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ANT: Bruno Latour, Michel Callon, & John Law 
Modernity to Postmodernity: Contemporary 
Social Theory (Week 8) 
Dr Dr Craig Hammond – University Centre Blackburn College 
(Creative Commons Licence: BY-NC-SA 3.0)
Principles of Actor Network Theory 
28/09/2014 C. Hammond - UCBC 2
Principles of Actor Network Theory 
• It is a good idea not to take it for granted that there is a 
macrosocial system on the one hand, and bits and 
pieces of derivative microsocial detail on the other. 
• Instead we should start with a clean slate. For instance, 
we might start with interaction and assume that 
interaction is all that there is. 
• Then we might ask how some kinds of interactions 
more or less succeed in stabilising and reproducing 
themselves: … to generate the effects such as power, 
fame, size, scope or organisation 
28/09/2014 C. Hammond - UCBC 3
ANT & Technology 
• For Latour, technology is now integral to our 
understanding of human society; to the extent that 
human ‘nature’ is fundamentally dependent upon 
technology. 
• We have developed and shaped technology; but now, 
technology is shaping us. 
• Technology now shapes, controls and influences our 
‘nature’ 
• We are now all part of a technologically inter-connected, 
heterogeneous and complex system. 
28/09/2014 C. Hammond - UCBC 4
ANT & Technology 
28/09/2014 C. Hammond - UCBC 5
ANT & Technology 
• ANT sets out to describe a complex society of humans 
and, importantly non-humans, as equal actors tied 
together into networks (established to achieve particular 
aims or goals). 
28/09/2014 C. Hammond - UCBC 6
ANT: Vocabulary & Principles 
• Actors: are "entities that do things"; this is very 
different to a more conventional sociological definition of 
actors as "social entities" 
• Importantly for ANT, there is no distinction to be made 
between humans and non-humans, embodied or 
disembodied skills, impersonation or 'machination'. 
• A further sub-division within this concept: an actor is an 
actant endowed with a character 
28/09/2014 C. Hammond - UCBC 7
ANT: Actor / Actant 
• EXAMPLE: A coin-shaped piece of metal can be 
understood as an actant; once the actant (or potential 
actor) is appropriately inscribed and placed into an 
active ‘exchange’ process, it then becomes an actor 
28/09/2014 C. Hammond - UCBC 8
ANT: Network 
• Besides ‘actor’, network is the second central concept 
associated with the theory. 
• The term network can be understood as a: "group of 
unspecified relationships among entities of which the 
nature itself is undetermined." (Callon, 1993, p.263). 
• Networks consist of people and ‘things’. 
• ANT suggests that from within the system of networks, 
Black Boxes can be identified. 
28/09/2014 C. Hammond - UCBC 9
ANT: Black Box 
• Black box is a metaphor that is able to contain (or 
represent) a complex category (or label) 
• A set of complex commands/actions that can be 
substituted by a ‘box’, because it is generally regular and 
stable in its functions (Wiener, 1948). 
• Using the ‘finance’ connection (as above) – the term, 
‘the economy’ can be understood as a black box: 
28/09/2014 C. Hammond - UCBC 10
ANT: Black Box 
• We can all relate to (or have our own conception of) 
‘our’ economy [the UK economy]. 
• Yet, if we start to try to think about ways in which the 
economy works (its complexity of systems, sub-systems 
and networks) – it ceases to be a clear, distinct and 
separate social element. 
• Examples? 
28/09/2014 C. Hammond - UCBC 11
ANT: Intermediaries 
• Intermediaries are the language of the network. 
• Through intermediaries actors communicate with one 
another and that is the way actors translate their 
intentions into other actors 
• Heterogeneous & dynamic networks 
• Advantages & limitations of ANT? 
28/09/2014 C. Hammond - UCBC 12
ANT: Assumptions 
28/09/2014 C. Hammond - UCBC 13
ANT: Limitations & critique 
• “There are four things that do not work 
with actor-network theory; the word actor, 
the word network, the word theory and the 
hyphen! Four nails in the coffin.” 
