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Non‐Timber
Forest
Products:
contribution
to
national
economy
and
  sustainable
use
in
the
Congo
Basin
                      Robert
Nasi
                  JRC‐CIFOR
Side
Event
         CBD
COP11,
Hyderabad,
India,
10/10/2012
Forests
are
more
than
timber
Cameroon
   Forest Good or                                         Gabon
                           General       Cameroon                        (community
Service (in discounted                                (National Park)
                          (Pearce &      (Lescuyer                         forests)
    US$/ha or in                                        (Lescuyer
                         Pearce 2001)      2007)                         (Akoa Akoa,
     US$/ha/yr)                                            2006)
                                                                            2007)
Timber                   200
‐
4,400       560             98              25‐78
                                                          Not
Fuelwood                     40             61                              165
                                                        assessed
NTFPs                      0
‐
100        41
‐
70           3               172
Genetic
resources         0
‐
3,000         7              1<           Not
assessed
Recreation                 2
‐
470          19              4                34
Watershed
                          15
‐
850       54
‐
270           0               998
benefits
Climate
benefits         360
‐
2,200    842
‐
2,265       211               632
                                                          Not
Option
values               2
‐12           3                           Not
assessed
                                                        assessed
Non‐use
values             4,400          19
‐
32          24           Not
assessed
What
is
the
importance
of
non‐timber
forest
products
for
the
livelihoods
of
the
Congo
Basin
people
and
for
the
environment?
Is
the
level
of
use
sustainable?
Can
we
manage?
Non-wood forest
                                  products



•Chap.7:
Non‐timber
forest
products:
contribution
to
national
economy
and
strategies
for
sustainable
management
(http://www.observatoire‐
comifac.net/docs/edf2010/EN/SOF_2010_EN_Ch
ap_7.pdf
Countries
Priority
NTFPS
(trade        Regional
 &/or
consumption)            priority     Eq
Guinea   Congo   DRC   Cameroon   CAR   Gabon

                                               √         √      √       √        √      √
Bushmeat
                                               -         -      √       √        √      √
Fuelwood                     6 countries
                                               √         √      √       √        √      √
Cola
acuminata
&
C.
Nítida
                                                         √      √       √        √      √
Gnetum
spp
                                               √         √      √       √        √
Rattans
                                               √         √      √       √               √
Darcyodes
edulis
Elaeis
guineensis            5 countries       √         √      √       √        √

                                                         √      √       √        √      √
Raphia
spp.
                                               √         √      √       √        √
Snails,
larvae
&
insects
                                               √         √      √       √
Piper
guineensis
                                                         √      √       √               √
Aframomum
spp.               4 countries
                                               √                        √        √      √
Irvingia
spp.
                                               √                √       √
Prunus
africana
                                               √         √                              √
Marantaceae
                                                         √      √       √
Rauwolfia
vomitoria
                                               √                        √               √
Baillonella
toxisperma       3 countries
                                               √                        √               √
Coula
edulis
                                                                √       √               √
Mushrooms
                                               √         √      √
Honey
                                               √         √      √       √
Garcinia
kola
                                               √                        √
Ricinodendron
heudelotii
                                                                        √        √
Garcinia
lucida
                             2 countries                 √                       √
Dioscorea
liebrechtsiana
                                               √                        √        √
Alstonia
boonei
Non-Timber Forest Products: contribution to national economy and sustainable use in the Congo Basin
Non-Timber Forest Products: contribution to national economy and sustainable use in the Congo Basin
Wood energy:
                                    fuelwood and
                                      charcoal


•
Chap.5:
Contribution
of
woodfuel
to
meet
the
energy
needs
of
the
population
of
Central
Africa:
prospects
for
sustainable
management
of
available
resources
(http://www.observatoire‐
comifac.net/docs/edf2010/EN/SOF_2010_EN_Chap_5.
pdf)
Fuel
wood
and
charcoal
represent
90%
of
all
wood
removal
from
  forests
in
Africa
(FAO,
2011)




                                         Wood
for
energy
traded
in
                                         Kinshasa
and
Kisangani
vs.
                                         official
timber
production



                                            Schure
et
al.
2011
Non-Timber Forest Products: contribution to national economy and sustainable use in the Congo Basin
Bushmeat




•
Chap.
6:
The
role
of
wildlife
for
food
security
in
Central
Africa:
a
threat
to
biodiversity?
(http://www.observatoire‐
comifac.net/docs/edf2010/EN/SOF_2010_EN_Chap_6.
pdf)
Bushmeat
hunting
in
       Congo
Basin
• The
estimated
value
of
  bushmeat
trade
ranges
from
  US$42
to
US$205
million
per
  year
in
West‐Central
Africa.
• 30
to
80%
of
the
protein
  intake
of
many
rural
  populations
with
few
  existing
alternatives
              (Nasi et al., 2011)
              THINKING beyond the canopy
Bushmeat
                                                Consumption
                       Population (x1000)
            Dense                              (tonne/meat/yr)
                                                                    Extracted
 Basin      Forest
                                                                      (t/yr)
            (km2)       Rural     Urban        Rural      Urban

Amazon
           3,938,000   14,425     24,352     909,000       small    1,299,000

Congo
           1,612,000   57,046     41,199    2,909,000    289,000    4,569,000



If
bushmeat
consumption
in
the
Congo
Basin
was
to
be
replaced
by
locally
produced
beef,
an
area
as
large
as
25
million
hectares
might
have
to
be
converted
to
pastures.


