Description du projet MESB - Micro Storage Energy Buildings de l'Université Libre de Bruxelles. Avec le concours du NCP Brussels et du cluster Greenov

1. Meetings on Sustainable Construction & Efficient Energy Buildings
Company Mission with Nord Pas de Calais
MESB
Micro Energy Storage in Buildings
Prof P Hendrick
Patrick.hendrick@ulb.ac.be
MESB
Ir G Oliveira Silva
goliveir@ulb.ac.be
G Oliveira Silva
P Hendrick
21st January 2014

2. PRESENTATION OUTLINE
• INTRODUCTION
WHY ENERGY STORAGE?
RESEARCH PROPOSAL
• RESULTS AFTER 1 YEAR
PUMPED-HYDRO ENERGY STORAGE (PHES)
COMPRESSED AIR ENERGY STORAGE (CAES)
THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE (TES)
HYDROGEN
ELECTROCHEMICAL BATTERIES
• FUTURE WORK
MESB
G Oliveira Silva
P Hendrick
21st January 2014
2

3. INTRODUCTION
INTERMITTENT
IMBALANCE BETWEEN ENERGY
ENERGY
PRODUCTION
PRODUCTION AND ENERGY
CONSUMPTION
ENERGY
STORAGE
MESB
G Oliveira Silva
P Hendrick
21st January 2014
3

4. INTRODUCTION
APPLICATIONS FOR ENERGY STORAGE
• MANAGEMENT OF VARIABLE ENERGY SOURCES
“VIRTUAL POWER PLANT”
• FREQUENCY CONTROL
• BLACK-START CAPABILITY
ABILITY TO START-UP AND PROVIDE ENERGY WITHOUT EXTERNAL POWER
• LOAD LEVELING
STORAGE OF CHEAP OFF-PEAK ELECTRICITY
• TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION STABILIZATION
CONTROL OF REACTIVE POWER, FREQUENCY AND VOLTAGE
• TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION INVESTMENT DEFERRAL
• AUTO-CONSUMPTION
MESB
G Oliveira Silva
P Hendrick
21st January 2014
4

5. INTRODUCTION
WHY MICRO ENERGY STORAGE?
LESS STUDIED AREA
•
BETTER RETURNS ON INITIAL R&D
•
PROMOTE PRIVATE INVESTMENT
•
LIBERALIZATION OF THE ENERGY SECTOR
•
REPLICATE PHOTOVOLTAIC’S
•
SUCCESS
•
•
•
MESB
LOWER COSTS
OPENING OF NEW MARKETS
MAKE TECHNOLOGY WIDELY AVAILABLE
G Oliveira Silva
P Hendrick
21st January 2014
SEVERAL PROJECTS:
5

6. 6
RESEARCH PROPOSAL
INVESTIGATE MESB FEASIBILITY, DEFINE
SIZING RULES AND MAKE FULL PROBLEM
PARAMETERIZATION
YEAR 1
APPLICATION TO CASE STUDIES
YEAR 2
PROTOTYPE DEVELOPMENT
YEAR 3
MESB
G Oliveira Silva
P Hendrick
21st January 2014

7. T0+12 RESULTS - PHES
Electromechanical equipment cost
€2012/kW
ELECTROMECHANICAL EQUIPMENT
For power<100kW:
1000< cost <1800€/kW
1400
1000
600
200
0
MESB
200
400
600
Power kW
G Oliveira Silva
P Hendrick
21st January 2014
800
7

8. T0+12 RESULTS - PHES
WATER STORAGE TANK
Steel
Cost €2012/m³
1000
Concrete
y = 3692x-0,398
100
Plastic
y = 100
10
1
10
100
Volume m³
MESB
G Oliveira Silva
P Hendrick
21st January 2014
1000
10000
8

9. 9
6000
Artificial
surface
reservoir
Cost €2012/kWh
20m plastic
reservoirs in
buildings
4000
200m surface
artificial
reservoirs
2000
82
25m excavated
reservoir
55
Water tower
50m excavated
27
reservoir
200m natural
underground
reservoir
0
0
10
MESB
100
1000
Energy capacity kWh
G Oliveira Silva
P Hendrick
21st January 2014
Cost for a 20 year lifetime
c€2012/kWh
T0+12 RESULTS - PHES

10. T0+12 RESULTS - PHES
CONCLUSIONS
COSTLY FOR SMALL-SCALE ENERGY STORAGE (<1MWH)
BEST SOLUTIONS:
•
•
NATURAL UNDERGROUND RESERVOIRS
ARTIFICIAL RESERVOIRS WITH LARGE HEIGHT DIFFERENCE (>200M)
LARGE DIAMETER EXCAVATED RESERVOIRS (>50M DIAMETER)
•
•
•
QUESTIONS
•
•
•
•
CAN IT BE INTEGRATED WITH OTHER SERVICES (THERMAL STORAGE
FOR EXAMPLE)?
GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURES CONSTRAINTS
EQUIPMENT LIFETIME AND MAINTENANCE
IN BUILDINGS: STRUCTURAL REINFORCEMENT?
MESB
G Oliveira Silva
P Hendrick
21st January 2014
10

