The Future of Social Networks on the Internet: The Need for Semantics

The Future of Social Networks on the Internet: The Need for Semantics John G. Breslin, Stefan Decker, Uldis Bojars {firstname.lastname@deri.org} Semantic Technologies Conference / San Jose, USA / 19th May 2008

URL for the presentation

View the slides at Slideshare:

http://url.ie/e46

Where in the world are we?

Our mission and vision

DERI Galway’s mission is “to exploit semantics for:

People

Organisations

Systems

to collaborate and interoperate on a global scale”

DERI Galway’s vision is “to be recognised as being among the leading international web science research institutes interlinking technologies, information and people to advance business and benefit society”

Founded June 2003 with 1 fulltime member (green field)

Status as of May 2008:

About 130 members (from 27 nations) and growing

Total research grants:

About €23M so far, 17 national and 16 EU projects

Research publications > 370

Leading in International and European Semantic Web Conferences

Participates in 12 standardisation groups

Example technologies:

Semantic Digital Libraries

Semantic Desktop (in KDE4)

Semantic Web Search Engine

Some statistics

Core industrial partners

On the shoulders of giants…

Memex (Vannevar Bush) A memex is “a device in which an individual stores all his books, records, and communications.”

Augmenting Human Intellect (Doug Engelbart) “ By "augmenting human intellect" we mean increasing the capability of a man to approach a complex problem situation, to gain comprehension to suit his particular needs, and to derive solutions to problems. ”

WWW (Tim Berners-Lee) “There was a second part of the dream […] we could then use computers to help us analyse it, make sense of what we re doing, where we individually fit in, and how we can better work together.”

It wasn’t the right time then… Where are we now?

Now, we are making progress…

A network of knowledge…

Interconnected

Universal

All encompassing

Enable global and local collaboration

The right information for the right people at the right time

Getting to work in the DERI house

What we’re going to talk about today…

Collaborating via the Social Web

Social networking services (SNSs) so far

Issues with social networking services

Leveraging semantics on the Social Web:

FOAF and SIOC

Producers

Collectors

Consumers

Leveraging semantics in Enterprise 2.0 SNSs

Social media sites are like data silos * Source: Pidgin Technologies, www.pidgintech.com

Many isolated communities of users and their data * Source: Pidgin Technologies, www.pidgintech.com

Need ways to connect these islands * Source: Pidgin Technologies, www.pidgintech.com

Allowing users to easily move from one to another * Source: Pidgin Technologies, www.pidgintech.com

Enabling users to easily bring their data with them * Source: Pidgin Technologies, www.pidgintech.com

1. Collaborating via the Social Web

A move from the Web to a “social web”

The New Yorker, 1993

“ On the Internet, nobody knows you’re a dog.”

The New Yorker, 2005

“ I had my own blog for a while, but I decided to go back to just pointless, incessant barking.”

What is social media?

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media

“ Social media uses the ‘wisdom of crowds’ to connect information in a collaborative manner.”

“ Social media can take many different forms, including message boards, weblogs, wikis, podcasts, pictures and video.”

Popular examples of social media sites:

Wikipedia, MySpace / Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, SecondLife, Upcoming, Digg / Reddit / StumbleUpon, Flickr / Zooomr, del.icio.us, World of Warcraft, Amazon

Related terms:

Web 2.0, Social Web , social software, social networks, social news, social bookmarking, user-generated content

What is Web 2.0?

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_2.0

“ Web 2.0 refers to a perceived second generation of web-based communities and hosted services - such as social-networking sites, wikis and folksonomies - which aim to facilitate collaboration and sharing between users.”

The term Web 2.0 was made popular by Tim O’Reilly:

http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/oreilly/tim/news/2005/09/30/what-is-web-20.html

Features / principles of Web 2.0 (O’Reilly)

The Web as platform

Harnessing collective intelligence

Data is the next “Intel Inside”

End of the software release cycle

Lightweight programming models

Software above the level of a single device

Rich user experiences

The long tail

Web 2.0 and social media in simple terms

Users

Content

Tags

Comments

Users post content

Users share content

Users annotate content with tags

Users browse content via tags

Users discuss content via comments

Users connect via posted content

Users connect directly to users

Content can be…

Books Amazon

Discussion postings Blogs

Bookmarks del.icio.us

Photos Flickr

Music Last.fm

Movies Netflix

Events Upcoming.org

Places Dopplr

Products Microsoft Aura

Articles Wikipedia

Blogging: a phenomenon for a new generation?

Cincinnati Enquirer, October 2004

Overview of blogs

Weblog , web log or simply a blog is a web journal

“ A web application which contains periodic time-stamped posts on a common (usually open-access) webpage”

Individual diaries -> arms of political campaigns, media programs and corporations (e.g. the Google Blog)

Citizen journalism…

Posts are often shown in reverse chronological order

Comments can be made by the public on some blogs

Latest headlines, with hyperlinks and summaries, are syndicated using RSS or Atom formats (e.g. for reading favourite blogs with a feed reader)

The state of the blogosphere from Technorati

70 million blogs

The blogosphere is doubling in size every 320 days (slowing down a little)

120,000 new blogs are created each day (i.e. 1.4 new blogs every second)

1.5 million blog posts are made in a day (i.e. 17 posts per second)

Around 5-10% of new blogs are spam blogs or “splogs”

35% of blog posts use tags

Definition of wikis

A wiki is a type of website that allow users to easily add and edit content and is especially suited for collaborative writing

The name is based on the Hawaiian term wiki-wiki, meaning “quick”, “fast”, or “ to hasten ”

It amasses to a group of web pages that allows users to quickly add content and also allows others to edit the content:

It relies on cooperation, checks and balances of its members, and a belief in sharing of ideas

Some uses of wikis

Wikis are being used for:

online encyclopaedias

free dictionaries

book repositories

software development

project proposals

writing research papers

event organisation

The Wikipedia: from Irish to Esperanto

Flickr, share your photos

SlideShare for presentations

The social bookmarking service del.icio.us

All Consuming, what have you read today?

