pdf Campbell, D. (2007). Identifying the identifiers. Proceedings of the International Conference on Dublin Core and Metadata Applications.
  3. Kunze, J. A. (2003). Towards electronic persistence using ARK identifiers. Proceedings of the ECDL Web Archiving Workshop 2003. Available at http://www.cdlib.org/inside/diglib/ark/arkcdl.pdf Campbell, D. (2007). Identifying the identifiers. Proceedings of the International Conference on Dublin Core and Metadata Applications.
  4. Wieczorek, John; D. Bloom, R. Guralnick, S. Blum, M. Döring, R. De Giovanni, T. Robertson, and D. Vieglais (2012) Darwin Core: An Evolving Community-Developed Biodiversity Data Standard. PLoS ONE 7(1): e29715. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029715
  5. occurrenceID [http://code.google.com/p/darwincore/wiki/Occurrence] . Quick Reference : [http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/index.htm#occurrenceID]. The occurrenceID is supposed to (globally) uniquely identify an occurrence record, whether it is a specimen-based occurrence, a one-time observation of a species at a location, or one of many occurrences of an individual who is being tracked, monitored, or recaptured. Making it globally unique is quite a trick, one for which we don't really have good solutions in place yet, but one which ontologists insist is essential.
  6. Darwin Core, http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/
  7. The Semantic MediaWiki provides a user-friendly and simple interface for managing biodiversity vocabulary resources such as the terms and concepts for data exchange schema and controlled value vocabularies. Each term is described by a separate Wiki page. The Semantic Wiki format provides an easy to use syntax for making semantic markup to describe these resources. The aim is to lower the technical threshold for domain experts to contribute to the description and maintenance of vocabulary resources that can be automatically extracted as RDF.
  8. Once a name is allocated, there is a social expectation that the name should always refer to the item and that the item, or at least information about the item, should be retrievable on production of its name to the correct service.
  9. Example: http://purl.org/nhmuio/id/c37e3f9b-bcaf-4479-8eb7-3346a2db2373 :: http://gbif.no/resolver/c37e3f9b-bcaf-4479-8eb7-3346a2db2373 :: http://macnhm19.uio.no/id/c37e3f9b-bcaf-4479-8eb7-3346a2db2373 http://macnhm19.uio.no/id/C37E3F9B-BCAF-4479-8EB7-3346A2DB2373
  10. NB! DEMO!! http://macnhm19.uio.no/id/c37e3f9b-bcaf-4479-8eb7-3346a2db2373 (not permanent PID or ID resolver, only for DEMO!). ZMO-Herp-K 1250. institutionCode: ZMO, collectionCode: Herp, catalogNumber: K 1250, year: 1875, scientificName: Calumma brevicornis, country: Madagaskar.
  11. Imaging of the Lichen Type specimens, attaching UUIDs as QR Codes to the herbarium sheets. http://purl.org/nhmuio/id/ 41d9cbb4-4590-4265-8079-ca44d46d27c3, catalog number O-L-000014. http://nhm2.uio.no/typephotos/lichens/typephotoS.php?f=O-L-000014_s.jpg See also: http://nhm2.uio.no/lav/web/index.html
  12. Imaging of the Lichen Type specimens, attaching UUIDs as QR Codes to the herbarium sheets. http://purl.org/nhmuio/id/ 41d9cbb4-4590-4265-8079-ca44d46d27c3, catalog number O-L-000014. http://nhm2.uio.no/typephotos/lichens/typephotoS.php?f=O-L-000014_s.jpg
  13. Imaging of the Lichen Type specimens, attaching UUIDs as QR Codes to the herbarium sheets. http://purl.org/nhmuio/id/d91e8253-0ac1-4681-ac69-e50070af86a2 , catalog number O-L-000015. http://nhm2.uio.no/typephotos/lichens/typephotoS.php?f=O-L-000015_s.jpg
  14. PURL --> Easy to redirect resolution service to say a global GBIF operated service…
  15. Narwade, S., Kalra, M., Jagdish, R., Varier, D., Satpute, S., Khan, N., Talukdar, G., et al. (2011). Literature based species occurrence data of birds of northeast India. ZooKeys , 150 : 407-417. Pensoft Publishers. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.150.2002 Jones, K. E., Bielby, J., Cardillo, M., Fritz, S. A., OʼDell, J., Orme, C. D. L., Safi, K., et al. (2009). PanTHERIA: a species-level database of life history, ecology, and geography of extant and recently extinct mammals. (W. K. Michener, Ed.) Ecology , 90 (9): 2648. Ecological Society of America. DOI: 10.1890/08-1494.1 Biodiversity Data Journal (BDJ) is a community peer-reviewed, open-access, comprehensive online platform, designed to accelerate publishing, dissemination and sharing of biodiversity-related data of any kind. http://www.pensoft.net/journals/bdj
  16. Cato the Elder ended all his speeches in the senate of Rome with: "Ceterum autem censeo Carthaginem esse delendam" (English: "Furthermore, I think Carthage must be destroyed"). One proposed model for persistent and stable identifiers across biodiversity information resources could be: DOIs for datasets and collections, and UUIDs for species observations and collection specimens – and database records.