• See the 
linkhttp://www.lancaster.ac.uk/fass/sociology/research/p 
ublications/papers/latour-recalling-ant.pdf 
28/09/2014 C. Hammond - UCBC 14

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Actor Network Theory (ANT)

  • 1. ANT: Bruno Latour, Michel Callon, & John Law Modernity to Postmodernity: Contemporary Social Theory (Week 8) Dr Dr Craig Hammond – University Centre Blackburn College (Creative Commons Licence: BY-NC-SA 3.0)
  • 2. Principles of Actor Network Theory 28/09/2014 C. Hammond - UCBC 2
  • 3. Principles of Actor Network Theory • It is a good idea not to take it for granted that there is a macrosocial system on the one hand, and bits and pieces of derivative microsocial detail on the other. • Instead we should start with a clean slate. For instance, we might start with interaction and assume that interaction is all that there is. • Then we might ask how some kinds of interactions more or less succeed in stabilising and reproducing themselves: … to generate the effects such as power, fame, size, scope or organisation 28/09/2014 C. Hammond - UCBC 3
  • 4. ANT & Technology • For Latour, technology is now integral to our understanding of human society; to the extent that human ‘nature’ is fundamentally dependent upon technology. • We have developed and shaped technology; but now, technology is shaping us. • Technology now shapes, controls and influences our ‘nature’ • We are now all part of a technologically inter-connected, heterogeneous and complex system. 28/09/2014 C. Hammond - UCBC 4
  • 5. ANT & Technology 28/09/2014 C. Hammond - UCBC 5
  • 6. ANT & Technology • ANT sets out to describe a complex society of humans and, importantly non-humans, as equal actors tied together into networks (established to achieve particular aims or goals). 28/09/2014 C. Hammond - UCBC 6
  • 7. ANT: Vocabulary & Principles • Actors: are "entities that do things"; this is very different to a more conventional sociological definition of actors as "social entities" • Importantly for ANT, there is no distinction to be made between humans and non-humans, embodied or disembodied skills, impersonation or 'machination'. • A further sub-division within this concept: an actor is an actant endowed with a character 28/09/2014 C. Hammond - UCBC 7
  • 8. ANT: Actor / Actant • EXAMPLE: A coin-shaped piece of metal can be understood as an actant; once the actant (or potential actor) is appropriately inscribed and placed into an active ‘exchange’ process, it then becomes an actor 28/09/2014 C. Hammond - UCBC 8
  • 9. ANT: Network • Besides ‘actor’, network is the second central concept associated with the theory. • The term network can be understood as a: "group of unspecified relationships among entities of which the nature itself is undetermined." (Callon, 1993, p.263). • Networks consist of people and ‘things’. • ANT suggests that from within the system of networks, Black Boxes can be identified. 28/09/2014 C. Hammond - UCBC 9
  • 10. ANT: Black Box • Black box is a metaphor that is able to contain (or represent) a complex category (or label) • A set of complex commands/actions that can be substituted by a ‘box’, because it is generally regular and stable in its functions (Wiener, 1948). • Using the ‘finance’ connection (as above) – the term, ‘the economy’ can be understood as a black box: 28/09/2014 C. Hammond - UCBC 10
  • 11. ANT: Black Box • We can all relate to (or have our own conception of) ‘our’ economy [the UK economy]. • Yet, if we start to try to think about ways in which the economy works (its complexity of systems, sub-systems and networks) – it ceases to be a clear, distinct and separate social element. • Examples? 28/09/2014 C. Hammond - UCBC 11
  • 12. ANT: Intermediaries • Intermediaries are the language of the network. • Through intermediaries actors communicate with one another and that is the way actors translate their intentions into other actors • Heterogeneous & dynamic networks • Advantages & limitations of ANT? 28/09/2014 C. Hammond - UCBC 12
  • 13. ANT: Assumptions 28/09/2014 C. Hammond - UCBC 13
  • 14. ANT: Limitations & critique • “There are four things that do not work with actor-network theory; the word actor, the word network, the word theory and the hyphen! Four nails in the coffin.” • See the linkhttp://www.lancaster.ac.uk/fass/sociology/research/p ublications/papers/latour-recalling-ant.pdf 28/09/2014 C. Hammond - UCBC 14