                                                  Nasi,
Van
Vliet,
Taber
2011
Common management
      issues
Factors
affecting
sustainability
•   Nature
of
the
resource
•   Informal
nature
of
the
value
chains
•   Lack
of
knowledge
and
recognition
of
the
sector
•   Inappropriate
policies
and
governance
•   Demography,
poverty
and
hunger
•   Increased
commercialization
•   Logging
and
other
resource
extraction
activities
•   Fragmentation
and
land‐use
changes
•   Agricultural
sector
expansion
Barriers and solutions

         Main Barriers                                         Specific solutions
                                                   Sensitization at the level of elites
Bad governance, influence of                          Strengthen local governance
   elites and corruption
                                                Strengthen law enforcement capacity
                                            Create incentives to encourage the private
  Lack of motivation from                  sector to engage in taking NTFP into account
   small or economically
unstable logging companies                 Strengthen technical capacities at the level of
                                              national services and the private sector
    Unclear definition of
                                                     Clarify and formalize roles and
  responsabilities among
                                                             responsabilities
       stakeholders

    ( modified from TRAFFIC workshop, Libreville, June 2010)
Barriers and solutions
       Main barriers                        Specific solutions
                                 Allocation of a specific budget for wildlife
                                                  isssues
    Additional costs are     Logging revenues (taxes etc.) should also be
incurred to consider NTFP in   allocated to support management efforts
        management
                             Partnerships among stakeholders are crucial
                                        External funding is needed
 High demand of bushmeat            Sensitization of urban consumers
 from external urban areas
and little control/knowledge      Better knowledge of the market chain
   about the market chain
  Lack of largely validated
                                  Develop research and coordinate the
   scientific methods and
                                   validation of monitoring methods
 protocols to monitor NTFP
Gender issues
• NTFP
play
a
disproportionately
important
  role
in
the
livelihoods
and
well‐being
of
  women
(and
children)
• The
collection
of
fuelwood
or
other
wild
  products
is
often
a
task
for
women
and
  children
• Women
play
an
important
role
in
the
  different
value
chains
of
these
products
and
  derive
crucial
income
from
the
sales
• Women
generally
invest
back
their
income
  into
household
food
and
wellbeing;
men
  more
into
non
essential
goods
Les
forêts
du
bassin
du
Congo
‐
Etat
des
Forêts
2010.
               The
Forests
of
the
Congo
Basin
–
State
of
the
Forests
2010.
                  (http://www.observatoire‐comifac.net/index.php)
   
Eds
:
de
Wasseige
C.,
de
Marcken
P.,
Bayol
N.,
Hiol
Hiol
F.,
Mayaux
Ph.,
Desclée
B.,
Nasi
R.,
Billand
A.,
Defourny
P
et
Eba’a
R.




Pictures:
CIFOR,
R.
Nasi,
N.
Van
Vliet,
J.
Okouyi
Okouyi,
C.
Doumenge,
D.
Wilkie,
E.
Mvula,
J.M.
Kahindo,
T.
Kilensele

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Non-Timber Forest Products: contribution to national economy and sustainable use in the Congo Basin

