Remans - Assessing and improving nutritional diversity of cropping systems

ASSESSING AND IMPROVING NUTRITIONAL DIVERSITY OF CROPPING SYSTEMS Roseline Remans, Dan Flynn, Fabrice DeClerck, Willy Diru, Jessica Fanzo, Kaitlyn Gaynor, Isabel Lambrecht, JosephMudiope, Patrick Mutuo, Phelire Nkhoma, David Siriri, Clare Sullivan and Cheryl Palm CIALCA October 26, 2011

Agricultural Monitoring Crop yields, value-cost ratios, calories per person HUMAN DIET: 51 ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTSAir, water and Protein Lipids-Fat Macrominerals Trace Vitamins energy (amino acids) (fatty acids) elements Oxygen Histidine Linoleic acid Na Fe A Water Isoleucine Linolenic acid K Zn DCarbohydrates Leucine Ca Cu E Lysine Mg Mn K Methionine S I C (Absorbic acid) Phenylalanine P Fe B1 (Thiamine) Threonine Cl Se B2 (Riboflavin) Tryptophan Si B3 (Niacin) Valine Mo B5 (Pantothenic acid) Co (in B12) B6 (Pyroxidine) B** B7/H (Biotin) Ni** B9 (Folic acid, folacin)Maize Beans Cr** B12 (Cobalamin) Spinach V** As** Li** Sn**

Nutritional functional diversity (FD) NUTRITIONAL FUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY= Metric to assess nutritional diversity and potential of locally available geneticresources for food based nutritionDatabase currently contains 1000 food items, including many from Africa Species composition Nutritional functional diversity Nutritional composition

MILLENNIUM VILLAGES AND AGRO-ECOLOGICAL ZONES

UNDERNUTRITION IN MILLENNIUM VILLAGE SITES AT BASELINEEK=Ethiopia, Koraro; GB= Ghana, Bonsaaso; KD=Kenya, Dertu; KS=Kenya, Sauri; MM=Malawi, Mwandama; MT=Malit,Tiby; RM=Rwanda, Mayange; NI=Nigeria, Ikaram; NP=Nigeria, Pampaida; TM=Tanzania, Mbola; UR=Uganda, Ruhiira

BANANA-BASED SYSTEM MAIZED -BASED SYSTEMS RUHIIRA, UGANDA SAURI, KENYA and MWANDAMA, MALAWI COMMUNITY AND ON-FARM AGRO-DIVERSITY Uganda Kenya Malawi# edible plant species in the community: 55 49 42Average # edible plant species/ farm: 18 15 11Average # livestock species/ farm: 2 2 0.5 6

% of farms % of farms 50% 75% 25% 50% 75% 25% 0% 0% 100% 100% Onion Jackfruit Tangerine Pigeon pea Pepper (green) Macadamia Orange Pomegranate Carrots Black plum Achak Fig tree Mushroom Irish potato Green grams/moong beans Cowpea Watermelon Coffee Passionfruit Moringa Peas Cape gooseberries Orange Onyulo Finger millet Mulberry (Onunga) Sugarcane Rosemary Eggplant (black) Eggplant Cabbage Custard apple Passionfruit Jackfruit Lemon Cabbage Irish potato Turnip Java plum (mzambarau, jamna) Apple Soybean Sorghum Sorghum Pineapple Okra (local variaty) Mitoo Black jack Sauri - Kenya Groundnut (peanut) Lemon Chili pepperMulberry (Onunga) Musabibu Mwandama - Malawi Cocoyam Onion Chili pepper Tomato Spiderweed Lablab Sugarcane Tomato Mango Sweet potatoes Guava Amaranth Pumpkin Peach Cocoyam Avocado Apoth CassavaGroundnut (peanut) Black nightshade Papaya Papaya Guava Sweet potatoes Pumpkin Cowpea Bean Avocado Mango Kale (sukuma wiki) Bean Banana MAIZE-BASED SYSTEMS IN SAURI, KENYA AND MWANDAMA, MALAWI Amaranth Pigeon pea 7 Black jack Cassava Maize Maize Banana

Nutritional Functional Diversity versus Species DiversityNutritional Functional Diversity Mulberry Groundnut Pumpkin IN COMMON Maize Banana Cassava Papaya Pigeon Pea Mango Sweet potatoes Irish potatoes Avocados Species richness

NUTRITIONAL FD versus SPECIES RICHNESS

Nutrient Gap Analysis of Supply% of DRI per person per day locally produced Mwandama, Malawi

ANALYSIS AT VILLAGE and LANDSCAPENutritional FD 11

Unhealthy Soils, Unhealthy People Yields, Soil Health, Human Health, Economic Growth Loss of nutrients, soil erosion, biodiversity Agriculture Environmentalwithout proper management degradation Declining Declining labor productivity crop productivity and diversity Malnutrition, illness (state of well-being) Deckelbaum et al., 2006

RELATIONSHIP WITH FOOD AND NUTRITION INDICATORS * ** P<0.01

How to manage biodiversity for nutrition? Two main strategies STRATEGY 1: To restore or maintain high levels of local diversity Value-Small-scale Improved Knowledge Extension adding Irrigation seed storage sharing and and & ISFM facilities platform education Business STRATEGY 2: To facilitate the adaptation of new varieties and crops with new and different characteristics that benefit the population and fit changing conditions 14

Adoption of Agricultural Diversification Activities % of farmers diversifying Example Mwandama, Malawi

Analysis of Food Frequency Surveys:Baseline and Following Introduction of Nutritious Crops Food consumption patterns Example Mwandama, Malawi

GLOBAL HUNGER INDEX, IFPRI 2010GLOBAL CROP NITROGEN STRESS, Liu et al, PNAS

Remans - Assessing and improving nutritional diversity of cropping systems

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