Presentation of Antonio D. Santiago for the "2nd Workshop on the Impact of New Technologies on the Sustainability of the Sugarcane/Bioethanol Production Cycle" Apresentação de Antonio D. Santiago realizada no "2nd Workshop on the Impact of New Technologies on the Sustainability of the Sugarcane/Bioethanol Production Cycle " Date / Data : Novr 11th - 12th 2009/ 11 e 12 de novembro de 2009 Place / Local: CTBE, Campinas, Brazil Event Website / Website do evento: http://www.bioetanol.org.br/workshop5

1. THE SUSTAINABILITY OF THE PRESENT ETHANOL
PRODUCTION AND FUTURE EXPANSION IN NORTHEAST
BRAZIL: SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS AND WATER USE.

2. History of the Sugarcane Crop in the Brazilian
Northeast

3. Table 1. Sugarcane harvested area (million hectares) in some of the major producing countries
1989-2007
2007 1999-01 1989-01
Brazil 6.712 4.901 4.092
Índia 4.830 4.197 3.699
China 1.225 1.171 1.230
NE-Brazil* 1.189 1.076 1.440
Thailand 1.010 903 897
Pakistan 1.029 1.042 888
Mexico 680 628 556
Colômbia 450 400 344
USA 358 412 374
Cuba 400 1.015 1.372
Source: Adapted - ,FAOSTAT, online database at http://www.fao.org. accessed July 2008; In
Sugarcane Ethanol – Contributions to climate change mitiagtion and enviroment, 2008, e,
* IBGE 2009.

4. Table 2. Sugarcane production (million tons) in the major producing countries. 1989-2007.
2007 1999-01 1989-01
Brazil 514.1 335.8 258.6
Índia 322.9 297.0 223.2
China 105.7 85.1 63.9
NE-Brazil* 68.8 57.4 70.2
Thailand 64.4 51.3 37.0
Pakistan 54.8 48.4 36.2
Mexico 50.7 46.1 40.8
Colômbia 40.0 33.1 27.4
USA 27.8 32.1 26.6
Cuba 11.1 34.2 80.8
Source: Adapted - FAOSTAT. online database at http://www.fao.org. accessed July 2008; In
Sugarcane Ethanol – Contributions to climate change mitiagtion and enviroment. 2008
* IBGE 2009.

9. Leaf roller (Mahanarva posticata)
METARHIZIUM ANISOPLIAE

10. Sugarcane Root Spittlebug - Mahanarva fimbriolata
METARHIZIUM ANISOPLIAE

11. Sugarcane Borer - Diatraea saccharalis
Cotesia flavipes

12. Sugarcane Giant Borer - Telchin licus licus
No chemical control available

13. Use of pesticides in the main crops in Brazil
(in kg of active ingredient per hectare)
Source: Arrigoni & Almeida e Ricci Jr. In: Bioetanol de cana. 2008- CGEE

14. DISEASE
Leaf scald, caused by Xanthomonas albilineans
Sugarcane mosaic virus
Sugar cane rust - Leifsonia xyli subsp. Xyli (tratamento termico
Sugarcane yellow leaf virus (ScYLV)

15. Percentage of sugar cane harvested in Alagoas according with the
acronym of the varieties
Harvest Harvest
2007/2008 2008/2009

16. REDUCED TILLAGE

17. Foto Usina Coruripe

18. Foto – Usina Coruripe

19. Foto – Usina Coruripe

21. 120 39,8 kg
residue mass N
Residue mass and nitrogen (%) 100
19,1 kg
80
10 kg
60
40
y = 77.703e-0.006x
20 R² = 0.975
y = 82.253e-0.007x
R² = 0.948
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Days after harvest

22. Sugarcane roots
(0,65m)

23. Teor de nutrientes (g Kg-1) 20 a
b Com leg Sem leg
15
10
5
A B
0
N P K Ca Mg S
Nutrientes

24. Tratamentos % de palhada decomposta
Lucca(2002): Crua 5 anos 94
Crua 3 anos LV 89
Crua 3 anos NQ 91
Ball-Coelho (1993): Crua 74
Walane Ivo (2004) Crua 64 (58, 60 e 75)
Walane Ivo(2004) Crua 64 (69, 58 e 66)
(sacos de decomposição)