LibraryThing, find out who else reads like you

CiteULike, get publication references from peers

Upcoming event listings and meetups

Dopplr for managing travel, tracking friends abroad

TouristR for travel destination stories and info

You can even share your favourite walks…

… and find others with like musical interests

2. Social networking services (SNSs) so far

We all live in a social network…

… of friends, family, workmates, fellow students, acquaintances, etc.

Friend of a friend, or “dúirt bean liom go ndúirt bean leí”

Theory that anybody is connected to everybody else (on average) by no more than six degrees of separation

Everyone’s connected…

Milgram’s six degrees of separation theory

Sociologist Milgram conducted this experiment:

Random people from Nebraska were to send a letter (via intermediaries) to a stock broker in Boston

Could only send to someone with whom they were on a first-name basis

Among the letters that found the target, the average number of links was six

Stanley Milgram (1933-1984)

And now a major motion picture, kind of…

Six Degrees of Separation (1993)

“ I read somewhere that everybody on this planet is separated by only six other people. Six degrees of separation between us and everyone else on this planet. The President of the United States, a gondolier in Venice, just fill in the names... It’s not just big names — it’s anyone. A native in a rain forest, a Tiero del Fuegan, an Eskimo. I am bound — you are bound — to everyone on this planet by a trail of six people.”

Play from 1990 by John Guare

The Erdős number

Number of links required to connect scholars to Erdős via co-authorship of papers

Erdős wrote 1500+ papers with 507 co-authors

Jerry Grossman’s site allows mathematicians to compute their Erdős numbers:

http://www.oakland.edu/enp/

Connecting path lengths, among mathematicians only:

The average is 4.65

The maximum is 13

Paul Erdős (1913-1996)

Trying to make friends Valdis Marc Met Marc and I already had friends in common! I later found out my cousin Ailish also knows Andrew. The “small world” phenomenon… Latvia Uldis DERI John Dublin Clare Bros John C Andrew

“ It’s a small world after all!”, by Kentaro Toyama Kentaro Bash Karishma Sharad Maithreyi Anandan Venkie Soumya Prof. McDermott * Source: http://research.microsoft.com/toyama/talks/ Ranjeet Prof. Sastry PM Manmohan Singh Prof. Balki Pres. Kalam Prof. Jhunjhunwala Dr. Montek Singh Ahluwalia Ravi Dr. Isher Judge Ahluwalia Pawan Aishwarya Ravi’s Father Amitabh Bachchan Prof. Kannan Prof. Prahalad Nandana Sen Prof. Amartya Sen Prof. Veni

The Kevin Bacon game

Boxed version of the game

Invented by three Albright College students in 1994:

Craig Fass, Brian Turtle, Mike Ginelly

Goal is to connect any actor to Kevin Bacon, by linking actors who have acted in the same movie

The “Oracle of Bacon” website uses IMDB to find the shortest link between any two actors:

http://oracleofbacon.org/

The Kevin Bacon game (2)

Total number of actors in database (as of 15 th October):

893283

Average path length to Kevin:

2.957

Actor closest to “center”:

Rod Steiger (2.68)

Rank of Kevin, in terms of closeness to center:

1049th

Most actors are within three links of each other!

What are social networking services (SNSs)?

From the beginning, the Internet was a medium for connecting not only machines but people

Idea behind SNSs is to make the aforementioned real-world relationships explicitly defined online

2002:

Friendster

2003:

MySpace, LinkedIn, hi5

2004:

orkut, Facebook

2005:

Bebo

The popularity of SNSs

The 10 most popular domains ~= 40% percent of all page views on the Web (Compete, November 2006)

Nearly half of those views were from the social networking services MySpace and Facebook – wow!

And that’s just in the top 10…

Alexa rankings:

#5: MySpace

#6: Facebook

#8: hi5

#10: orkut

#18: Friendster

#119: Bebo

#212: LinkedIn

SNSs attracting lots of monetary / media attention

Friendster – $13M VC

Tribe – $6.3M VC

LinkedIn – $4.7M VC

Bebo – $15M VC, sold to AOL for $850M

MySpace – Sold for $580M

Friends Reunited – Sold for £120M

Facebook – $1B Y! offer, 1.6% sold to MS for $250M

Motivation for social network services

Allows a user to create and maintain an online network of close friends or business associates for social and professional reasons :

Friendships and relationships

Offline meetings

Curiosity about others

Business opportunities

Job hunting

…

For social good:

Kevin Bacon – sixdegrees.org

Ammado - ammado.com

Sun – openeco.org

Big social network services (in terms of accounts)

myspace.com 110,000,000

facebook.com 98,000,000

habbo.com 86,000,000

spaces.live.com 40,000,000

orkut.com 59,000,000

hi5.com 70,000,000

friendster.com 58,000,000

xanga.com 40,000,000

classmates.com 40,000,000

flixster.com 36,000,000

netlog.com 32,000,000

reunion.com 28,000,000

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_social_networking_websites

Features of social network services

Network of friends (inner circle)

Person surfing

Private messaging

Discussion forums

Events management

Blogging and commenting

Media uploading

Facebook, #6 in the world

The success of (and hype around) Facebook

According to Robert Scoble today, MS want to buy Facebook for $15-$20B:

http://scobleizer.com/2008/05/19/why-microsoft-will-buy-facebook-and-keep-it-closed/

4,000 applications have been created for Facebook’s developer interface:

70,000 developers signed up

Active user count jumped by 70% in the four months after this contributable application layer was added

50% of Facebook users are non-students:

People over 24 are its fastest-growing demographic

orkut, Google’s SNS

Get LinkedIn to business contacts, 15 million users

OpenEco, a SNS for managing GHG emissions

Elgg, social networking software for education

Other niche SNSs

Age:

Multiply (seniors and settled); Boomj (baby boomers); Rezoom

Country of origin:

Silicon India

Gender:

CaféMom; MothersClick; Sister Woman (female friends)

Occupation:

ModelsHotel; FanLib (fiction writers); AdGabber; TheFeng.org (financial services executives); MilitarySpot (military families); Sermo (doctors and physicians)

Business and careers:

ConnectBuzz; Doostang; Execunet; Netshare; Ryze; Viadeo; Xing

Interests:

TradeKing (investors); StreetCred (hip hop); IndiePublic (art and design); PeerTrainer (health and wellbeing)

* Source: Paul Gibler, Wisconsin Technology Network

Enterprise 2.0

Web 2.0 includes applications such as blogs, wikis, RSS feeds and social networking, while Enterprise 2.0 is the packaging of those technologies in both corporate IT and workplace environments

“ Enterprise 2.0 is the use of emergent social software platforms within companies , or between companies and their partners or customers”, Harvard Business School’s Professor Andrew McAfee

“ There are direct enterprise equivalents [to Facebook]. You can ask people the status of their projects, what they’re working on, are they travelling, things they’ve learned . All of these things would be very valuable inside an enterprise.”

Social media services that people have been using in everyday life on the Web are now entering organisations:

Blogs

Wikis

Social networking

Tagging

Lots of companies and products in this space:

Awareness, Mentor Scout, Contact Networks, Microsoft SharePoint, IBM Lotus Connections, SelectMinds, introNetworks, Tacit, Illumio, Jive Software, Visible Path, Leverage Software, Web Crossing, SocialText

These new deployments also face the same issues that are on the Web

Enterprise 2.0 (2)

introNetworks

Jive Software

Visible Path

Visible Path powers “Hoover’s Connect” for business research company Hoover's, which lets users know how they're connected to companies and people in the Hoover's database

3. Issues with social networking services

Problems with SNSs

Fundamental problems block their potential to access the full range of available content and networked people online

There is a need to build semantic social networking into the fabric of the next-generation Internet itself:

Interconnecting both content and people in a meaningful way

First issue

Need interesting objects to draw you back to keep on using social networking services

* Source: Jyri Engestrom, “Object-Centered Sociality”, Reboot 7

Many social networking services are boring… * Source: Jyri Engestrom, “Object-Centered Sociality”, Reboot 7

Object-centred sociality can provide meaning

Users connected via a common object, e.g., their job, university, hobbies, a date…

“ Another tradition of theorizing offers an explanation of why Russell linked out, and why so many YASNS ultimately fail.”

“ According to this theory, people don’t just connect to each other. They connect through a shared object.”

* Source: Jyri Engestrom, “Why Some Social Networks Work…”

Object-centred sociality can provide meaning (2)

“ When a service fails to offer the users a way to create new objects of sociality, they turn the connecting itself into an object [LinkedIn].”

“ Good services allow people to create social objects that add value.”

Flickr = photos

del.icio.us = bookmarks

Blogs = discussion posts

* Source: Jyri Engestrom, “Why Some Social Networks Work…”

… that connect us to other people

Discussions

Bookmarks

Annotations

Profiles

Microblogs

Multimedia

…

These are the social objects…

Second issue

We all have too many separate profiles and sets of contacts on disconnected social networking services

So many social media sites… * Source: Smashcut Media, www.smashcut-media.com

Even more services…

It takes a lot of time…

Filling out your profiles, re-adding your friends…

Uploading posts and content items to “stovepipes”!

What if I use multiple services and I want to…

Move the stuff I have on one service to another (e.g. move all my blog posts, comments, friends, etc. from WordPress.com to “Acme Blogs”)

Move all my stuff from multiple services to one third-party service

Centralise my stuff on my own service, e.g. my blog

See my stuff on a third-party service providing an aggregate view, like FriendFeed

(De-)centralised me

Initiatives set up to address this recently

Social network portability:

http://groups.google.com/group/social-network-portability

A bill of rights for users of the Social Web:

http://opensocialweb.org/

DataPortability:

http://dataportability.org/

DiSo:

http://code.google.com/p/diso/

OpenSocial (see also Friend Connect):

http://opensocial.org/

Social network portability

Need distributed social networks and reusable profiles

Users may have many identities and sets of friends on different social networks, where each identity was created from scratch

Allow user to import existing profile and contacts, using a single global identity with different views (e.g., via FOAF, hCard, OpenID, etc.)

See also:

http://bradfitz.com/social-graph-problem/

http://danbri.org/words/2007/09/13/194

http://code.google.com/apis/socialgraph/

Social networking fatigue

How many general or niche SNSs are you willing to register and / or interact with?

People search engine and aggregation sites are now appearing to compensate:

SocialURL – organise your online identities

PeekYou – matching web pages with their owners

Spock – organising information around people

Rapleaf – reputation lookup and email search

Wink – free people search engine

FriendFeed – subscribe to all of your friends’ feeds

Ownership, control, freedom at opensocialweb.org

The DataPortability initiative

http://dataportability.org

Existing technologies

Inventing no new ones

Other initiatives “near” DataPortability

Fold a social networking layer into tech stacks

Make social networking a shared component across various desktop and Web applications

Rather than having a fragmented view of one’s network in each application, the social networking stack would let users employ all their person-to-person connections in any application:

See http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/MIC.2007.138

4. Leveraging semantics on the Social Web

timbl on Semantic Web / Social Web synergies

“ I think we could have both Semantic Web technology supporting online communities , but at the same time also online communities can support Semantic Web data by being the sources of people voluntarily connecting things together .”