11. T0+12 RESULTS - CAES
AIR COMPRESSORS/ TURBINES
10000
3-50bar
Cost €2012/kW
210-250bar
300-350bar
400-440bar
1000
100
0
1
10
Rated power kW
MESB
G Oliveira Silva
P Hendrick
21st January 2014
100
11

12. T0+12 RESULTS - CAES
P < 80bar steel
200 < P < 250bar steel
Cost €2012/kWh
10000
300 < P < 420bar steel
137
300bar carbon fiber
1000
14
100
1
0,01
MESB
0,1
1
Energy kWh
G Oliveira Silva
P Hendrick
21st January 2014
10
Cost for a 20 year lifetime c€2012/kWh
COMPRESSED AIR TANKS
12

13. 13
Volume m³/kWh
T0+12 RESULTS - CAES
1,00
0,10
50 bar
225 bar
Heating/
cooling loads
325/ 420 bar
0,01
10
100
1000
Compressed
air storage
10000
Energy capacity kWh
Compressed
air supply
Cost €2012/kWh
50 bar
1600
22
1200
16
325 bar
800
225 bar
400
11
5
MESB
100
1000
Energy kWh
G Oliveira Silva
P Hendrick
21st January 2014
20 years lifetime cost
c€2012/kWh
4h
10
Intermittent
energy production
Compressed
air vehicles

14. T0+12 RESULTS - CAES
CONCLUSIONS
•
•
•
COST ACCEPTABLE FOR SMALL-SCALE ENERGY STORAGE (>10KWH)
THERMAL MANAGEMENT MANDATORY
HIGH-PRESSURES RECOMMENDED (BEST CASE: 225BAR)
QUESTIONS
•
•
•
•
•
•
INTEGRATION OF OTHER SERVICES (THERMAL, COMPRESSED AIR)
GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURES CONSTRAINTS
COMPRESSORS REVERSIBILITY (TURBINE)
EFFECT OF PRESSURE VARIATION
EQUIPMENT LIFETIME AND MAINTENANCE COSTS
NOISE
MESB
G Oliveira Silva
P Hendrick
21st January 2014
14

15. T0+12 RESULTS - THERMAL
SENSIBLE HEAT THERMAL STORAGE
Cost €2012/kWh
150
100
y = 99x-0,193
50
0
1
MESB
10
100
Energy kWh
G Oliveira Silva
P Hendrick
21st January 2014
1000
15

16. T0+12 RESULTS - THERMAL
CONCLUSIONS
•
•
•
•
VERY LOW COST (0,6C€/KWH)
HEAT AS A BYPRODUCT
PHASE-CHANGE TECHNOLOGIES (LATENT HEAT) UNDER DEVELOPMENT
LOW GRADE ENERGY WHEN COMPARED TO ELECTRICITY
QUESTIONS
•
•
•
•
•
INTEGRATION ON OTHER STORAGE SYSTEMS (FUEL CELLS, ETC)
OTHER TECHNOLOGIES: DISTRICT HEATING, UNDERGROUND
LATENT HEAT STORAGE
EQUIPMENT LIFETIME AND MAINTENANCE COSTS
HEAT ORIGIN
MESB
G Oliveira Silva
P Hendrick
21st January 2014
16

17. T0+12 RESULTS - HYDROGEN
Efficiency % (H2
HHV)
ELECTROLYZER
70%
50%
30%
Mass kg/kW
1
10
Power kW
100
y=37,3x-0,075
100
10
1
10
100
Power kW
MESB
G Oliveira Silva
P Hendrick
21st January 2014
17

18. T0+12 RESULTS - HYDROGEN
Cost €2012/kW
Efficiency % (H2 HHV)
FUEL CELL
40%
Stack
30%
Fuel cell
20%
0,01
10000
0,10
1,00
Power kW
10,00
y = 4492x-0,428
1000
0,01
MESB
0,10
Power kW
1,00
G Oliveira Silva
P Hendrick
21st January 2014
18

19. 19
Cost for a 20 year lifetime
c€2012/kWhOUTPUT
T0+12 RESULTS - HYDROGEN
kOUT=1h
65
kin=kout
kin=2kout
50
kOUT=4h
35
kOUT=150h
kOUT=50h
kOUT=10h
20
5
10
MESB
100
Energy kWhOUTPUT
G Oliveira Silva
P Hendrick
21st January 2014
1000

