S1.5.MAIZE & MILLETS RESEARCH INSTITUTE

DR. ABDUL HAMEED DIRECTOR MAIZE & MILLETS RESEARCH INSTITUTE YUSAFWALA, SAHIWAL-PAKISTAN1 1

Pakistan’s Agriculture

Functions of Agriculture Research Genetic Production PestsImprovement Technology Management (Crops) Soil & water Value Resource Addition Management Farmer’s Introduction Advisory (New Plants) Service

Area of Major Maize Growing Countries 1200 area (000 ha) 3200 1050 7200 USA area (000 ha), ChinaIndia, 8200, 9% 32886 Brazil India 12750 Mexico Argentina Canada Pakistan 31500

Production of Major Maize Growing Countries

Yield of Major Maize Growing Countries

Maize area, production & yield in Pakistan (2000-10)4000350030002500 Area (000 ha)2000 Production (000 ton)1500 Avg. Yield (kg/ha)1000 500 020 -0120 -0220 -0320 -0420 -0520 -0620 -0720 -0820 -09 0 -1 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 0920

Maize area, production &yield in Punjab (2000-10)

FOCUS OF RESEARCH Yield Hybrid Development QualityDisease Resistance Insect Resistance Stalk Rot Shoot Borer 9

Objectives of the Institute To evolve high yielding varieties/hybrids of maize & millets Breeding for biotic & a-biotic stresses To develop high yielding hybrids/OPV’s of different maturity groups To produce BNS, pre-basic and basic seed To develop improved package of production technology To demonstrate improved production technology through on-farm research

MMRI Maize Hybrid Programme Inbred lines maintained = 325 Hybrids evaluated = 217 Promising Hybrids = 16 Candidate hybrids: YH-1921 YH-1898 Yusafwala Hybrid FH-810 11

BREEDING FOR STRESSES Stalk Rot  120 inbred lines were screened • 40 resistant • 65 moderately tolerant Shoot Borer  30 resistant inbred lines were identified Heat tolerance  Two hybrids fairly tolerant to heat stress have been released

Breeding for Heat Stress Tolerance of Maize in Pakistan 13

Materials and MethodsA. Screening under field conditions Year No. of inbred lines screened 2004 92 2005 116 2006 101 2007 45 2008 60 2009 47 2010 37 Sowing time Last week of march Plot size 5m x 0.75m 14

Materials and MethodsScreening under tunnel conditions No. of inbred lines 21 No. of hybrids used 8 (including 3commercial / exotic) Environmental conditions 1. Open field 2. Plastic Tunnel (30.5mx10.6mx3.2m) Plot size 5m x 0.75m Fertilizer (NPK kg/acre) 300-150-125 kg/ha Total irrigations of 3 acre inch 12 Date of sowing 22nd Feb, 2010 Air temperature at sowing 25 °C 15

Plastic Tunnel (30.5mx10.6mx3.2m) 16

Highest and average temperature during spring season, 2004-11 50 45 40 35Temperature ( C°) 30 25 Highest Temp. ( C°) Avg. Temp. ( C°) 20 15 10 5 0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE 17

Temperature Fluctuation at Flowering to Harvesting Date of flower initiation= 24.04.2010 Crop Stage Outside Inside the tunnel tunnel At flowering (24th 42 °C - 43 °C 45°C - 47°C April to 28th April) At pollination (29th 42 °C - 45 °C 45°C - 47°C April to 4th May) Grain formation to 45°C - 47°C 47°C - 51°C harvesting 18

Screening under glasshouse conditionsNo. of Inbred lines/hybrids 29Sowing date 12th Feb. 2011Temp. at sowing 20OCPlot size 5m x 0.75mTemp. at pollination 4 hour heat shock 50OC (± 1) for 3 weeks 19

16.8mx7.0mx4.6m 20

Results & DiscussionHeat tolerance studies under field conditions (2004-10) Season/Year Lines Tested Lines selected (>25% seed setting) Spring-2004 92 25 Spring-2005 116 40 Spring-2006 101 40 Spring-2007 45 10 Spring-2008 60 5 Spring-2009 47 5 Spring-2010 37 2 23