Sir Tim Berners-Lee, podcast interview during ISWC 2005

http://esw.w3.org/topic/IswcPodcast

Semantics can help

By using agreed-upon semantic formats to describe people, content objects and the connections that bind them all together , social media sites can interoperate by appealing to common semantics

Developers are already using semantic technologies to augment the ways in which they create, reuse, and link profiles and content on social media sites (using FOAF, XFN / hCard, SIOC, etc.)

In the other direction, object-centered social networks can serve as rich data sources for semantic applications

The (evolving) Semantic Web layer cake

http://www.w3.org/2007/03/layerCake.png

A need for common semantics

Communities should provide their data in a common, machine-understandable way:

RDF (resource description framework) as a data layer

One single format for all the data

Different transport layers (RDF/XML, N3, etc.) ‏

The base of the Semantic Web

Communities should use common semantics to define this data:

Avoiding the use of proprietary APIs

Since this means that they can talk together, exchange information, using the same modelling layer for their data

Using SIOC for representing content and actions

Using FOAF for representing people and networks

FOAF (Friend-of-a-Friend)

FOAF is an ontology for describing people and the relationships that exist between them

Can be integrated with any other SW vocabularies

Some services with FOAF exports:

People can also create their own FOAF document and link to it from their homepage

FOAF documents usually contain personal info, links to friends, and other related resources

A distributed social network with FOAF

Can use FOAF to describe social networks across a number of services

Picture shows data from both boards.ie and John’s hand-coded FOAF file

The (lowercase) semantic web

Microformats:

http://microformats.org/

“ Designed for humans first and machines second, microformats are a set of simple, open data formats built upon existing and widely adopted standards.”

Embedded metadata within (X)HTML web pages

Semantically-Interlinked Online Communities (SIOC)

An effort from DERI to discover how we can create and establish ontologies on the Semantic Web

Goal of the SIOC ontology is to address interoperability issues on the (Social) Web

SIOC has been adopted in a framework of 50 applications or modules deployed on over 400 sites

http://sioc-project.org

Motivations for SIOC

Need to understand how to create and establish ontologies on the Web:

Social engineering is required

Model, agree, deploy, re-model

Disconnected sites on the Social Web require ontologies for interoperation:

Lots of social data, inherent semantics (chicken and egg)

Potential for high impact

In parallel, lack of integration between social software and other systems in enterprise intranets

The aims of SIOC

To “semantically-interlink online communities”

To fully describe the content and structure of community sites

To create new connections between online discussion posts and items, forums and containers

To enable the integration of online community information

To browse connected Social Web items in interesting and innovative ways

To overcome the chicken-and-egg problem with the Semantic Web

The steps involved

Develop an ontology of terms for representing rich data from the Social Web

Create a food chain for producing, collecting and consuming SIOC data

As well dissemination via papers about SIOC, provide docs and examples at sioc-project.org

SIOC aims to enrich the Web infrastructure:

During the next upgrade cycle, gigabytes of community data become available!

The SIOC ontology

The main classes and properties are:

SIOC Specification: http://rdfs.org/sioc/spec

The SIOC food chain

Dissemination

Quotes about SIOC

“ I […] think the concept is HOT” – Robert Douglass, Drupal Developer

“ It just dawned on me that the burgeoning SIOC-o-sphere (online communities exporting and exposing content via SIOC Ontology) is actually: Blogosphere 2.0” – Kingsley Idehen, Founder and CEO of OpenLink Software

“ SIOC has the potential to become one of the foundational vocabularies that make Semantic Web applications useful” – Ivan Herman, W3C / ERCIM

“ A project that started back in 2000 called Friend-of-a-Friend (FOAF) represents relationships between people, as well as basic contact details. SIOC does this for groups: it extends the FOAF idea to being able to talk about whole groups of people. I am excited about SIOC because you can use that information to determine trust, to let people in.” – Tim Berners-Lee, Creator of the World Wide Web

SIOC metrics

SIOC documents at PTSW:

107759 (SIOC)

96540 (SIOC Types)

42911 hits in Swoogle

Sites producing SIOC data:

373 listed in PTSW pings

SIOC ontology is ranked 4 th and SIOC Types module 5 th in 500 ontologies at PTSW

SIOC developer mailing list:

200 members

900 posts

What is required to represent a community?

Represent the data, not only documents:

From the WWW to a “GGG”, hyperlinks to semantic relationships

A model for all the aspects of a community:

Users accounts, groups and roles:

Reader, reviewer, moderator

Content and types:

A blog, a blog post, a bulletin board, a wiki page, etc.

Actions between users and content:

Uldis creates a post, Alex comments on it, John moderates it

A model for the entire content:

Any data: RSS 1.0 and Atom limited to syndication / latest posts

Any user and relationship: new user, new post, replies, etc.

Representing community data with SIOC

Using SIOC as an ontology to represent the activities of online communities on the Web:

Namespace: http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns

Five top-level classes: User / Role / Space / Container / Item

A “SIOC Types” module for Social Web content

Action: A user posts an item in a container

A Semantic Web citizen:

Reusing and interlinking existing ontologies

Not reinventing the wheel (connects to DC, FOAF, etc.):

http://www.w3.org/Submission/2007/SUBM-sioc-related-20070612/

The SIOC ontology

The main classes and properties are:

SIOC Specification: http://rdfs.org/sioc/spec

Example of SIOC data

Alex wrote a post on his WordPress blog:

:myblogpost rdf:type sioc:Post ;

dc:title “I’m blogging this” ;

sioc:has_creator :alex ;

sioc:has_container :mywpblog .

:mywpblog rdf:type sioc: Forum .

The same model for any website

John wrote a post on his Drupal-powered blog:

:myblogpost rdf:type sioc:Post ;

dc:title “Another blog post” ;

sioc:has_creator :john ;

sioc:has_container :mydrupal .

