Social Networking and Collaboration Tools for Enterprise 2.0

Social Networking and Collaboration Tools for Enterprise 2.0 John Breslin [email_address] http://www.johnbreslin.com/ Enriching the Internet Experience 18 th October 2007

A little bit about myself! 1998: Forum* on the Irish Games Network 2000: boards.ie Ltd. Formed 2004: Researcher at DERI, NUI Galway 2008: 10 th Anniversary* Hello, World! 1990: VMS MAP.COM

What I’m going to talk about today…
Collaborating with Social Media and Web 2.0
Social Networking Services (SNSs) So Far
Enterprise Social Networking Services
The Future of Social Networking Services

1. Collaborating with Social Media and Web 2.0

A move from the Web to a “social web”
The New Yorker, 1993
“ On the Internet, nobody knows you’re a dog.”
The New Yorker, 2005
“ I had my own blog for a while, but I decided to go back to just pointless, incessant barking.”

What is social media?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media
“ Social media uses the ‘wisdom of crowds’ to connect information in a collaborative manner.”
“ Social media can take many different forms, including message boards, weblogs, wikis, podcasts, pictures and video.”
Popular examples of social media sites:
Wikipedia, MySpace / Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, SecondLife, Upcoming, Digg / Reddit / StumbleUpon, Flickr / Zooomr, del.icio.us, World of Warcraft, Amazon
Related terms:
Web 2.0, social web, social software, social networks, social news, social bookmarking, user-generated content

What is Web 2.0?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_2.0
“ Web 2.0 refers to a perceived second generation of web-based communities and hosted services - such as social-networking sites, wikis and folksonomies - which aim to facilitate collaboration and sharing between users.”
The term Web 2.0 was made popular by Tim O’Reilly:
http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/oreilly/tim/news/2005/09/30/what-is-web-20.html

Features / principles of Web 2.0 (O’Reilly)
The Web as platform
Harnessing collective intelligence
Data is the next “Intel Inside”
End of the software release cycle
Lightweight programming models
Software above the level of a single device
Rich user experiences
The long tail

Web 2.0 and social media in my simple terms
Users
Content
Tags
Comments
Users post content
Users share content
Users annotate content with tags
Users browse content via tags
Users discuss content via comments
Users connect via posted content
Users connect directly to users

Content can be…
Books Amazon
Discussion postings Blogs
Bookmarks del.icio.us
Photos Flickr
Music Last.fm
Movies Netflix
Events Upcoming.org
Places Dopplr
Products Microsoft Aura
Articles Wikipedia

Blogging: a phenomenon for a new generation?
Cincinnati Enquirer, October 2004

Overview of blogs
Weblog , web log or simply a blog is a web journal
“ A web application which contains periodic time-stamped posts on a common (usually open-access) webpage”
Individual diaries -> arms of political campaigns, media programs and corporations (e.g. the Google Blog)
Citizen journalism…
Posts are often shown in reverse chronological order
Comments can be made by the public on some blogs
Latest headlines, with hyperlinks and summaries, are syndicated using RSS or Atom formats (e.g. for reading favourite blogs with a feed reader)

The state of the blogosphere from Technorati
70 million blogs
The blogosphere is doubling in size every 320 days (slowing down a little)
120,000 new blogs are created each day (i.e. 1.4 new blogs every second)
1.5 million blog posts are made in a day (i.e. 17 posts per second)
Around 5-10% of new blogs are spam blogs or “splogs”
35% of blog posts use tags

Definition of wikis
A wiki is a type of website that allow users to easily add and edit content and is especially suited for collaborative writing
The name is based on the Hawaiian term wiki-wiki, meaning “quick”, “fast”, or “ to hasten ”
It amasses to a group of web pages that allows users to quickly add content and also allows others to edit the content:
It relies on cooperation, checks and balances of its members, and a belief in sharing of ideas

Some uses of wikis
Wikis are being used for:
online encyclopaedias
free dictionaries
book repositories
software development
project proposals
writing research papers
event organisation

The Wikipedia: from Gaeilge to Esperanto

Typical wiki page

Flickr, share your photos

SlideShare for presentations

The social bookmarking service del.icio.us

All Consuming, what have you read today?

