Graded Motor Imagery for Chronic Pain

Copyright Lorimer Moseley 2009 Graded motor imagery 1. Implicit motor imagery (left/right judgement task) BodyInMind.com.au Moseley (2004) Pain; 108: 192-8; Moseley (2005) Pain 114;54-61 Moseley (2006) Neurology 67 2129-34 Graded motor imagery, as it has been tested in clinical trials, involves three stages. The first stage involves practicing the left/right limb judgment task. For this, the patient sits in front of a computer which displays left and right hands in a variety of different positions. The patient responds to each according to whether they perceive the pictured hand as a left or right hand, by pressing one of two buttons.

Is this a left or a right hand? Copyright Lorimer Moseley 2009 One image is shown at a time Software is online and via CD “Recognise” www.noigroup.com Objectives: - Equal reaction times for left & right - >80% accuracy BodyInMind.com.au These are examples of the sort of pictures that can be used. The recognise program has a range of pictures including pictures in which the hand is doing a functional task. I think that they are great, but we haven!t done any experiments on them and we didn!t use them in the clinical trials. In reality, we progress from this stage to stage 2 when patients reach performance targets, not in two weeks. Importantly, I am very conﬁdent that for patients to make gains, they have to practice very often. In the clinical trials we had compliance of about 75% for hourly practice sessions (not while they sleep of course!) We enhanced it by sending SMS messages and emails, and phoning them and telling them they were champions.

Copyright Lorimer Moseley 2009 Graded motor imagery 1. Implicit motor imagery (left/right judgement task) 2. Explicit motor imagery (imagined movements) BodyInMind.com.au Moseley (2004) Pain; 108: 192-8; Moseley (2005) Pain 114;54-61 Moseley (2006) Neurology 67 2129-34 Stage 2 of the graded motor imagery also involves looking at pictures of hands on a computer monitor, but now the patient imagines adopting the position shown in the picture.

Imagined limb movements Copyright Lorimer Moseley 2009 One image is shown at a time Software is online and via CD “Recognise” www.noigroup.com “Imagine adopting this posture with your own hand and then returning it to where it is. Imagine a pain-free, smooth BodyInMind.com.au movement”. Objectives: - Little or no symptom provocation - Task is easy or boring Again, I think it is critical that patients practice a little, alot!

Copyright Lorimer Moseley 2009 Graded motor imagery 1. Implicit motor imagery (left/right judgement task) 2. Explicit motor imagery (imagined movements) 3. Mirror movements BodyInMind.com.au Moseley (2004) Pain; 108: 192-8; Moseley (2005) Pain 114;54-61 Moseley (2006) Neurology 67 2129-34 This stage again involves a large amount of practice and pretty much follows the ideas described by McCabe et al in Bath. We use the Recognise photos and instruct patients to slowly move both hands into the posture shown. They look at their ‘good’ hand in the mirror while they do it.

Mirror movements Copyright Lorimer Moseley 2009 “Gently adopt the posture shown with both hands, while watching the mirror image of your good hand”. Objectives: -Little or no symptom provocation BodyInMind.com.au -Movement is not dystonic -Movement L & R similar in range and speed - Task is easy or boring

Single Copyright Lorimer Moseley 2009 n blind RCT it io d ine gn or ag co irr Im Re M MIP MIP 50 Neuropathic pain scale BodyInMind.com.au Crossed over 20 0 2 4 6 12 18 24 Moseley(2004) Pain; 108: 192-8; Time (weeks) These are the results of the first clinical trial. The citation is shown. All patients had chronic CRPS that began with a wrist fracture. A score of 40 on the neuropathic pain scale would equate to about 6-7 out of 10 on a 10 point NRS. Here, the measure refers to average pain over the last two days. The dark circles denote the group of CRPS patients who were randomly allocated to the MIP. The control group, who were under the usual care of a GP, showed a similar response when they were crossed over.

Copyright Lorimer Moseley 2009 Single blind • CRPS of arm or leg RCT • 18-75 years old • No other diagnoses Moseley (2006) Neurology 67 2129-34 • English-proficient • Presented to GP, physiotherapy, Pain BodyInMind.com.au management or neurology This is the most recent clinical trial, which included CRPS patients regardless of duration or initiating event, and patients with phantom limb pain after either brachial plexus avulsion injury (the brachial plexus is ripped out of the spinal cord, most commonly in a motorcycle accident), or amputation.

Single Copyright Lorimer Moseley 2009 blind RCT BodyInMind.com.au Moseley (2006) Neurology 67 2129-34 This is the consort diagram - note that all but one (in the control group) completed the trial. Also note that 20% of the CRPS patients did not fulfill the diagnostic criteria for CRPS, set out by the IASP.

Single Copyright Lorimer Moseley 2009 blind RCT NNT to get a 50% reduction in pain Post-MIP = 3 (2-6) 6 months = 2 (1-5) BodyInMind.com.au NNT to get a 4/10 point increase in function Post-MIP = 4 (2-11) 6 months = 3 (2-4) Moseley (2006) Neurology 67 2129-34 The results of this clinical trial: a dodgy figure - sorry. The key information is in the box. NNT = number needed to treat, in this case to get a 50% reduction in pain, for one patient to get that response that they wouldn’t not get in the control group. Some important caveats here: 1. practice 2. practice 3. practice!

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Graded Motor Imagery for Chronic Pain

by BodyIn Mind on Oct 05, 2009

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