Chapter 2.2: Managing Traffic in SingaporeArea Licensing Scheme: It is a scheme where motorists have to pay for the use of certain roads in Singapore. This can help to reduce the number of vehicles in Singapore as more people would prefer to take public transport, thus reducing the amount of vehicles on the road and help to manage traffic in Singapore.Electronic Road Pricing: It is the use of technology to help regulate traffic flow. Vehicles have to pay a small amount to use certain roads in Singapore at certain times. This has helped to reduce the amount of vehicles on the road during peak hours, helping to manage traffic in Singapore.Park and Ride Scheme: It is a scheme where people could park their vehicles outside the CBD and then take public transport into the CBD. This can help to reduce the amount of vehicles in the CBD, helping to manage traffic in Singapore.Vehicle Quota System: It is a scheme whereby Singaporeans have to bid for a Certificate of Entitlement before they can purchase a car. It has to be renewed every 10 years. Thus with the increased costs of buying cars, it can reduce the number of people buying cars as more people would take public transport, thus reducing the number of cars on the road and help to manage traffic in Singapore.Chapter 2.1: Principles of GovernanceLeadership is Key: Principle of selection, leaders have to be carefully selected/groomed, must not be corrupted, make right decisions. With good leaders, they can maintain stability and lead Singapore to ensure that it continues to grow and prosper, ensuring good governance in Singapore.Anticipate Change and Stay Relevant: Principle of forward looking, leaders must safeguard resources for future use, must be prepared for challenging times and look and plan ahead for the future. Example: NEWater. By planning ahead and, this will help Singapore to be prepared for future challenges we might face.A stake for everyone, opportunities for all: It is the principle of transparency where everyone is given an equal opportunity to voice out their concerns to the government. This ensures that no single race has an advantage or is disadvantaged against other races. By having a say in decision making, it gives Singaporeans a sense of belonging to the country.Reward for Work and Work for Reward: It is a principle of meritocracy which rewards hard work and talent. Examples: Progress Package, bursaries. This will encourage Singaporeans to do well and give everyone in the society an equal chance to succeed. This will ensure that there will always be talents in Singapore.

Chapter 2.3: Causes of Low Birth Rate in SingaporeImproved Education of Women: With higher education, women will be able to find better jobs and thus will not see the need to marry so early as they want to get a stable career first. Therefore, they will marry later and thus reduce the amount of time they are sterile. This would inevitably reduce the number of children each women and give birth, causing less children to be born, leading to a low birth rate in Singapore.Increased Costs of Living: With higher costs of living, women would want to have less children as they might not earn enough money to support more children. With more women giving birth to less children, the birth rate of Singapore would decrease.Busy Work life: Many women place priority on their worklife, thus they would not want to give birth to too many children as they may not have enough time to be with them and support them, thus they would give birth to less children, reducing the number of children in Singapore.

Chapter 2.6: Meeting the Challenges of an Ageing PopulationSenior Citizens as Assets to Society: Senior Citizens are given opportunities to add value to various organizations and help boost family life by contributing their valuable knowledge, talent and work experience. This would help to create a positive image of senior citizens to help create a more positive attitude towards ageing and the elderly.Individual: The individual should maintain a healthy lifestyle by having a balanced diet and going for checkups to diagnose early illnesses if there are any. Singaporeans are also encouraged to plan early and be prepared for life in their old age so that they are self-sufficient and independent in their old age. This is important as it can help the government to save a lot of money on healthcare or social services for the ageing population.Family: The family plays a part as it is the main source of emotional, social and financial support for the elderly. The government has introduced measures such as “Senior Citizens Week” and “Grandparents Day” to encourage them to stay active in the family and community. It also promotes a positive attitude towards active ageing. With the support of the family, the government can reduce costs spent on social services.Government Support: The government can help to reduce income taxes for Singaporeans who take care of the elderly. House buyers can get a housing grant if they live in the area where their parents live. In addition, Singapore must make compulsory savings in their CPF so that it would reduce the burden of the government which can be spent on other areas. Chapter 2.5: Impact of Low Birth Rate in SingaporeDeclining Birth Rate: Nowadays with the high education of women, women preferred to marry later and place career as the first priority. Thus with marriage being postponed, the fertility period of women would shorten and thus could give birth to lesser babies, leading to a declining birth rate. This would affect Singapore’s defence as there will be fewer men to enlist for National Service, making Singapore more vulnerable to external challenges.Unattractive to Multinational Companies: With a low birth rate, there would be a smaller talent pool to sustain its economic development, making it unattractive to multinational companies who want to invest in Singapore. In addition, the small population would make Singapore a smaller consumer market, making it difficult to sustain Singapore’s economy.Ageing Population: With the increased quality of healthcare and reducing birth rate, Singapore will experience ageing population due to the larger proportion of old people and small proportion of young people. This would cause the younger population to be burdened financially with taxes to support the ageing population.Chapter 2.4: Promoting Population GrowthThe Graduate’s Mother Scheme: It is a scheme whereby marriages are encouraged between graduates due to the belief that it will help to improve the performance of their children in terms of education in schools. With more marriages, there would be a higher chance for married couples to give birth to children, thus increasing the birth rate in Singapore.3 or more if you can afford it: Couples encouraged to have 3 or more children, allowed to use Medisave to pay for delivery charges of first three children, this would encourage couples to have more children since they need not pay as much money as before, increasing the birth rate of Singapore.Other pro-family measures: Equalised medical benefits were introduced, 5-day work week for better work-life balance, maternity leave extended to 8 weeks, income tax relief if grandparents help to take care of children. This would encourage couples to have more children as they are now given more time to rest when having babies, thus have a better balance between work and children, increasing birth rate of Singapore.Attracting Foreign Talent: Immigration Policy was relaxed to attract more foreign talent to help to increase the population of Singapore. It can also boost the manpower in Singapore and increase productivity. It was hoped that they would have permanent citizenship so that themselves and their children can help to increase the population and birth rate in Singapore.