Upcoming event listings and meetups

Dopplr for managing travel, tracking friends abroad

You can even share your favourite walks…

… and find others with like musical interests

TouristR for travel destination stories and info

The machine is us/ing us
http:// www.youtube.com/watch?v =6gmP4nk0EOE

2. Social Networking Services (SNSs) So Far

We all live in a social network…
… of friends, family, workmates, fellow students, acquaintances, etc.

Friend of a friend, or “dúirt bean liom go ndúirt bean leí”
Theory that anybody is connected to everybody else (on average) by no more than six degrees of separation
Everyone’s connected…

Milgram’s six degrees of separation theory
Sociologist Milgram conducted this experiment:
Random people from Nebraska were to send a letter (via intermediaries) to a stock broker in Boston
Could only send to someone with whom they were on a first-name basis
Among the letters that found the target, the average number of links was six
Stanley Milgram (1933-1984)

And now a major motion picture, kind of…
Six Degrees of Separation (1993)
“ I read somewhere that everybody on this planet is separated by only six other people. Six degrees of separation between us and everyone else on this planet. The President of the United States, a gondolier in Venice, just fill in the names... It’s not just big names — it’s anyone. A native in a rain forest, a Tiero del Fuegan, an Eskimo. I am bound — you are bound — to everyone on this planet by a trail of six people.”
Play from 1990 by John Guare

The Erdős number
Number of links required to connect scholars to Erdős via co-authorship of papers
Erdős wrote 1500+ papers with 507 co-authors
Jerry Grossman’s site allows mathematicians to compute their Erdős numbers:
http://www.oakland.edu/enp/
Connecting path lengths, among mathematicians only:
The average is 4.65
The maximum is 13
Paul Erdős (1913-1996)

Trying to make friends Valdis Marc Met Marc and I already had friends in common! I later found out my cousin Ailish also knows Andrew. The “small world” phenomenon… Latvia Uldis DERI John Dublin Clare Bros John C Andrew

“ It’s a small world after all!”, by Kentaro Toyama Kentaro Bash Karishma Sharad Maithreyi Anandan Venkie Soumya Prof. McDermott * Source: http://research.microsoft.com/toyama/talks/ Ranjeet Prof. Sastry PM Manmohan Singh Prof. Balki Pres. Kalam Prof. Jhunjhunwala Dr. Montek Singh Ahluwalia Ravi Dr. Isher Judge Ahluwalia Pawan Aishwarya Ravi’s Father Amitabh Bachchan Prof. Kannan Prof. Prahalad Nandana Sen Prof. Amartya Sen Prof. Veni

The Kevin Bacon game
Boxed version of the game
Invented by three Albright College students in 1994:
Craig Fass, Brian Turtle, Mike Ginelly
Goal is to connect any actor to Kevin Bacon, by linking actors who have acted in the same movie
The “Oracle of Bacon” website uses IMDB to find the shortest link between any two actors:
http://oracleofbacon.org/

The Kevin Bacon game (2)
Total number of actors in database (as of 15 th October):
893283
Average path length to Kevin:
2.957
Actor closest to “center”:
Rod Steiger (2.68)
Rank of Kevin, in terms of closeness to center:
1049th
Most actors are within three links of each other!

What are social networking services (SNSs)?
From the beginning, the Internet was a medium for connecting not only machines but people
Idea behind SNSs is to make the aforementioned real-world relationships explicitly defined online
2002:
Friendster
2003:
MySpace, LinkedIn, hi5
2004:
orkut, Facebook
2005:
Bebo

Social networking in plain English
http:// www.youtube.com/watch?v =6a_KF7TYKVc

The popularity of SNSs
The 10 most popular domains ~= 40% percent of all page views on the Web (Compete, November 2006)
Nearly half of those views were from the social networking services MySpace and Facebook – wow!
And that’s just in the top 10…
Alexa rankings:
#6: MySpace
#7: orkut
#8: Facebook
#10: hi5
#16: Friendster
#95: Bebo
#142: LinkedIn

SNSs attracting lots of monetary / media attention
Friendster – $13M VC
Tribe – $6.3M VC
LinkedIn – $4.7M VC
Bebo – $15M VC
MySpace – Sold for $580M
Friends Reunited – Sold for £120M
Facebook – Purported $1B Y! offer

