Accommodating creative knowledge Sako Musterd Urban Geography University of Amsterdam

or: The (preferably) Overnight Making of the Creative City Source: Built Environment 2004, 30 (3)

ACRE project objective Objective: learn more about the conditions that are important to the development of creative and knowledge intensive industries in various European urban regions

Objective:

learn more about the conditions that are important to the development of creative and knowledge intensive industries in various European urban regions

Creative industries Advertising, architecture, arts and antiques, crafts, design, designer fashion, video, film, music, photography, visual and performing arts, publishing, computer games, software and electronic publishing, radio and TV

Advertising, architecture, arts and antiques, crafts, design, designer fashion, video, film, music, photography, visual and performing arts, publishing, computer games, software and electronic publishing, radio and TV

Knowledge intensive industries Law (legal sector, accounting, bookkeeping, auditing, etc), financial sector, R&D, ICT, higher education

Law (legal sector, accounting, bookkeeping, auditing, etc), financial sector, R&D, ICT, higher education

ACRE project focus What are the development paths of creative knowledge regions and how are these informed by the wider economic and societal contexts? How important are hard (classic), soft and other conditions for the creative and knowledge intensive industries in European urban regions? What are the settlement considerations of managers, highly skilled employees and transnational migrants in the creative knowledge sector when they decide to settle in an urban area?

What are the development paths of creative knowledge regions and how are these informed by the wider economic and societal contexts?

How important are hard (classic), soft and other conditions for the creative and knowledge intensive industries in European urban regions?

What are the settlement considerations of managers, highly skilled employees and transnational migrants in the creative knowledge sector when they decide to settle in an urban area?

ACRE – Accommodating Creative knowledge – Competitiveness of European Metropolitan Regions EU 6 th framework programme, Integrated Project October 2006-2010 4.5 Million Euro 13 urban regions / partners Amsterdam Barcelona Birmingham Budapest Dublin Helsinki Leipzig Milan Munich Poznan Riga Sofia Toulouse

EU 6 th framework programme, Integrated Project

October 2006-2010

4.5 Million Euro

13 urban regions / partners

Development paths: wider economic and social contexts; main factors Position due to the development of the European city system The impact of the industrial revolution on the urban region The question whether the urban region has a key political or economic decision-making function The question whether urban regions are pushed forward by policies aimed at stimulating regional economies

Position due to the development of the European city system

The impact of the industrial revolution on the urban region

The question whether the urban region has a key political or economic decision-making function

The question whether urban regions are pushed forward by policies aimed at stimulating regional economies

Hypothetical ranking of urban regions on deep structural positions Known as (inter)national political and economical decision making centres Internationally known historical-cultural centres Cities with good governance and financial & organisational resources Cities with high-tech or early service profile, never dominated by just one sector Active innovation and technology policy Welcoming and pluralistic

Theory and Reality: Confronting theoretical positions based on deep structural positions with employment and GDP information per region 13 European metropolitan regions (data for 2000-2006)

Employment in creative and knowledge intensive industries in 13 European metropolitan regions (data for 2000-2006) 0 - + 0 - - - - + + + + + Theoretical top (structural positions) Medium 19 6 Birmingham Low 11 7 Poznan Medium 16 6 Toulouse Low 16 9 Leipzig Low 19 8 Sofia Low 23 6 Riga Medium 17 14 Milan Low (< 25,000) 16 13 Budapest Medium 18 13 Helsinki High 21 8 Munich High 10 11 Dublin Medium (25-50,000) 10 12 Barcelona High (50,000+) 18 8 Amsterdam GDP per capita in the region in knowledge intensive industries (%) Employment in creative industries (%) City regions

Discrepancy perhaps due current ‘hard’ or ‘classic’ conditions … agglomeration economies (clustering) connections (road, air, water, rail, telecommunications) capital labour (jobs available) wider institutional setting (including taxes regimes, etc.)

agglomeration economies (clustering)

connections (road, air, water, rail, telecommunications)

capital

labour (jobs available)

wider institutional setting (including taxes regimes, etc.)

Estimated position on hard conditions Milan, Munchen, Amsterdam Helsinki, Barcelona, Dublin, Leipzig Birmingham, Budapest, Riga, Toulouse Poznan, Sofia

Milan, Munchen, Amsterdam

Helsinki, Barcelona, Dublin, Leipzig

Birmingham, Budapest, Riga, Toulouse

Poznan, Sofia

… or current ‘soft conditions’ … Attractiveness (urban atmosphere; housing availability and affordability) Diversity Welcoming Historical assets Tolerance Openness Safe

Attractiveness (urban atmosphere; housing availability and affordability)

Diversity

Welcoming

Historical assets

Tolerance

Openness

Safe

Estimated position on ‘soft’ conditions W.Europa: Amsterdam, Munich, Barcelona E. Europa: Budapest, Leipzig, Riga

W.Europa: Amsterdam, Munich, Barcelona

E. Europa: Budapest, Leipzig, Riga

… or ‘network’ conditions … Born in the region Family lives here Studied in the city Proximity to friends

Born in the region

Family lives here

Studied in the city

Proximity to friends

First empirical results based on our ACRE large-scale surveys among high-skilled employees, managers, and transnational migrants

Percentage of highly skilled employees that ranked indicators as most important, classified as indicators for networks, hard, and soft factors ( red : > 1 st. dev. above the mean). (n) 100,0% 7,9% 12,5% 15,3% St.dev. (2580) 100,0% 13,9% 32,5% 53,6% Total (229) 100,0% 10,0% 40,2% 49,8% Dublin ( 191) 100,0% 8,4% 30,4% 61,3% Milan ( 192) 100,0% 10,9% 42,2% 46,9% Toulouse ( 198) 100,0% 31,8% 15,2% 53,0% Riga ( 193) 100,0% 16,6% 23,8% 59,6% Poznan (186) 100,0% 14,0% 57,0% 29,0% Munich (180) 100,0% 14,4% 47,8% 37,8% Leipzig (222) 100,0% 10,2% 38,2% 51,1% Helsinki (197) 100,0% 5,1% 24,4% 70,6% Budapest (171) 100,0% 5,8% 39,2% 55,0% Birmingham (200) 100,0% 11,0% 27,0% 62,0% Barcelona (221) 100,0% 26,2% 35,3% 38,5% Amsterdam City Total &quot;soft factors&quot; &quot;hard factors&quot; “ networks&quot; Ranked 1 under networks, hard factors and soft factors

Some conclusions Difference is key word No systematic divide between E. and W. Europe Networks are highly important Hard and soft and networks Not just deep structural conditions Policies may matter

Difference is key word

No systematic divide between E. and W. Europe

Networks are highly important

Hard and soft and networks

Not just deep structural conditions

Policies may matter