This is a presentation on strategies and actions on waste for sustainable cities provided by Atilio Savino. It was first presented in the “Humanidade 2012” event held on the 22th of May at Fort Copacabana of Rio de Janeiro. The presentation includes an overview of the role of adaptation and mitigation in the waste management sector in order to establish sustainable cities

2. INDEX
a) Waste generation
b) Megacities
c) Globalization
d) Adaptation
e) Mitigation
f) NAMA´s
g) TSU

3. WASTE GENERATION
Waste Generation Projections for 2025 by Region

4. WASTE GENERATION
Waste Generation Projections for 2025 by Income

5. MEGACITIES
Source: Urban World: Mapping the Economic Power of Cities, Mc Kinsey, March 2011

6. GLOBALIZATION
Megacities are particularly vulnerable to natural
disasters because (Wisner, 2003) their scale and
geographic complexity make it difficult to provide the
lifeline and transportation infrastructure necessary for
risk reduction. Many mega-cities are usually located in
geographically hazardous locations such as coastal
areas or seismically active zones, making them
susceptible to floods, windstorms, wild fires,
earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanoes.

7. ADAPTATION CHALLENGE
IS UNDERESTIMATED
13/20 megacities in
coastal areas
Low-lying areas 2% of
area: 13% of population
2005: 5/10 most
populous cities exposed
to coastal flooding
2070: 9/10 most
populous cities exposed
to coastal flooding

8. ADAPTATION / MITIGATION &
PSYCHOLOGY

9. ASSESSING ADAPTIVE CAPACITY

10. THE EXAMPLE OF FLOODPLAINS

11. SOURCE – PATH – TARGET EVENTS

12. ADAPTIVE MEASURES & THEIR EFFECTS

13. BUT…

14. MITIGATION

15. MITIGATION
The magnitude of GHG reduction by waste management
• The example of Europe
• What the EU has done
–Regulation and investment in waste management
–Prevention, minimization, reuse, recycling and energetic valorization
activities and gradual reduction of landfilling
–will make the municipal waste sector a net GHG reducer in 2012-
2020
• The mitigation is very success
– Decline of EU municipal waste emissions between 1990-2007 from
69 to 32 million tonnes of CO2
–Waste management GHG reductions could potentially account for
18% of the EU’s Kyoto target for 2020
• This can be replicated worldwide
–UNEP (2010) on Waste and Climate Change:
–… the waste sector is in a unique position to move from being a
minor source of global emissions to becoming a major saver of
emissions

16. NAMA´s
Background
• In 2007, the Bali Action Plan introduced the notion of
Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) as a
central concept for the consolidation of the international
climate regime (UNFCCC, 2008).
• The purpose was targeting actions that other
mechanisms, such as the CDM, have failed to develop at
the required scale as well as engaging developing
countries efforts to mitigate global climate change.
• Countries are currently trying to agree on how support for
NAMAs can be realised and according to available
information, currently there are at least 52 NAMAs having
been developed at the preparation stage.

17. NAMAs and the CDM
• The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) provides a
way for developed countries to help meet emissions
limits committed under the Kyoto Protocol through
purchase of additional project-based emissions
reductions from developing countries.
• NAMAs, on the other hand, were primarily conceived
as a way for developing countries—with financial and
technological support from the international
community—to make progress in reducing their own
domestic greenhouse gas emissions from one or more
emitting sectors.

18. The NAMA concept
1. There is currently no internationally agreed definition of
a NAMA outside of text that is still under negotiation in
the UNFCCC. As such NAMAs as a vehicle to achieve
reductions of greenhouse gas emissions and climate
change mitigation is being built , standardized and
agreed upon in climate negotiations.
2. A number of subtly different descriptions exist, mostly
based on that text.
3. The Cancun Agreements (UNFCCC, 2011b) refer to
NAMAs in, inter alia, the following:
– 1/CP.16-48. Agrees that developing country Parties will take
nationally appropriate mitigation actions in the context of
sustainable development, supported and enabled by
technology, financing and capacity-building, aimed at achieving
a deviation in emissions relative to ‘business as usual’
emissions in 2020.

19. The NAMA concept
1.The broad definition of NAMAs and the wide variation of
Party submissions (and negotiating positions) could
mean that NAMAs have potential to develop into a
widely applicable instrument.
2.Notwithstanding the fact that there is a wide applicability
for NAMAS, key components of the instrument are
provision of financial and technological support from
developed countries to implement NAMAs.
3.Initially capacity building for NAMA preparation and
studies aimed at identifying, prioritizing, and selecting
NAMAs is being undertaken by different UN agencies
with funding provided by some developed countries.

20. The NAMA concept
1. NAMAs have been categorized as follows:
 Unilateral NAMAs: mitigation actions undertaken
by developing countries on their own
 Supported NAMAs: mitigation actions in
developing countries, supported by direct climate
finance from Annex I countries (in the following
called ‘directly supported NAMAs’)
 Credited NAMAs: mitigation actions in developing
countries, which generate credits to be sold on the
carbon market (e.g. sectoral crediting).

21. The three categories of NAMAs
1.There is a common understanding that the financing
structure of a NAMA may consist of:
i. Domestic funding by the developing country (so-called
‘unilateral NAMAs’);
ii. international support(‘supported NAMAs’); and,
iii.income from a market based mechanism ( ‘credited NAMAs’).
2.Unilateral NAMAs could include actions that do not
pose an undue burden on the government budget or
actions undertaken primarily for development
reasons.
3.Funds for internationally supported NAMAs could be
allocated directly, on a bilateral basis, or through an
international fund such as the Green Climate Fund
(GCF) that has been established following the Cancun
and Durban Agreements (UNFCCC).

22. FINANCING
1.Income from market-based mechanisms could take the
form of resources incoming from a carbon market,
similar to the one created by the Clean Development
Mechanism (CDM) offset system and the European
Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS).
2.However, in terms of scale NAMAs would be going far
beyond the project or even of Activities scale (under the
CDM), to the economy Programme wide or sector wide
level.

23. ISWA Technical Support Unit (TSU)
Objectives
– ISWA should play a leading role in contributing to
identify, develop and implement NAMAs in developing
countries.
• Use the the capacity to be installed at the TSU to
prepare NAMAs proposals for developing countries
consideration and identify as well as facilitate access
to funding.
• Disseminate information and provide inputs on the
evolution of the climate change negotiation process

24. Implementation
– In the first stage an expert team will be established to
interact with national designated authorities and climate
change focal points, identify and consider opportunities
for NAMAs in the waste sector, elaborate NAMAs
proposals and identify funding sources and options.
– In the second stage an additional ISWA staff member
will be responsible for the project management of the
NAMAs support activities and cooperation with the
expert team.

25. Benefits (institutional)
– Expanded awareness of opportunities to mitigate
climate change through national actions in the waste
sector, in particular in developing countries.
– Demonstration, via NAMAs, of the contribution of the
waste management activities to sustainable
development and the transition to a green economy
– Strengthening ISWA’s role in the international arena in
sustainability issues and in addressing climate change
by providing technical support to developing countries
– Quantitative empirical indicators of the positive
contribution of waste management in mitigation of
climate change