Motivation for social network services
Allows a user to create and maintain an online network of close friends or business associates for social and professional reasons :
Friendships and relationships
Offline meetings
Curiosity about others
Business opportunities
Job hunting
…
For social good:
Kevin Bacon – sixdegrees.org
Sun – openeco.org

Big social network services (in terms of accounts)
myspace.com 200,000,000
spaces.live.com 120,000,000
orkut.com 68,000,000
hi5.com 50,000,000
friendster.com 50,000,000
xanga.com 40,000,000
classmates.com 40,000,000
facebook.com 39,000,000
bebo.com 34,000,000
tagged.com 30,000,000
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_social_networking_websites

Features of social network services
Network of friends (inner circle)
Person surfing
Private messaging
Discussion forums
Events management
Blogging and commenting
Media uploading

Facebook, #8 in the world

The success of (and hype around) Facebook
After talks with MS to take 5% stake, estimated at $10B
4,000 applications have been created for Facebook’s developer interface:
70,000 developers signed up
Active user count has jumped 70% in the four months since this contributable application layer was added
50% of Facebook users are non-students:
People over 24 are its fastest-growing demographic

orkut, Google’s SNS
TechCrunch - Google To “Out Open” FB On November 5
www.techcrunch.com/2007/09/21/google-to-out-open-facebook-on-november-5/
Scobleizer - Google: Making Big Social Media Moves
scobleizer.com/2007/10/09/google-making-big-social-media-moves/

Get LinkedIn to business contacts, 15 million users

OpenEco, a SNS for managing GHG emissions

Other niche SNSs
Age:
Multiply (seniors and settled); Boomj (baby boomers); Rezoom
Country of origin:
Silicon India
Gender:
CaféMom; MothersClick; Sister Woman (female friends)
Occupation:
ModelsHotel; FanLib (fiction writers); AdGabber; TheFeng.org (financial services executives); MilitarySpot (military families); Sermo (doctors and physicians)
Business and careers:
ConnectBuzz; Doostang; Execunet; Netshare; Ryze; Viadeo; Xing
Interests:
TradeKing (investors); StreetCred (hip hop); IndiePublic (art and design); PeerTrainer (health and wellbeing)
* Source: Paul Gibler, Wisconsin Technology Network

Can be many links even in a small-sized SNS
Meaningless when viewed as a whole, so need to apply some social network analysis (SNA) techniques:
“ Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications”, Stanley Wasserman and Katherine Faust
http://www.socialnetworks.org/
http://lrs.ed.uiuc.edu/tse-portal/analysis/social-network-analysis/
http://vlado.fmf.uni-lj.si/pub/networks/pajek/
For example, can reduce the amount of relevant social network data by clustering
May choose to cluster people by common friends, by shared interests, by geography, by tags, etc.

What is social network analysis?
People are represented as nodes or “actors”
Relationships are represented as lines or edges:
Relationships may be acquaintanceship, friendship, co-authorship, etc.
Allows analysis using tools of mathematical graph theory, and mapping:
Movie actors
Scientists and mathematicians
Sexual interaction
Phone call patterns

Visualising your network of friends
You can graphically visualise your network of friends and friends-of-friends using graphical tools (e.g. Prefuse)
This is the friends network for “john b” (the ellipse in the center)
Surrounding him are his friends and friends-of-friends

Network from social.ie
http://www.swfup.com/uploads/swf-37675.swf

Social network analysis in use
Sociology theory applied to the 21st century, collecting data from social network websites:
http://www.zephoria.org/thoughts/archives/2006/08/19/research_on_soc.html
Combine with Semantic Web technologies to determine social behavioural patterns:
http://www.blogninja.com/galway-iswc2005.ppt
MIT Media Lab are conducting mobile SNA research via their “Reality Mining” project:
http://reality.media.mit.edu/

Knowing too much?
Individuals are revealing more and more information on SNS and other social software sites
Personal privacy issues, where sensitive information is revealed
Advertisers and marketers can gain better understanding from customer behavioural patterns:
Analysing the masses of SNS info, “clouds” showing the overall picture
United States NSA using social network analysis technologies for homeland security
Also using “automated intelligence profiling” based on unreliable information

3. Enterprise Social Networking Services

Enterprise 2.0
Web 2.0 includes applications such as blogs, wikis, RSS feeds and social networking, while Enterprise 2.0 is the packaging of those technologies in both corporate IT and workplace environments
“ Enterprise 2.0 is the use of a freeform social software platform inside an organisation that allows them to do things that are important”, Harvard Business School’s Professor Andrew McAfee
“ There are direct enterprise equivalents [to Facebook]. You can ask people the status of their projects, what they’re working on, are they travelling, things they’ve learned . All of these things would be very valuable inside an enterprise.”