Agronomic traits and seed setting of inbred lines under tunnel (Spring-2010)Entry Days to Days to Plant Cob Ht. No. of Viable 50% tassel 50% silk Ht. (cm) (cm) Seeds (5-cobs)Y-26 65 68 125 60 45Y-9 67 70 115 47 20Y-14 65 69 125 64 15Y-13 65 68 155 75 15Y-25 65 68 110 55 10Y-11 66 69 125 57 10Y-32 64 67 125 62 3Y-19 67 69 115 55 1Y-24 66 69 120 65 1 Cont------

Entry Days to Days to Plant Cob Ht. (cm) No. of Viable 50% tassel 50% silk Ht. (cm) Seeds (5-cobs) Y-12 69 72 155 140 - Y-22 69 71 147 71 - Y-5 67 69 120 60 - Y-35 70 71 130 65 - Y-29 70 71 110 50 - Y-3 70 71 106 52 - Y-27 68 71 120 55 - Y-36 67 69 145 71 - Y-37 67 69 126 65 - Y-2 69 70 155 79 - Y-38 68 70 155 65 - Y-50 67 70 139 67 - 25

Agronomic traits and seed setting %age in hybrids under tunnel (Spring-2010) Entry Days to Days to Plant Cob Ht. Viable seeds 50% tassel 50% silk Ht. (cm) (cm) (%)YH-1898 66 67 180 90 50YH-1921 67 68 178 90 40FH-793 64 67 195 100 30FH-810 68 71 190 97 308441 (C) 68 70 201 100 25FH-963 63 66 189 89 206525 (C) 64 67 187 90 206142 (C) 64 68 20 98 20 26

Agronomic traits and seed setting of inbred lines in glasshouse (Spring-2011)Entry Days to Days to Plant Ht Cob Ht No. of Viable 50% tassel 50% Silk (cm) (cm) Seeds (5-Cobs)Y-26 76 89 133 70 45 Y-9 78 82 128 63 22Y-11 73 76 138 70 21Y-14 76 79 143 72 20Y-13 70 73 160 81 19Y-25 68 69 125 64 17Y-32 74 76 140 70 12Y-24 78 81 128 65 10Y-27 78 81 143 73 7Y-36 67 70 155 75 7Y-22 72 75 154 76 7 Y-5 68 71 136 70 6 27 Cont----

Entry Continue Table 50% Days to Days to Plant Ht Cob Ht No. of Viable tassel 50% Silk (cm) (cm) Seeds (5-Cobs) Y-50 73 75 150 78 3 Y-12 70 72 150 77 3 Y-3 68 71 118 58 2 Y-29 73 76 119 58 - Y-2 73 75 163 80 - Y-37 75 78 141 71 - Y-38 73 76 160 80 - Y-19 70 73 123 65 - Y-35 72 75 139 71 -DR-35 73 76 127 65 100DR-2 68 70 128 65 15DR-135 77 80 135 63 10DR-1 73 75 117 55 -DR-3 70 73 120 59 -DR-5 68 70 121 60 -DR-6 68 71 130 61 - 28

Agronomic traits and seed setting %age of hybrids in glasshouse (Spring-2011)Entries Days to Days to Plant Cob Ht Viable Seeds 50% tassel 50% Silk Ht (cm) (cm) (%)YH-1898 69 72 189 93 50YH-1921 71 74 190 95 40FH-793 67 71 203 106 40FH-810 73 77 200 106 358441(C) 73 76 209 104 35FH-963 66 70 190 97 306142(C) 67 69 205 100 256525(C) 68 71 197 95 25 29

Conclusions Heat stress may affect any plant species at any stage Pollination and grain formation phases are highly sensitive Screening under field conditions provides basic but useful information if the sowing be done at appropriate time under tunnel conditions the temperature is more conducive to screen out the susceptible germplasm as higher temperature under tunnel minimizes the chances of any escape For getting more credible results the glasshouse provides an ideal system for screening under desired set of environmental factors

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S1.5.MAIZE & MILLETS RESEARCH INSTITUTE

by CIMMYT, Int. on Jan 16, 2012

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