:mydrupal rdf:type sioc: Forum .

The same model for rich data

Uldis owns a photo gallery on Flickr:

:myitempost rdf:type exif:IFD ;

dc:title “Another posted item”;

sioc:has_creator :john ;

sioc:has_container :myflickrgallery .

:myflickrgallery rdf:type sioct:ImageGallery .

We reuse external vocabularies (e.g. EXIF) to define item types

Interlinking communities

Since all communities can use the same model to define their data, it is easy to link them from a data point of view

Interlinking:

URIs are used to define things and created objects

A post on blog “A” can be semantically linked to a post on blog “B”

Using SPARQL to query data:

Can perform unified queries no matter where the data comes from

No need to learn new APIs from data providers

SPARQL is a W3C Recommendation for querying RDF

FOAF and social network connections

FOAF allows us to represent the connections between people:

A machine-readable format for social-networking

Using the foaf:knows property:

:John foaf:knows :Alex

Extensions using the RELATIONSHIP vocabulary:

http://vocab.org/relationship/

All rel:* properties are subproperties of foaf:knows

:John rel:worksWith :Uldis

RDFS inferencing allows tools to answer queries using foaf:knows when people use rel:* alternatives

Linking people to user accounts

FOAF is the main vocabulary used to represent people:

http://foaf-project.org

foaf:Person class:

“ The foaf:Person class represents people. Something is a foaf:Person if it is a person.”

foaf:holdsAccount property:

“ The foaf:holdsAccount property relates a foaf:Agent to a foaf:OnlineAccount for which they are the sole account holder.”

Linking people to user accounts:

sioc:User rdfs:subClassOf foaf:onlineAccount

Links a foaf:Person to various sioc:User(s)

As many sioc:User(s) as required can be linked to a single person

One people, various identities

Representing users and online accounts

The sioc:User class:

An online user account

Can be thought of as a virtual representation of any person online, within the context of a given social media website or community

A subclass of foaf:OnlineAccount

Various properties:

name, avatar, email

Users create and manage content:

has_creator and has_modifier properties

:blogpost123 sioc:has_creator :john

A user can have roles on a given container:

(Moderator, Forum 1) ← User A

(Contributor, Blog 2) ← User B

A person and their user accounts

Add SKOS for topics and categories

Interlinking using common categories:

Share tags and topics across different content

SKOS (Simple Knowledge Organisation System):

http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/

A vocabulary to describe controlled vocabularies

Used in the “Tag Ontology”:

http://www.holygoat.co.uk/projects/tags/

Interlinking content with SKOS

skos:isSubjectOf

sioc:topic

Interlinking content items

Can create direct links between instances of sioc:Item:

Link from a blog post to a bulletin board page

sioc:related_to, sioc:links_to, sioc:has_reply

Interlinking using common categories:

Share tags and topics across different content

SKOS: Simple Knowledge Organisation System

http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/

A vocabulary to describe controlled vocabularies

Used in the “Tag Ontology”: http://www.holygoat.co.uk/projects/tags/

Interlink using existing URIs as topics

geonames.org , DBpedia, Revyu

MOAT: a process to simplify linking content to such URIs

http://moat-project.org/

Identity management across networks

Social media sites (or RDF exporters) create a new foaf:Person instance when they export their data:

TalkDigger, Revyu, Flickr exporters, etc.

There is a need to unify URIs so as to represent one's unified identity

Linked-data principles are to use owl:sameAs and rdfs:seeAlso:

See http://www4.wiwiss.fu-berlin.de/bizer/pub/LinkedDataTutorial/

owl:sameAs: Used to identify two resources with different URIs as being the same resource

rdfs:seeAlso: “More information about this resource can be found here”, can be used by Semantic Web tools such as Tabulator

Inference using owl:InverseFunctionalProperty:

foaf:mbox, foaf:openid, etc. can be used to identify uniqueness for a foaf:Person

Unifying aspects of a foaf:Person across networks:

All relevant sioc:User accounts may be related to one foaf:Person

:alex owl:sameAs flickr:33669349@N00 ;

owl:sameAs twitter:terraces

Linking foaf:Person URIs for one person

Distributed social networking with FOAF

Combining networks from multiple FOAF URIs via owl:sameAs:

Decentralised social networks can represent connections for the same person

A person’s networks can be merged together

Any sub-network in the social graph can be reached from a single entry point, via the person’s URI

Integrating social networks with FOAF Common formats, unique URIs * Source: Sheila Kinsella, Applications of Social Network Analysis 2007

Distributed social networking with FOAF

Applications for browsing the social (semantic) graph

FOAFnaut, FOAF Explorer, etc.

FOAFGear: thanks to common semantics, only 100 lines of code: http://apassant.net/home/2008/01/foafgear/

Aggregation of semantic social networks

Browse / re-use your social graph in personal applications

Merge identities with pre-defined rules

Tools:

Beatnik

Knowee

SPARQLpress

Nepomuk (Social Semantic Desktop)

Using OpenID with FOAF

Can link to your FOAF profile from your OpenID URL, so that services can browse your machine-readable profile when you log-in:

<head>

<link rel="meta" type="application/rdf+xml" title="FOAF" href="foaf.rdf" />

</head>

Example of OpenID used with FOAF

Bob creates an account on Networkr, a new social networking website, using OpenID

Networkr retrieves the FOAF URI thanks to an auto-discovery link

From the FOAF file, it identifies if there are any people already subscribed to Networkr who are listed in Bob’s defined relationships:

Bob can add them as “local connections”, share data with them, etc. without having to once again search for / add his friends

Specific rules:

If I know X from Flickr, he / she can see my pictures on Networkr

SIOC d ata p roducers

SIOC a pplications l ist :

http://rdfs.org/sioc/applications/

> 20 a pplications for p roducing SIOC d ata :

F ree and o pen s ource

SIOC e xport t ools for:

Blogs and forums: WordPress, phpBB, Drupal, b2evolution

“ Legacy” applications: m ailing lists, IRC

New media: Twitter, Jaiku , Facebook, Flickr

Enterprise applications: CWE (collaborative work environments)

Case studies

WordPress SIOC exporter:

http://sioc-project.org/wordpress

First SIOC plugin created, custom built

vBulletin and phpBB SIOC exporters:

http://wiki.sioc-project.org/index.php/VBSIOC

http://sioc-project.org/phpbb

Uses SIOC API for PHP

Overview of WordPress SIOC exporter

Installation:

Download from http://sioc-project.org/wordpress

“ Drop” two files into the WordPress plugins folder

Go to the administrator’s user interface

Plugins -> SIOC Plugin -> “Activate”

SIOC data created for every page:

Data describing all blog posts, comments, users, etc.

SIOC data can be discovered via RDF autodiscovery links:

<link rel="meta" type="application/rdf+xml" title="SIOC" href="http://www.johnbreslin.com/blog/index.php?sioc_type=site" />

Data can be explored or crawled using existing Semantic Web applications

Sample export of SIOC data from WordPress

RDF data from the WordPress SIOC Exporter, displayed in the SIOC RDF Browser

SIOC export APIs

Benefits:

Hides the complexity from application developers

Can be used by people who are not Semantic Web experts

Automatically updated according to changes in the SIOC ontology and best practices documents

Existing SIOC APIs:

Java

Perl (new!)

PHP (most used)

RDFa on Rails

See “2.1 SIOC APIs” in http://rdfs.org/sioc/applications/

Overview of vBulletin and phpBB SIOC Exporters

There is a large amount of structured related information contained within message boards, and this can be leveraged in interesting ways by exposing the semantic data for new applications

Exporters have been developed for commercial (vBulletin) and open-source (phpBB) message board systems, bringing these islands together and allowing conversations on topics that are taking place across various sites

vBulletin and phpBB SIOC Exporters are based on the SIOC API for PHP:

http://wiki.sioc-project.org/index.php/PHPExportAPI

Sample export of SIOC data from vBulleti n

Sample export of SIOC data from vBulleti n (2)

SIOC competition with boards.ie

boards.ie has been publishing social graph information online using FOAF since 2004

With its 10 years of discussions, boards.ie can serve as a rich source of SIOC data for the Social Semantic Web:

The data to be “SIOC-ified” is already all publicly viewable, but it is difficult to leverage without any added semantics due to the fact that it is embedded in heavily-styled HTML pages

DERI are sponsoring a competition with prizes (the top prize is €3000) for whoever is judged to have produced the most interesting application(s) that makes use of the SIOC data exported from boards.ie

To enter, go to http://data.sioc-project.org

Creating your own exporters

Use SIOC API(s) if possible:

Or create new APIs to contribute back to the community

Creating RDF data is easy:

Use the plugin API provided by the host system

Collect required information from the host (CMS) system

Create in-memory RDF or object model (optional)

Serialise RDF data (using RDF API or print templates)

Seek help from the SIOC developer community:

http://sioc-project.org/ or SIOC-Dev mailing list or #sioc on IRC

Explore more producers of SIOC data

Sioku:

SIOC data from Jaiku microblogging service

http://sioku.sioc-project.org/

SWAML:

Exports mailing list archives in RDF

http://swaml.berlios.de/

OpenLink DataSpaces:

Uses SIOC as a representation format for multiple social spaces

http://virtuoso.openlinksw.com/wiki/main/Main/OdsIndex/

Use the Semantic Radar extension for Firefox for detecting / exploring SIOC data:

http://sioc-project.org/firefox

There is a lot of Social Semantic Web data available:

From services

Via exporters

Hand-crafted

But it is scattered all around the Web:

How do we find, browse, query, reuse it?

These need to be addressed:

To provide novel applications that can leverage the interlinked nature of this data from the Social Web

To show the benefits of RDF and the Semantic Web

Motivation for finding and reusing semantic data

Finding data from the Social SW

PingTheSemanticWeb:

http://pingthesemanticweb.com

A ping service for SW documents

REST or XML/RPC

Accepts, reads different formats:

RDF/XML, N3, Turtle

The “blo.gs” of the Semantic Web

Various ontologies detected by PTSW:

FOAF, DOAP, SIOC, etc.

About 1M documents, 3.7M pings

“ A Scripting Architecture to Discover and Query Decentralized RDF Data”, The 3rd Workshop on Scripting for the Semantic Web (SFSW 2007), Innsbruck, Austria, June 2007

Direct ping to PingTheSemanticWeb:

Blog engine s : WordPress, Drupal, etc.

Services: Revyu, TalkDigger

“ Semantic Radar” extension for Firefox:

http://sioc-project.org/firefox

Easy to setup and use (Firefox extension, auto-update)

Support for RDFa!

Architecture of participation: just browse the Web

Discover Semantic Web documents using RDF autodiscovery links (a popular practice for advertising Atom/RSS and FOAF ):

<head>

<link rel="meta" type="application/rdf+xml" title="FOAF" href="http://example.com/people/~you/foaf.rdf"/>

</head>

Advertising RDF data to PTSW

Semantic Radar in action, sending pings to PTSW Click to view SW data.

