2009 Biol503 Ethics 2: Bioethics of Animal Testing

Ethics: Part 2, Animal Testing Biotechnology Law and Regulation CUSCI, Biol 503, Spring 2009 K. Pessin

Ethics: Animal Testing Humans consume animals for trivial purposes. “ A PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals) anti-fur demonstrator storms the catwalk during French designer Christian Lacroix's Autumn/Winter 2007/08 ready-to-wear fashion collection in Paris February 28, 2007.” 28 Feb 2007 REUTERS/Charles Platiau

Ethics: Animal Testing

Animals are viewed both as property and as living beings

Animal testing laws and regulations balance the value in animal life vs. the value to humans by animal tests

Animal testing alternatives

Primates are special, have special resources

Federal resources, some legal rights

How should we treat animals as research subjects?

Historically, a continuum of views

Exploit

Use

Consider Welfare

Consider Rights

Liberate

Ethics: Animal Testing I think, therefore, I am. Published online before print October 30, 2006 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 10.1073/pnas.0608062103 www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.0608062103 Psychology-Biological Sciences Self-recognition in an Asian elephant Joshua M. Plotnik * , Frans B. M. de Waal * , and Diana Reiss

Ethics: Animal Testing USDA inspection of circus animals under Animal Welfare Act Protect while exploiting for entertainment

Ethics: Animal Testing Use to clone up meds?

Ethics: Animal Testing “ Cow-costumed activists march on Capitol Hill on Wednesday to call attention to the possible introduction of meat and milk from cloned animals into the nation’s food supply.” Photo by Bill Clark/Roll Call http://www.rollcall.com/ Use to clone up food?

Ethics: Animal Testing http://www.peta.org/mc/NewsItem.asp?id=11306 Avoid using for food

Ethics: Animal Testing http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/digitalcollections/searchimages/index.cfm/fuseaction/Items.ViewImageDetails/ItemID/3286/search_string/fishing/image_start_record/1/records_per_page/9/image_total_records/19 Consider Welfare

Proposition 2 (2008) creates a new state statute that prohibits the confinement of farm animals in a manner that does not allow them to turn around freely, lie down, stand up, and fully extend their limbs.

Consider Welfare

Ethics: Animal Testing http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Pamela-Anderson-040929.jpg Animal tests on green M&M's

Ethics: Animal Testing “ White Tiger (Kenny) Turpentine Creek Wildlife Refuge Eureka Springs, Ark.: In the United States, all living white tigers are the result of selective inbreeding to artificially create the genetic conditions that lead to white fur, ice-blue eyes and a pink nose. Kenny was born in the care of a breeder in Bentonville, Ark., on Feb. 3, 1999. As a result of inbreeding, Kenny is mentally retarded.” http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/17/magazine/17America.text.html?ref=magazine&pagewanted=print Consider Welfare

Ethics: Animal Testing Basil, was found to have bone cancer in 2001. Basil is cancer-free now, but had to have a leg removed. The dog survived cancer after participating in tests of a treatment for the disease. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/24/business/24cancer.html?em&ex=1164690000&en=3186670ba8f3aab7&ei=5087%0A

Ethics: Animal Testing FDA approves first dog diet drug

Ethics: Animal Testing Consider rights

Ethics: Animal Testing Animal rights extremists are not favored under the law.

Ethics: Animal Testing http://newsroom.ucla.edu/portal/ucla/chancellor-condemns-new-acts-of-72210.aspx?link_page_rss=72210

Animals used for testing human drugs

Balance value of life (of animal) vs. benefit of drug to human

Will humans always win?

Cosmetics

Alternatives

Ethics: Animal Testing http://www.bio.org/bioethics/background/animals.asp Principles Humane Treatment of Animals BIO members are committed to improving the quality of human and animal life with biotechnology, while taking responsibility for respecting the animals that support their research and for treating those animals humanely. Judicious Use of Animals High Standards of Care Regulatory Oversight Increased Public Awareness Open Discussion of Ethical Considerations

Animal Rights vs. Animal Use

“ . . . The destruction of their lives represents destruction of something valuable. That’s why we need a justification for destroying valuable lives. The pursuit of human benefit can provide the requisite justification ,” Frey noted, . . . (Donald F. Phillips, “Conference Explores Ethics of Animal Research With Critical Thinking and Balanced Argument,” JAMA , July 10, 1996, p. 88) http://ori.dhhs.gov/education/products/Herkert%20(NC%20State)/index.htm , NC State Office of Research Integrity, Animal Studies site, emphasis added.

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)

Public Health Service Policy on Humane Care and Use of Animals (for PHS funded research)

USDA Animal Welfare Regulations

Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals

US Government Principles for the Utilization and Care of Vertebrate Animals in Testing, Research and Training

Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals

Design and performance of procedures on the basis of relevance to human or animal health, advancement of knowledge, or the good of society.

