CALSTART Plug In Sources Of Power

Plug-in Vehicles as Sources of Power Jasna Tomic Plug-in 2009 Long Beach, CA Aug 12, 2009 Clean Transportation Technologies and Solutions

CALSTART: Advanced Transportation National and International in Project Areas 2008 155+ Worldwide Participant Network 4 Offices in US Four focus areas: Tech Commercialization Fleet, Port Consulting Industry Services Policy Development

CALSTART’s Four-Part Role to Grow the Clean Transportation Technology Industry Industry Services Clean Transportation Solutions Group Technology Commercialization Identifying opportunities, building teams, securing funding, and advancing technology, vehicles, fuels, and systems Helping ports, property developers, transit districts, and fleets seeking to implement cost-effective customized solutions Providing value-add services to companies: timely information, partnering, new business opportunities, conferences, technology evaluation Advancing key policies, advising policymakers, and helping companies plan for the future Unique Combination Policy

Vehicle & Electric Grid
Two large sector that can be integrated
Smart interaction between vehicle fleet, grid and intermittent renewable
Large, low-cost storage for renewables
Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) power as bridging technology

Charging Infrastructure needs upgrading
CALSTART worked with 5 major utilities to install chargers (1993)
Well over 100 charging stations deployed
That infrastructure needs to be updated for coming vehicles

Size of Electrical Connections is Important
Public Level 2 charger
208 VAC, 32 Amps 6.6 kW
Public Level 3AC charger (100A line)
208 VAC, 80 Amps 16.6 kW
Larger residential appliance
240 VAC, 40 Amps 9.6 kW
120 VAC, 15 Amps 1.8 kW
120 VAC, 30 Amp 3.6 kW

Number of EV and PHEV models growing - cost still a concern
GM Volt EREV: Extended Range Electric Vehicle - Pre-production model unveiled Sept 16, 2008
Chrysler surprises industry, announces will produce electric vehicle(s) by 2010
Nissan LEAF 2010 EVs
Mitsubishi Motors working on an EV with PSA Peugeot Citroen; plans for iMEV by 2010
The upfront cost is of concern

Fuel Savings vs Cost
8 years for HEV
10 years for PHEV
Source: NREL- Denholm, 2007

Battery Size and Daily Driving of EVs and PHEVs
Battery size in EVs 15- 50 kWh
PHEVs 10 – 15 kWh
Daily driving is ~ 30 miles per day
Lots of unused energy storage!
3

Vehicle to Grid- Integration of Transportation and Power Grid Arrows indicate direction of power flow (Kempton &Tomic, JPS, 2005) 2

Uses for V2G Power EDV Base-load Power Peak Power Ancillary Services turbine Energy Storage

Electricity Market Prices
Ancillary Services Capacity Price
Frequency Regulation $15-55/MW-h
Spinning Reserves $20/MW-h
Capacity price ($/MW-h) +
Energy price ($/MWh)
Energy Price
Baseload Power 2-10 c/kWh
Peak Power 5-80 c/kWh
5

Fleet Case -252 EVs
For regulation services - 252 vehicles
Upgrade costs for V2G included
P line = 15 kW
t plug = 17 h
c el = 0.05 $/kWh, c en = 0.15 $/kWh
NiMH
CAISO Regulation Capacity price ( 2003)
Reg up p contr = 19.5 $/MW-h
Reg down p contr = 20.3 $/MW-h

Calculated Profits with V2G for Ancillary Services (Tomic & Kempton, JPS, 2007) 252 RAV4 EVs in CAISO $ 659,000 $380,000 $1,039,000 @15 kW 3,780 Net Profit Cost Revenue FLEET POWER kW YEAR 2003

Mini E Project
Satisfied with performance
Random charging now
Electricity at 12 c/kWh
Even at 30 c/kWh equal to $3/gallon
Putting in place monitoring of mileage and charging
Need to implement structured program
Time of charging – Length of charge

HEV and PHEV Trucks
GHEV Project- funded by SCAQMD
In-use data collection
Fuel, emissions, maintenance over 12 months
PHEV modeling work
Parcel delivery, bucket trucks, school bus – what platforms are good candidates for PHEVs?
Analysis of potential use for V2G when parked.
Partners – FedEx, Azure , NREL, CALSTART

V2G Provides New Source of Distributed Generation
50% of cars as EDVs increase electric load ?
100 Million cars
x 15,000 Miles per year / 4.8 Miles per kWh
= 312 Billion kWh per year at off-peak times
= 7 % of 2020 total national load
With V2G, these EDVs also provide a huge power resource:
100 M cars x 15 kW x 0.5 avail. = 750 GW of DG
> 70% of 2020 national electric power capacity!
Conclusion: Even 50% of cars as EDV, IF they have V2G, probably REDUCE grid infrastructure requirements

Benefits of V2G
Cost of EVs & PHEVs is relatively high
V2G provides revenue to owner and helps offset that higher cost
Dual use for clean transportation and grid power support - shared capital cost
Encourages early adoption of EVs & PHEVs
Distributed generation
Energy storage for grid and integration of renewable sources

Recommendations
We need targeted deployment of V2G now!
Need to show benefits in targeted demonstrations
Discharging of EVs and other distributed generation back to the grid provides greater benefit to the grid
Use of stored electricity, grid stability, added generation capacity
Design projects with fleets or aggregated vehicles – 50 to 200 vehicles (muni, gov fleets, campus)
1) Controlled charging
2) Variable rate charging
3) Discharging to grid
4) Added functionality of on-board power
Commercial fleets, utilities, CalISO
With installation of ‘smart grid’ deploy in parallel new applications and technologies such as V2G that really put the smart grid to use

Recommendations
Business case needs to be shown
Plug-in vehicles have added functionality – export power and V2G power
Commercial vehicles good early adopters and can provide lessons for the consumer world --- e.g. parcel delivery applications, utility, telecom
Light-duty vehicles --- Consortium tying together vehicle deployment + infrastructure upgrading + user education
Regional showcases of plug-in deployment

Jasna Tomic [email_address] 626-744-5600 www.calstart.org Clean Transportation Technologies and Solutions SM

http://www.calstart.org	537
http://calstart.org	31
http://translate.googleusercontent.com	5
http://www.slideshare.net	3
http://67.222.134.234	2
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com	1

CALSTART Plug In Sources Of Power

by CALSTART on Aug 13, 2009

Accessibility

Categories

Tags

Upload Details

Usage Rights

6 Embeds 579

Statistics

CALSTART Plug In Sources Of Power — Presentation Transcript