PTSW acts as a central access point for RDF data:

Subscribe to the service

Ask for recent updates

Apply namespace restrictions (e.g. export FOAF only)

Get fresh Semantic Web data

Concentrate on your tools, rather than on finding the data

Reusing data from PTSW

Sindice:

Lookup service for Semantic Web documents

doap:store:

DOAP-based projects directory

SWSE, Zitgist, Swoogle:

Semantic Web search engines

Existing services that can make use of PTSW

doap:store

Write your own Social Semantic Web application

Find data:

Subscribe to PTSW

Make a crontab script to regularly fetch new data

Store data:

Plain-text files

RDF stores

Query the data:

SPARQL query language and protocol, a W3C recommendation

“ Trying to use the Semantic Web without SPARQL is like trying to use a relational database without SQL” - Tim Berners-Lee

Storing RDF data

RDF stores:

Storage systems for triples

Better performance that distributed queries

Some support inference engines (OWL, RDFS)

Many provide an open SPARQL endpoint to let people use data

Various implementations:

YARS (Java)

ARC2 (PHP)

3Store (C)

Virtuoso, etc.

Querying RDF data

SPARQL language:

A language to query a set of triples

REST-protocol between clients and endpoint

Results in standard formats (XML or JSON)

http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-sparql-query/

SPARQL endpoint:

Remotely accessible data

Data openness

Easy to use , e.g. ARC2 requires just three lines of code:

include_once('path/to/arc/ARC2.php');

$ep = ARC2::getStoreEndpoint(array(...));

$ep->go();

Semantic Web Search Engine (SWSE)

A large-scale Semantic Web search engine developed and run by DERI Galway :

http://swse.deri.org/

Andreas Harth, Jürgen Umbrich, Aidan Hogan, Stefan Decker , “ YARS2: A Federated Repository for Querying Graph Structured Data from the Web”, The 6th International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC 2007) , pp. 211-224, Busan, Korea, 2007

What does SWSE do?

SWSE searches and navigates factual entities collected from over 200,000 data sources

Components:

Web-scale crawling and object consolidation

Fully-distributed RDF storage and SPARQL query processing using YARS2 (already achieved 7 billion synthetically generated triples) ‏

Advanced schema agnostic ranking

User interface with guided navigation

Features:

Ability to handle various entity types (such as people, places, proteins) and various media types

Tracking provenance of triples using context / named graphs

Search and explore the Semantic Web at:

http://swse.deri.org/

SWSE™ data flow Query Processor Index Crawler User Interface

The Sindice lookup index

The Sindice SIOC widget

SPARQLing Social Semantic Web data

Find all posts and their titles by John, using SELECT, and combining vocabularies (DC, SIOC, SIOC Types):

SELECT ?post ?title

WHERE {

?post rdf:type sioct:BlogPost ;

dc:title ?title ;

sioc:has_creator <$johns_URI> .

}

SPARQLing Social Semantic Web data (2)

Find all users that posted replies to John’s blog since January 2008, introducing the FILTER clause:

SELECT ?who

WHERE {

?post rdf:type sioct:BlogPost ;

dc:title ?title ;

sioc:has_creator <$johns_URI> .

?post sioc:has_reply ?reply .

?reply sioc:has_creator ?who ;

dcterms:created ?date .

FILTER (?date > "2008-01-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime)

}

SPARQLing Social Semantic Web data (3)

Find all content created by someone with a given OpenID URL:

Browse someone’s social media contributions posted on various websites using different account names, but for the same person

SELECT ?item

WHERE {

?person foaf:openid <$openid> ;

foaf:holdsAccount ?user .

?user sioc:creator_of ?item .

}

Parse SPARQL results

SPARQL XML

JSON:

Easiest

Many extensions (e.g. PHP5)

Many examples

Querying RDF files

Redland: http://librdf.org

Bindings: Available for PHP, Python, etc.

Example in Python:

Import RDF m = RDF.Model() m.load(‘http://apassant.net/foaf.rdf’) q = RDF.Query("SELECT ?s WHERE { ?s ?p ?o .}") results = q1.execute(model) for result in results: print result[’s']

Need more data?

Translate any data to SIOC:

Re-use SIOC tools for non-SIOC data

Semantic Pipes:

http://pipes.deri.org/

SPARQL constructs:

The “XSLT” of RDF

Translate a set of RDF data from one graph format to another

For example:

CONSTRUCT { ?x a sioc:Post . ?x sioc:has_creator ?y }

WHERE { ?x a myont:BlogElement . ?x myont:created_by ?y }

Consuming SIOC as Semantic Web data

SIOC = RDF data

Generic Semantic Web applications can be used:

RDF APIs (Jena, Redland, etc.)

RDF c rawlers

RDF b rowsers (Tabulator, Zit g ist, SIOC RDF Browser, etc. )

M ore apps : http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/SW-FAQ#tools

Customi s ed applications can provide more added value and / or better user interface s :

SIOC Explorer (faceted browsing of SIOC data)

Buxon, etc.

How can SIOC data be used?

Browsing SIOC

sparql.captsolo.net/browser

SIOC RDF Browser

SIOC RDF Browser (2)

SIOC RDF Browser (3)

Demonstration of SIOC Explorer

Accessing SIOC content from multiple sources Browsing SIOC content from one source Filter by “facet” from all sources

Facet can be a direct or indirect property:

Direct

The topic of the content item

The creator of the item

The date created

…

Indirect

A geographic location of the person who created it

The gender of the person

An interest shared by many creators

Social SIOC Explorer

Browsing SIOC with Piggy Bank

Browsing SIOC with TimeLine

Browsing SIOC with TimeLine (2)

Semantic MicrOBlogging [SMOB]

Semantic MicrOBlogging [SMOB] (2)

User publishing services can ping one or a set of SMOB aggregating servers (and post on Twitter simultaneously)

Users can retain control of their own data (in RDF) through self hosting

For the server, ARC2 is used for storage / querying and Exhibit for the user interface:

Security and privacy are open issues, but can be addressed in some part by requiring OpenID authentication