Fears if employees are using external SNSs
Chief information officers from large companies (e.g. financial institutions) block employee access to public social networks:
There is a fear of losing control of information in response to the “open” ethos of the Internet ; security issues
Accounting firms need to ensure their employees don’t provide tax or financial advice online to comply with regulatory guidelines and disclosure legislation
Requires safeguards in terms of tracking documents, discussions:
Awareness Inc.’s system tracks SNS posts and sends potentially inflammatory posts into moderation boxes for manager review
Need to comply with company, legal or state regulations

Some negative aspects for SNSs and businesses
Can sap employee productivity?
Potential violations / breaches of company protocol?
Forrester Research recently found that 14% of companies have disciplined employees and 5% fired them for offences related to social networking
A poll by Sophos found that 66% of workers think their colleagues share too much information on Facebook
50% of companies (including Citigroup, Goldman Sachs, JPMorgan, UBS, and Lehman Brothers) block access to Facebook according to the same Sophos survey

Be careful what you post about 
“ Jessica Zenner, an employee of Parker Services (a technical recruitment contractor for Nintendo) was fired on the 31st of August [2007] by her employer following concerns expressed by Nintendo about posts on her blog ‘Inexcusable Behavior’. […] T he firing follows on from the recent dismissal of Paris-based Catherine Sanderson, AKA ‘La Petite Anglaise’, from accountancy firm Dixon Wilson for ‘gross misconduct’.” – SocialMedia.net
“ Bookseller Waterstone’s has sacked a long-serving employee for writing a blog. Joe Gordon from Edinburgh, who worked for the company for 11 years, says he was dismissed because he ‘brought the company into disrepute’ [in 2005].” – The Guardian

What company opportunities are there from SNSs?
A useful means for self-promotion, marketing products online, and attracting new hires:
Can promote products or services through targeted advertising and viral marketing
Get feedback (directly, indirectly) about your products or services, especially from influential hubs / connectors
Discover new recruits; network with peers
An opportunity to create an internal network for sharing information and expertise:
Share information within a business’ own walls
Efficient way to mine for in-house expertise (“expert finding”)
Reduce the time spent mailing docs and e-mailing comments
Encourage employees, alumni, interns, new hires, retired staff, other stakeholders to interact with each other

The positives of SNSs for business employees
“Bosses warm up to social networking on company time”
www.technewsworld.com/story/social-networking/59315.html
“ Corporate adoption of social networking tools, has been considerable due to their effectiveness in cutting across barriers in large corporations.”
“ Social networking has become a tool to drive corporate innovation.”

The positives of SNSs for business employees (2)
“ More than 40 percent of business users consume social networking applications like blogs, intranets and RSS [really simple syndication] feeds more than three times a week.”
“ More than 30 percent of respondents read information in wikis, social networks, discussion boards and videoconferences / IMs more than three times a week.”
“ More than 20 percent of respondents contribute to blogs, intranets, social networks, discussion boards, video conferencing and tagging [social media sites] more than three times a week.”

Quotes about blogging and business
“ It'll be no more mandatory that [CEOs] have blogs than that they have a phone and an e-mail account. If they don't, they're going to look foolish.” – Jonathan Schwartz, Sun Microsystems
“ Tell the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth. If your competitor has a product that's better than yours, link to it. You might as well. We’ll find it anyway.” – Robert Scoble, Formerly of Microsoft, “Corporate Weblog Manifesto”
“… controversy flared up in December, when a Portland, OR, company called Marqui announced that it would pay select bloggers $800 a month to publish at least four entries per month about its software. […] Nokia, for example, recently gave away Nokia 7710 wide-screen smart phones to more than 1,000 ‘VIPs’ around the world, including many bloggers…”
http://www.technologyreview.com/InfoTech/wtr_14587,258,p1.html