  • 1. Non‐Timber
Forest
Products: contribution
to
national
economy
and sustainable
use
in
the
Congo
Basin Robert
Nasi JRC‐CIFOR
Side
Event CBD
COP11,
Hyderabad,
India,
10/10/2012
  • 3. Cameroon Forest Good or Gabon General Cameroon (community Service (in discounted (National Park) (Pearce & (Lescuyer forests) US$/ha or in (Lescuyer Pearce 2001) 2007) (Akoa Akoa, US$/ha/yr) 2006) 2007) Timber 200
‐
4,400 560 98 25‐78 Not Fuelwood 40 61 165 assessed NTFPs 0
‐
100 41
‐
70 3 172 Genetic
resources 0
‐
3,000 7 1< Not
assessed Recreation 2
‐
470 19 4 34 Watershed 15
‐
850 54
‐
270 0 998 benefits Climate
benefits 360
‐
2,200 842
‐
2,265 211 632 Not Option
values 2
‐12 3 Not
assessed assessed Non‐use
values 4,400 19
‐
32 24 Not
assessed
  • 5. Non-wood forest products •Chap.7:
Non‐timber
forest
products: contribution
to
national
economy
and strategies
for
sustainable
management (http://www.observatoire‐ comifac.net/docs/edf2010/EN/SOF_2010_EN_Ch ap_7.pdf
  • 6. Countries Priority
NTFPS
(trade Regional &/or
consumption) priority Eq
Guinea Congo DRC Cameroon CAR Gabon √ √ √ √ √ √ Bushmeat - - √ √ √ √ Fuelwood 6 countries √ √ √ √ √ √ Cola
acuminata
&
C.
Nítida √ √ √ √ √ Gnetum
spp √ √ √ √ √ Rattans √ √ √ √ √ Darcyodes
edulis Elaeis
guineensis 5 countries √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Raphia
spp. √ √ √ √ √ Snails,
larvae
&
insects √ √ √ √ Piper
guineensis √ √ √ √ Aframomum
spp. 4 countries √ √ √ √ Irvingia
spp. √ √ √ Prunus
africana √ √ √ Marantaceae √ √ √ Rauwolfia
vomitoria √ √ √ Baillonella
toxisperma 3 countries √ √ √ Coula
edulis √ √ √ Mushrooms √ √ √ Honey √ √ √ √ Garcinia
kola √ √ Ricinodendron
heudelotii √ √ Garcinia
lucida 2 countries √ √ Dioscorea
liebrechtsiana √ √ √ Alstonia
boonei
  • 9. Wood energy: fuelwood and charcoal •
Chap.5:
Contribution
of
woodfuel
to
meet
the energy
needs
of
the
population
of
Central Africa:
prospects
for
sustainable
management
of available
resources (http://www.observatoire‐ comifac.net/docs/edf2010/EN/SOF_2010_EN_Chap_5. pdf)
  • 10. Fuel
wood
and
charcoal
represent
90%
of
all
wood
removal
from forests
in
Africa
(FAO,
2011) Wood
for
energy
traded
in Kinshasa
and
Kisangani
vs. official
timber
production Schure
et
al.
2011
  • 13. Bushmeat
hunting
in Congo
Basin • The
estimated
value
of bushmeat
trade
ranges
from US$42
to
US$205
million
per year
in
West‐Central
Africa. • 30
to
80%
of
the
protein intake
of
many
rural populations
with
few existing
alternatives (Nasi et al., 2011) THINKING beyond the canopy
  • 14. Bushmeat Consumption Population (x1000) Dense (tonne/meat/yr) Extracted Basin Forest (t/yr) (km2) Rural Urban Rural Urban Amazon 3,938,000 14,425 24,352 909,000 small 1,299,000 Congo 1,612,000 57,046 41,199 2,909,000 289,000 4,569,000 If
bushmeat
consumption
in
the
Congo
Basin
was
to
be
replaced
by
locally produced
beef,
an
area
as
large
as
25
million
hectares
might
have
to
be converted
to
pastures. Nasi,
Van
Vliet,
Taber
2011
  • 16. Factors
affecting
sustainability • Nature
of
the
resource • Informal
nature
of
the
value
chains • Lack
of
knowledge
and
recognition
of
the
sector • Inappropriate
policies
and
governance • Demography,
poverty
and
hunger • Increased
commercialization • Logging
and
other
resource
extraction
activities • Fragmentation
and
land‐use
changes • Agricultural
sector
expansion
  • 17. Barriers and solutions Main Barriers Specific solutions Sensitization at the level of elites Bad governance, influence of Strengthen local governance elites and corruption Strengthen law enforcement capacity Create incentives to encourage the private Lack of motivation from sector to engage in taking NTFP into account small or economically unstable logging companies Strengthen technical capacities at the level of national services and the private sector Unclear definition of Clarify and formalize roles and responsabilities among responsabilities stakeholders ( modified from TRAFFIC workshop, Libreville, June 2010)
  • 18. Barriers and solutions Main barriers Specific solutions Allocation of a specific budget for wildlife isssues Additional costs are Logging revenues (taxes etc.) should also be incurred to consider NTFP in allocated to support management efforts management Partnerships among stakeholders are crucial External funding is needed High demand of bushmeat Sensitization of urban consumers from external urban areas and little control/knowledge Better knowledge of the market chain about the market chain Lack of largely validated Develop research and coordinate the scientific methods and validation of monitoring methods protocols to monitor NTFP
  • 19. Gender issues • NTFP
play
a
disproportionately
important role
in
the
livelihoods
and
well‐being
of women
(and
children) • The
collection
of
fuelwood
or
other
wild products
is
often
a
task
for
women
and children • Women
play
an
important
role
in
the different
value
chains
of
these
products
and derive
crucial
income
from
the
sales • Women
generally
invest
back
their
income into
household
food
and
wellbeing;
men more
into
non
essential
goods
  • 20. Les
forêts
du
bassin
du
Congo
‐
Etat
des
Forêts
2010. The
Forests
of
the
Congo
Basin
–
State
of
the
Forests
2010. (http://www.observatoire‐comifac.net/index.php) 
Eds
:
de
Wasseige
C.,
de
Marcken
P.,
Bayol
N.,
Hiol
Hiol
F.,
Mayaux
Ph.,
Desclée
B.,
Nasi
R.,
Billand
A.,
Defourny
P
et
Eba’a
R. Pictures:
CIFOR,
R.
Nasi,
N.
Van
Vliet,
J.
Okouyi
Okouyi,
C.
Doumenge,
D.
Wilkie,
E. Mvula,
J.M.
Kahindo,
T.
Kilensele