At http://smob.sioc-project.org you can test client / server

Download from http://smob.googlecode.com/

Using SIOC and FOAF to represent portable data

Porting social media contributions from data providers to import services

Importing SIOC data:

A Semantic Web “building block” for portable data

SIOC i mport t ools

Importing SIOC data is easy:

Parse SIOC RDF data (e.g. using ARC2 or RAP for PHP)

Convert SIOC data to the content model of the target system :

e.g. content and other properties of blog posts and comments

Can use SIOC APIs to hold the data model

Store data in the target application :

T he most difficult part 

More info:

Uldis Bo jā rs, Alexandre Passant, John Breslin, Stefan Decker, “Social Network and Data Portability using Semantic Web Technologies” , T he 2nd Workshop on Social Aspects of the Web (SAW 2008), Innsbruck, Austria, May 2008

WordPress SIOC Importer

We have lots of producers of SIOC data, but now we need more applications that can consume it, like the SIOC WordPress Importer:

http://wiki.sioc-project.org/w/SIOC_Import_Plugin

Just as WordPress can import blog entries from various blogging systems, the SIOC importer can import any discussion posts (and comments) represented in SIOC (forum posts, mail messages, IRC chats, etc.)

SIOC data from various formats (e.g. RDFa, GRDDL) can be used

SIOC import process for WordPress

Parse RDF data (using the open-source RAP RDF parser for PHP)

Find all posts, i.e. instances of sioc:Post, which exhibit all of the properties required by the target site

For each post found, it creates a new post and all its comments using WordPress API calls

To do:

Multiple sources

Authentication

Synchronisation

SIOC import APIs

5. Leveraging semantics in Enterprise 2.0 SNSs

Semantic Web technologies can be leveraged in organisations for:

Knowledge management

Data integration

Reasoning

Augmented search

See the SWEO use cases document:

http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/sweo/public/UseCases/

More than 25 case studies and use cases

Vodafone, NASA, Renault, etc.

Semantic Web in organisations

Distributed Web 2.0 corporate information systems

McAfee’s “SLATES” requirements for Enterprise 2.0:

Search

Links

Authoring

Tagging

Extension

Signals

The Semantic Web can offer enhanced functionality by interlinking Enterprise 2.0 data with common semantics:

Use back-end ontologies to extend search

Search by type (i.e. restrict to wiki pages)

Provide semantic links between documents

Using SIOC in collaborative working environments

Accessing BSCW spaces in BC with SIOC / WSDL

Interconnecting Enterprise 2.0 services

RDF hub architecture (Tim Berners-Lee):

Add-ons to produce RDF data from existing Web 2.0 applications

Store distributed data using RDF stores

Create new applications:

Semantic mashups

Semantic search

Open architecture thanks to a SPARQL endpoint, services as plugins to the architecture

OpenLink DataSpaces

ODS provides access to SIOC instance data from a range of ODS application instances including blogs, wikis, aggregated feeds, shared bookmarks, discussions, photo galleries, briefcases, etc.

Talis Engage

Seesmic

gnizr

6. Conclusions

Addressing the issues

Object-centred sociality makes sense:

This is the way we really use social websites

Use semantics to describe this usage, by representing objects that can be linked and reused across sites

Interlinking disconnected sites and profiles:

Leverage a “vocabulary onion” of linked semantic ontologies including FOAF and SIOC

Describe people, social networks, content items within and across sites

Providing solutions for Enterprise 2.0:

Not only the Social Web, but novel uses in organisations

Realisations of how to leverage social semantics

A vocabulary onion, building on FOAF, SKOS, SIOC, SIOC Types, DC

Disconnected sites on the Social Web / Web 2.0 can be linked using Semantic Web vocabularies

Some examples of where SIOC is already use (about 50 implementations / applications)

A list of some of these SIOC implementations

Creating SIOC data

SIOC APIs

SIOC Export API for PHP*

SIOC API for Java*

Weblog, forum and CMS exporters

WordPress SIOC Exporter

Dotclear SIOC Exporter*

b2evolution SIOC Exporter

Drupal SIOC Exporter

phpBB 2.x SIOC Exporter

Triplify*

Other exporters

OpenLink DataSpaces*

TalkDigger*

SWAML*

Mailing List Archives*

Mailing List Exporter*

Twitter2RDF*

IRC2RDF*

Sioku (Jaiku2RDF)

gnizr*

OpenQabal*

BlogEngine.NET*

Using SIOC data

SPARQL endpoints, querying SIOC data

ODS demo server and MyOpenLink.net*

#B4mad.Net SPARQL endpoint*

Crawling and browsing SIOC data

SIOC Crawler

SIOC Browsers* and SIOC Explorer

Buxon*

Using SIOC for new data

Fishtank*

BAETLE*

RDFa on Rails*

IkeWiki*

int.ere.st

OpenLink Virtuso AMI*

Talis Engage*

Reusing SIOC data

IKHarvester, notitio.us and JeromeDL

BSCW*, BC*, Corona*

SIOC utilities

Finding and indexing SIOC data

Semantic Radar

PingTheSemanticWeb.com*

* Created outside DERI

Thank-you… Do you want to know more?

Thanks to Alexandre Passant for help with the slides

The SIOC project is supported by Science Foundation Ireland under grant number SFI/02/CE1/I131

The SIOC project page:

http://sioc-project.org

The SIOC W3C member submission:

http://www.w3.org/Submission/2007/02

A SIOC developer mailing list:

http://groups.google.com/group/sioc-dev

An IRC chat channel about SIOC:

irc://irc.freenode.net/sioc

A comprehensive list of SIOC applications:

http://rdfs.org/sioc/applications/

The SIOC Browser prototype:

http://sparql.captsolo.net/browser/

Semantic Radar extension for Firefox:

https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/3886

The Future of Social Networks on the Internet: The Need for Semantics

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