Use of appropriate species, quality, and number of animals.

Avoidance or minimization of discomfort, distress, and pain in concert with sound science.

Use of appropriate sedation, analgesia, or anesthesia.

Establishment of experimental end points.

Provision of appropriate animal husbandry directed and performed by qualified persons.

Conduct of experimentation on living animals only by or under the close supervision of qualified and experienced persons.

Ethics: Animal Testing "Leaping Bunny logo" of the Coalition for Consumer Information on Cosmetics (CCIC). Used for "cruelty free" products in the US Products in Europe not tested on animals carry this symbol, taken from http://www.ein-besseres-leben.de/a5.html Logo of Internationaler Herstellerverband gegen Tierversuche in der Kosmetik e.V. (IHTK)

Ethics: Animal Testing Revlon Forced To Test Cosmetics On Plants March 3, 1999 | Issue 35•08 NEW YORK—Bowing to pressure from PETA and other activist groups to abandon animal testing, the Revlon Corporation announced Tuesday that, effective immediately, all new products will be tested on plant life. . . . "Before any Revlon product is placed in the hands of U.S. consumers, I can assure you that it will have been thoroughly safety-tested on a wide range of flora," said Angelique Christopher, a spokesperson for the cosmetics giant. "No lipstick, eyeliner, eye shadow, blush, concealer, foundation, mascara, nail polish or makeup remover will hit store shelves without first being put through a rigorous battery of on-plant tests." http://www.theonion.com/content/node/39105

Quiz You are establishing an animal model to determine if an anti-obesity drug is selective for fat. There is no way to selectively quantify fat cells except for animal sacrifice. There may be a way to build in markers for fat cells – so the animals would not have to be sacrificed. But this would be expensive, and throw off your project’s time line. What do you do? Discuss. Quiz seal

Focus: Primates

Human-like

Animal rights activists

Endangered or in short supply (sometimes)

Good model for human disease?

Ethics: Animal Testing http://www.reuters.com/article/scienceNews/idUSL256586320080625?sp=true

Suica, the chimpanzee, is kept under deplorable conditions at the zoo.

Q: Does Suica have standing to sue under a writ of habeas corpus to get released from her cage?

A: Maybe in Brazil, but Suica died before it could be decided.

http://www.animallaw.info/nonus/cases/cabrsuicaeng2005.htm 9th Criminal Court, Brazil, Correio de Bahia, Docket Number: 833085-3/2005 Official Diary for October 4th 2005; Judges: Edmundo Lucio da Cruz, Judge, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_(law)

Ethics: Animal Testing National Primate Research Centers

Animals are viewed both as property and as having anthropomorphic features

We kill them for food and clothing

We consider them part of our family

Animal testing laws and regulations

Recognize animal life as valuable, and animals as beings worthy of compassion

Recognize the value to human life in animal testing

Cosmetic value is not recognized

Animal testing alternatives

Primates are special, have special resources

Federal resources, some legal rights

Animal Welfare Information Center

Association For Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care International

Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare

Society for Veterinary Medical Ethics (SVME)

Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing

Applied Research Ethics National Association

American Psychological Association Committee

Michigan State University College of Law: Animal Legal & Historical Web Center

Great Ape Project

General Anti-Cruelty Provisions

Wilful Poisoning of Animals (Cal. Penal Code § 596)

Abusive Behavior Towards Elephants (Cal. Penal Code § 596.5)

Inhumane Manner of Transporting Animals (Cal. Penal Code § 597a)

Animals in Specified Places without Proper Care or Attention (Cal. Penal Code § 597.1)

Liability for Care of Impounded Domestic Animal (Cal. Penal Code § 597e)

Attaching Live Animal to Moving Machine to Be Pursued by Dogs (Cal. Penal Code § 597h)

Abandonment of Animal (Cal. Penal Code § 597s)

Failure to Provide Adequate Exercise Area for Confined Animal (Cal. Penal Code § 597t)

Issuance of Arrest Warrant (Cal. Penal Code § 599a)

Words Defined; Knowledge and Acts of Agent or Employee Imputed to Corporation (Cal. Penal Code § 599b)

Construction of Provisions (Cal Penal Code § 599c)

Purchase or Sale of Nonambulatory Animal by Slaughterhouse, Stockyard or Auction (Cal Penal Code § 599f)

Fighting Animal Provisions

Fighting Dogs (Cal. Penal Code § 597.5)

Owning, Keeping or Training Animal for Fighting (Cal. Penal Code § 597c)

Authorization of Warrantless Arrests at Animal Fights (Cal. Penal Code § 597d)

Prohibition Regarding Fighting Bird Gaffs or Slashers (Cal. Penal Code § 597i)

Ownership or Possession of Fighting Cock (Cal. Penal Code § 597j)

Bullfights (Cal. Penal Code § 597m)