Corporate social networking providers / platforms
Mentor Scout
Microsoft SharePoint
SelectMinds
Tacit Illumio
Visible Path
Web Crossing
Awareness
Contact Networks
IBM Lotus Connections
introNetworks
Jive Software
Leverage Software

introNetworks

Jive Software

Visible Path
Visible Path powers “Hoover’s Connect” for business research company Hoover's, which lets users know how they're connected to companies and people in the Hoover's database

Search for those who work in venture capital
Target those people working at firms of interest
View profiles to see common friends that can get you a meeting with the VC of choice
Try LinkedIn.com
You have a business idea and are looking for an “in” at a venture capital firm:
Other business uses, e.g. finding venture capital

Can an internal SNS become less “social”?
Why not?
Evolution of boards.ie topics:
1998:
Games = 97%
Rec = 2%
Tech = 1%
2007:
Rec = 20%
Tech = 13%
Games = 11%
Soc = 9%
Biz = 8%
…
And it doesn’t necessarily have to take 10 years!

Creating your own SNS
Which method is best for you?
Create a social network via a web interface, hosted on someone else’s site
Install off-the-shelf social networking software on your own server
Install a content management system and customise the SN modules / themes yourself

Creating your own SNS (2)
Ning.com:
From Marc Andreessen, founder of Netscape
Hosted service

phpfox.com:
A downloadable relatively cheap solution called Konsort
Needs PHP, MySQL, etc.

http://groups.drupal.org/social-networking-sites:
Drupal is a popular content management system
Can add SN modules like buddylist , invite , organic groups , etc.

4. The Future of Social Networking Services

Problems with SNSs
Fundamental problems block their potential to access the full range of available content and networked people online
There is a need to build semantic social networking into the fabric of the next-generation Internet itself:
Interconnecting both content and people in a meaningful way

First issue
Need interesting objects to draw you back to keep on using social networking services
* Source: Jyri Engestrom, “Object-Centered Sociality”, Reboot 7

Many social networking services can be boring… * Source: Jyri Engestrom, “Object-Centered Sociality”, Reboot 7

Object-centred sociality can provide meaning
Users connected via a common object, e.g., their job, university, hobbies, a date…
“ Another tradition of theorizing offers an explanation of why Russell linked out, and why so many YASNS ultimately fail.”
“ According to this theory, people don’t just connect to each other. They connect through a shared object.”
* Source: Jyri Engestrom, “Why Some Social Networks Work…”

Object-centred sociality can provide meaning (2)
“ When a service fails to offer the users a way to create new objects of sociality, they turn the connecting itself into an object [LinkedIn].”
“ Good services allow people to create social objects that add value.”
Flickr = photos
del.icio.us = bookmarks
Blogs = discussion posts
* Source: Jyri Engestrom, “Why Some Social Networks Work…”

… can connect us to other people
Video annotations
Chats
Photos
Micro-blogs
OSN profiles
Bookmarks
…
Everything we make and do…

Second issue
We all have too many separate profiles and sets of contacts on disconnected social networking services

Social network portability and reusability
Need distributed social networks and reusable profiles
Users may have many identities and sets of friends on different social networks, where each identity was created from scratch
Allow user to import existing profile and contacts, using a single global identity with different views (e.g., via FOAF, hCard, OpenID, etc.)
See also:
http://groups.google.com/group/social-network-portability/
http://bradfitz.com/social-graph-problem/
http://danbri.org/words/2007/09/13/194

The Semantic Web can help
Sir Tim Berners-Lee et al., Scientific American, 2001:
“ An extension of the current web in which information is given well-defined meaning, better enabling computers and people to work in cooperation.”
The Semantic Web can provide the required representation mechanisms for connecting disparate social networks:
It links people and objects to store and represent the heterogeneous ties that bind us to each other
Serves as a useful platform for linking and for performing operations on diverse person- and object-related data gathered from heterogeneous social networking sites

The Semantic Web can help (2)
By using agreed-upon Semantic Web formats to describe people, content objects and the connections that bind them all together , SNSs can interoperate by appealing to common semantics
Developers are already using Semantic Web technologies to augment the ways in which they create, reuse, and link profiles and content on social networking and media sites (using FOAF, SIOC, etc.)
Facebook to FOAF :
www.dcs.shef.ac.uk/~mrowe/foafgenerator.html
openlinksw.com/weblog/dav/dav-blog-1/index.vspx?id=1237
In the other direction, object-centered social networks can serve as rich data sources for Semantic Web applications