25. CRONOSEQUENCE FOR 13C AND
CARBON STOCKS ANALYSIS:
 FOREST
 SUGARCANE: 5, 15 E 30 YEARS

26. SUSTAINABILITY AND USE OF WATER

27. Evolution of the irrigated area and volume of stored water in
Alagoas State
Period Irrigated Area Volume of stored
(x 1000 ha) water(x 106 m3)
Before 1993 26 17.9
1993 to 1998 61 67.2
1998 to 2004 89 136.0
2004 to 2009 198 401.4
Adapted from Rosenfeld (2005) and Sampaio (2009)

30. Low pressure, 4-inch gun type sprinkler

34. SUSTAINABILITY AND VINASSE USE
1. Fertirrigation – ( 200 kg ha-1 of K)
2. Fertilization using trucks
3. Ipojuca River - G. Gunkel*, M. Sobral**, J. Kosmol*, H. Rohn*,
S. Montenegro**, & J. Aureliano

35. HARVEST

38. SUSTAINABILITY AND CO GENERATION

39. SUSTAINABILITY AND EMPLOYMENT
GENERATION
Temporary -
Fixed – 31,200 jobs
Mechanical harvesting - 60% of temporary
Actions -
Encourage other cultures
Training employees

40. Employment in the Sugarcane Production

41. 7%
31%
58%
51%

42. Employment Quality Index
EQI (Educational level of the employees; Formality level of
the employment; Main employment salary; Employment
helps)

46. AVERAGE PRODUCTION OF SUGARCANE CUTTER
HARVEST 07/08 x 08/09

47. Social impacts
Support Employments
Life quality
programs
“Artesãs do Pontal de “Barriga Cheia” project – Increase in the human
Coruripe” project – Usina Usina Seresta support condictons - harvest
Coruripe support

48. SUSTAINABILITY
X
LAND USE CHANGES IN NORTHEAST
Based on sugarcane Agroecological Zone:

49. STATE OF PIAUÍ
ÁREA FOR SUGARCANE:
294.375 ha

50. STATE OF MARANHÃO
ÁREA FOR SUGARCANE:
789.547 ha

51. STATE OF BAHIA
ÁREA FOR SUGARCANE:
2.937.982 ha

52. AGRI‐ENVIRONMENTAL
THEMES
LAND USE NATURAL ENERGY WASTE PRODUCTION
RESOURCES QUALITY AND USE
1. Soil and climate 1. Water 1. EnergeXc balance 1. water
2. Land use planning 2. Integrated ethanol ‐ 2. vinasse
2. Soil biodiesel producXon
3. CompeXXon for food. 3. Atmosphere 3. EnergeXc planning 3. Straw
4. Flora and Fauna. 4. Carbon market 4. Bagasse
5. Management and 5. Filter cake
conservaXon of soil‐
plant system

53. DOMAIN AREA OF THE
ATLANTIC FOREST

54. Estudos da UFPE – Mateus de Paula
Devastação e Proalcool
Em Alagoas – Tabuleiros
Grandes extensões
Áreas planas
Disponibilidade hídrica

55. Pernambuco
Termo de Compromisso:
Recuperação de mata ciliar – 6 ha‐ano
2009: novas metas de reflorestamento de matas ciliares,
nascentes e áreas com declividades maiores que 45º

56. INFRASTRUCTURE PROGRAMS
PRESERVATION AND CONSERVATION OF
BIOSPHERE RESERVE IN THE RAIN FOREST IN THE
NORTHEAST
RESTORATION OF PROTECTED AREAS
ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION PROGRAM
environment and rainforest

57. About 85 species of rain Forest produced in 2005/2006
More than four million native seedlings planted in
the last five years
Some of the 400,000 plants in 2006

58. SOME CHALENGES FOR
SUSTENNABILITY IN NORTHEAST:
 USE OF WATER IN INDUSTRIES: WE NEED REDUCTIONS
 NITROUS OXIDE EMISSIONS: WE NEED TO MEASURE
 CHEMICALS FOR NEMATODES AND “CUPINS” CONTROL:
WE NEED REDUCTIONS
 VINASSE USE
 BURNED X UNBERNED: JOBS FOR THE SUGARCANE
CUTTERS

59. Thank you for your attention
MUTUM‐DE‐ALAGOAS
Mitu mitu