20. Cost €2012/kWh
T0+12 RESULTS - BATTERIES
500
y = 419x-0,1
Sealed
300
y=250
flooded
100
Cost €2012/kW
0,0
0,5
1,0
Energy kWh (50%DoD for C/5h)
10000
y = 4173x-0,32
1000
100
1
MESB
10
100
Power W
G Oliveira Silva
P Hendrick
21st January 2014
1000
20

21. 21
4h
0,9
Lead acid sealed
0,6
Lead acid flooded
0,3
Lithium-ion
0,0
Lifetime Cost €2012/kWh
Lifetime Cost €2012/kWh
T0+12 RESULTS - BATTERIES
10h
0,9
Lead acid sealed
0,6
Lead acid flooded
0,3
Lithium-ion
0,0
1
10
100
Energy kWh
4h
10h
MESB
G Oliveira Silva
P Hendrick
21st January 2014
1000
Lead acid
sealed
0,68
0,61
1
Lead acid
flooded
0,46
0,39
10
100
Energy kWh
Lithium-ion
0,22
0,20
1000

22. T0+12 RESULTS - BATTERIES
CONCLUSIONS
•
LOW COST FOR LI-ION
QUESTIONS
•
•
LIFETIME
O&MAINTENANCE COSTS
MESB
G Oliveira Silva
P Hendrick
21st January 2014
22

23. 23
T0+12 RESULTS - CONCLUSION
Cost (c€2012/kWh)
Energy (Wh)
2k
10k
100k
Mass (kg/kWh)
2k
1M
10k
100k
Volume (l/kWh)
2k
1M
10k
100k
1M
-
72
58
-
-
37k
37k
-
-
37k
37k
-
CAES
-
11
9
8
-
88
88
88
-
106
106
106
Hydrogen
-
40
22
12
-
24
19
17
-
102
101
101
Lead acid
flooded
54
46
46
46
53
53
53
53
24
24
24
24
Lead acid sealed
75
68
68
68
62
62
62
62
27
27
27
27
Lithium-ion
Technology
Pumped hydro
22
22
22
22
14
14
14
14
9
9
9
9
-
0,9
0,6
0,4
-
14
14
14
-
14
14
14
Thermal
MESB
G Oliveira Silva
P Hendrick
21st January 2014

24. T0+12 RESULTS– PROJECT’S DATABASE
DATABASE OF EXISTING
AND PLANNED ENERGY
STORAGE SYSTEMS
PROVIDING SUPPLIERS,
TECHNIQUES, COSTS,
ETC.
MESB
G Oliveira Silva
P Hendrick
21st January 2014
24

25. PUBLICATIONS
IRES 2013
8TH INTERNATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY
STORAGE CONFERENCE AND EXHIBITION
ACCEPTED POSTER
MICRO ENERGY STORAGE IN BUILDINGS
18-20 NOVEMBER 2013
BERLIN, GERMANY
MESB
G Oliveira Silva
P Hendrick
21st January 2014
25

26. SOME REFERENCES
Key world energy statistics 2012. IEA. s.l. : IEA, 2012
Cost determination of the electro-mechanical equipment of a small hydro-power plant. Ogayar, P. e vidal, P.G.
s.l. : Renewable energy, 2009.
Cost minimization in micro-hydro systems using pumps as turbines. Alatorre-Frenck, Claudio. s.l. : PhD thesis,
University of Warwick, 1994
California department of transportation construction costs database. http://sv08data.dot.ca.gov/contractcost/.
s.l. : online, 2013
Maintenance History of Four Steel Water Tanks. Neumann, Walter e Newman, Wade. s.l. : Water & wastes
digest, 2000
Feasibility of CO2 sequestration in abandoned coal mines in Belgium. Piessens, Kris e Dusar, Michiel. s.l. :
Geologica Belgica, 2004
Novel approach for decentralised energy supply and energy storage of tall buildings in Latin America based on
renewable energy sources: Case study - Informal vertical community Torre David, Caracas - Venezuela. Fonseca,
Jimeno e Schlueter, Arno. s.l. : Energy, 2013
DOE international energy storage database. http://www.energystorageexchange.org/. s.l. : online, 2013
Project ADELE. www.rwe.com. s.l. : online, 2013
A trigeneration system based on compressed air and thermal energy storage. Li, Yongliang, et al., et al. s.l. :
Applied energy, 2012
Pumps as turbines. A user's guide. Williams, Arthur. s.l. : Intermediate technology publications, 1995
Reverse running pumps analytical, experimental and computational study: A review. Nautiyal, Himanshu e
Kumar, Anoop. s.l. : Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2010
MESB
G Oliveira Silva
P Hendrick
21st January 2014
26

27. Meetings on Sustainable Construction & Efficient Energy Buildings
Company Mission with Nord Pas de Calais
MESB
Micro Energy Storage in Buildings
Prof P Hendrick
Patrick.hendrick@ulb.ac.be
MESB
Ir G Oliveira Silva
goliveir@ulb.ac.be
G Oliveira Silva
P Hendrick
21st January 2014