Friend-of-a-Friend (FOAF)
FOAF is an ontology for describing people and the relationships that exist between them
Can be integrated with any other SW vocabularies
Some SNSs with FOAF exports:
People can also create their own FOAF document and link to it from their homepage
FOAF documents usually contain personal info, links to friends, and other related resources

Integrating social networks with FOAF Common formats, unique URIs * Source: Sheila Kinsella, Applications of Social Network Analysis 2007

A distributed social network with FOAF
Can use FOAF to describe social networks across a number of services
Picture shows data from both boards.ie and my hand-coded FOAF file

Semantically-Interlinked Online Communities
The aims of the SIOC project (funded by SFI at DERI) are:
To fully describe the structure of content in online community sites
To create new connections between forums and posts from different types of discussion systems (blogs, forums, mailing lists, etc.) and content items / containers on Web 2.0 sites
To browse connected posts and channels in interesting ways (e.g., distributed linked conversations, decentralised discussion channels and communities, etc.)
Some positive quotes:
“ I […] think the concept is HOT” – Robert Douglass, Drupal Developer
“ It just dawned on me that the burgeoning SIOC-o-sphere (online communities exporting and exposing content via SIOC Ontology) is actually: Blogosphere 2.0” – Kingsley Idehen, Founder and CEO of OpenLink Software
"SIOC has the potential to become one of the foundational vocabularies that make Semantic Web applications useful” – Ivan Herman, W3C

How can SIOC data be used?

SIOC metadata exporters have been created for open-source / commercial discussion systems and popular Web 2.0 sites:
b2evolution, Dotclear, Drupal, phpBB, WordPress, mailing lists, IRC, Twitter, Jaiku, aggregators, OpenLink Data Spaces, etc.
Easy-to-use APIs have been produced for writing your own SIOC applications in PHP, Ruby on Rails and Java
As well as nearly 20 academic papers about SIOC and a W3C member submission ( http://www.w3.org/Submission/2007/02/ ), easy-to-read documentation and usage examples are available :
http://sioc-project.org/
SIOC aims to infect the Web infrastructure:
During next upgrade cycle gigabytes of community data become available!
Getting traction for SIOC

Where is SIOC being used already?

Disconnected social media sites can connect using Semantic Web technology

Social networking fatigue
How many general or niche SNSs are you willing to register and / or interact with?
People search engine and aggregation sites are now appearing:
SocialURL – organise your online identities
PeekYou – matching web pages with their owners
Spock – organising information around people
Rapleaf – reputation lookup and email search
Wink – free people search engine
“ There is potential for expanded social networks as potential matches are identified by such services.”
Danger may occur if incorrect personal data is compiled and / or sold to others

Social networking in 3-D
SNS methods to simulate real-life social interaction :
People arrange to meet others through something they have in common, not by randomly approaching each other
Better interaction methods with friends à la Second Life

Questions and answers
?

Interesting links and references
The water cooler is now on the Web http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/07_40/b4052072.htm
The expanding world of social networking http:// wistechnology.com/article.php?id =4247
Social networking: a time waster or the next big thing in collaboration? http:// www.informationweek.com/news/showArticle.jhtml?articleID =201808149
Social networks may become interoperable http:// www.informationweek.com/story/showArticle.jhtml?articleID =201808173
Business faces up to social networks http://www.vnunet.com/computing/analysis/2200354/facebook-microsoft
Harvard prof. envisions Enterprise 2.0 web services http://searchwebservices.techtarget.com/originalContent/0,289142,sid26_gci1276012,00.html
Nine ways to build your own social network
http://www.techcrunch.com/2007/07/24/9-ways-to-build-your-own-social-network/
34 more ways to build your own social network http://www.techcrunch.com/2007/08/14/34-more-ways-to-build-your-own-social-network/
Bosses warm up to social networking on company time http://www.technewsworld.com/story/social-networking/59315.html

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Social Networking and Collaboration Tools for Enterprise 2.0

by John Breslin on Oct 19, 2007

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