Seizure of Fighting Animals or Birds and Paraphernalia Used in Violation (Cal. Penal Code § 599aa) )

Horse Provisions

Poling or Tripping a Horse (Cal. Penal Code § 597g)

Use of Bristle-Bur or Tack-Bur; Penalty (Cal. Penal Code § 597k)

Docking Tails of Horses; Exception (Cal. Penal Code § 597n)

Transportation of Equine to Slaughter (Cal. Penal Code § 597o)

Registration of Docked Horses (Cal. Penal Code § 597p)

Prima Facie Evidence of Docking of Horsetails (Cal. Penal Code § 597q)

Importing Horses with Docked Tails for Particular Purposes; Exception (Cal. Penal Code § 597r)

Sale, Loading, or Transportation of Disabled Equine for Commercial Slaughter Out of State (Cal. Penal Code § 597x)

Killing Horse for Purpose of Human Consumption (Cal. Penal Code § 598c)

Sale of Horsemeat for Human Consumption (Cal. Penal Code § 598d

Unlawful Killing Methods

Killing Animal by Use of Carbon Monoxide Gas (Cal. Penal Code § 597u)

Permissible Methods for Killing Newborn Dog or Cat (Cal. Penal Code § 597v)

Prohibition Against Killing Dog or Cat by Use of High-Altitude Decompression Chamber or Nitrogen Gas (Cal. Penal Code § 597w)

Misdemeanor Violations (Cal. Penal Code § 597y)

Policy Against Euthanization of Treatable or Adoptable Animal (Cal. Penal Code § 599d)

Requirement that Animal Unfit for Employment Be Killed after Notice (Cal. Penal Code § 599e)

Miscellaneous Provisions

Sexually Assaulting Animal; Misdemeanor (Cal. Penal Code § 286.5)

Requirement of Veterinarian at Rodeo (Cal. Penal Code § 596.7)

Live Animal Market (Cal. Penal Code § 597.3)

Unlawful Operation of Pet Shop (Cal. Penal Code § 597l)

Commercial Use of Rabbits, Chicks, Ducklings, or Other Fowl (Cal. Penal Code § 599)

Interference with Horse or Dog Being Used by Police Officer (Cal. Penal Code § 600)

Injury or Death of Guide, Signal or Service Dog Caused by Another Dog (Cal. Penal Code § 600.2)

Injury or Death of Guide, Signal or Service Dog Caused by Person (Cal. Penal Code § 600.5)

Sale of dogs under eight weeks of age; written approval by veterinarian prior to physical transfer; violations; exclusions (Cal. Penal Code § 597z)

End Ethics: Part 2, Animal Testing CSUCI BIOL503 Spring 2009 K.Pessin

Appendix: Escaped Gorillas and other primates

Ethics: Animal Testing POSTED: 12:44 p.m. EDT, May 18, 2007

Ethics: Animal Testing Little Joe

Ethics: Animal Testing Friday, December 5, 2003 Posted: 2153 GMT ( 5:53 AM HKT)

Ethics: Animal Testing Ken Allen (1971-2000) “ . . .One of the San Diego Zoo’s most famous orangutans was Ken Allen. . . He would unscrew bolts with his fingers, reach around to unlatch things, climb up a steep incline by the back of his enclosure to slip over a wall, and so on. . . .. He never seemed to mind being led back into his enclosure—he just seemed to enjoy the challenge of finding a new way out! Ken Allen became a San Diego Zoo legend, . . .. Many people were saddened when this gentle, mischievous ape developed cancer and passed away in December 2000.” http://www.sandiegozoo.org/animalbytes/t-orangutan.html

Ethics: Animal Testing Hello Jane, I am one of the veterinarians from Barcelona Zoo and have taken care of his health for the last 9 years. I got a message regarding albinism in snow fale (or "Copito de Nieve" as we say) from the Primate curator of BZ (Tereas Abello). There was a presentation in the American Association of Veterinary Dermatologist few years ago titled "Albinism in a Gorilla" by Ferrer, Fernandez, Castellels and Fernandez...if you want we can send you a reprint (it is a short communication). We conclude in that paper that snowflake is affected by a oculocutaneous albinism that could be equivalent to Type I-B or yellow albinism in human beings. This seems to be associated with reduced but sufficient levels of residual tyorinase activity to produce small amounts of pigment. His skin is totally white and the membranes are pale pink. hairs are also whiten although in some areas (head and shoulders) they were light yellow creamy. Iris is blue to gray and small amounts of pigment were found in the iridial stroma and in the retina. Pigment was absent in the posterior epithelium and the iris was fully translucent on globe transllumination. I hope this information is useful for your considerings, Regards, Jesus Fernandez Moran Servicio Veterinario Parque Zoologico de Barcelona, España http://www.gorilla-haven.org/ Snowflake (squinting in sunlight due to blue eyes)