Winter Driving Safety

WINTER DRIVING
Adverse Weather Conditions
Prevention of Cold weather Injuries
Preventive Maintenance
Driving Techniques

ADVERSE WEATHER CONDITIONS
FREEZING RAIN
BLACK ICE
FOG
SNOW

OPERATING ON SNOW AND ICE
START DRIVING IN SECOND OR THIRD GEAR RATHER THAN FIRST OR LOW, AND ACCELERATE NO MORE THAN NECESSARY TO KEEP FROM STALLING.
* AVOID QUICK ACCELERATION ON SLICK ROADS. IT WILL CAUSE YOU TO SKID.

FRESH SNOW MAY CONCEAL AN ICY ROAD SURFACE.

ADVERSE WEATHER CONDITIONS ... RAINS
DRIZZLE OR LIGHT RAINS - EXPECT:
FREEZING RAINS - EXPECT:
VISIBILITY RESTRICTION
SLIPPERY SURFACES
REDUCED TRACTION
INCREASED STOPPING DISTANCES
HIGH PROBABILITY OF SKIDS
HEAVY RAINS OR DOWNPOURS - EXPECT:
POOR VISIBILITY
REDUCED TRACTION
INCREASED STOPPING DISTANCE
LOSS OF DIRECTIONAL CONTROL
SLIPPERY SURFACES
POOR VISIBILITY
LITTLE TO NO TRACTION
LITTLE TO NO BRAKING ACTION
REDUCED DIRECTIONAL CONTROL
HIGH POSSIBILITY OF SKIDS
4-104
TC 21-305

ICE IS WATER SUBSTANCE IN A SOLID FORM - EXPECT:
SNOW IS PRECIPITATION IN THE FORM OF SMALL ICE CRYSTALS - EXPECT:
FROST IS A COVERING OF MINUTE ICE CRYSTALS ON A COLD SURFACE - EXPECT:
ADVERSE WEATHER CONDITIONS ... ICE ...
REDUCED TRACTION
INCREASED BRAKING DISTANCE
POOR DIRECTIONAL CONTROL
POSSIBILITY OF SKIDS
SLIPPERY SURFACES
REDUCED TRACTION
POOR VISIBILITY - WINDSHIELD
REDUCED VISIBILITY
REDUCED TRACTION
INCREASED BRAKING DISTANCES
4-105
TC 21-305

ADVERSE WEATHER CONDITIONS ... ICE ...
HAIL IS PRECIPITATION IN THE FORM OF SMALL BALLS OR LUMPS CONSISTING
OF CLEAR ICE OR COMPACT SNOW - EXPECT:
WINDSHIELD ICING MAY OCCUR ANYTIME THE TEMPERATURE IS LOW ENOUGH
AND THERE IS MOISTURE PRESENT - EXPECT REDUCED OR NO FORWARD
VISIBILITY THROUGH THE WINDSHIELD
POSSIBLE SURFACE DAMAGE TO THE VEHICLE
POSSIBILITY OF BROKEN WINDOWS
SLEET IS FROZEN OR PARTLY FROZEN RAIN - EXPECT:
SLIPPERY SURFACES
POOR TRACTION
LITTLE TO NO BRAKING CAPABILITY
EXTREMELY POOR DIRECTIONAL CONTROL
BLACK ICE IS A THIN SHEET OF ICE, DARK IN APPEARANCE - EXPECT:
4-106
TC 21-305

GLAZE (CLEAR) ICE IS A DEPOSIT OF ICE FORMED BY FREEZING OF RAINDROPS
ON SURFACES THAT ARE AT OR BELOW FREEZING (32 DEGREES F) - EXPECT:
ADVERSE WEATHER CONDITIONS ... ICE
FROST HEAVING IS THE UNEVEN LIFTING AND DISTORTION OF THE GROUND
CLOSE TO THE SURFACE - EXPECT UNEVEN DRIVING SURFACES
LITTLE TO NO BRAKING CAPABILITY
EXTREMELY POOR DIRECTIONAL CONTROL
WHEN FOG ON MOUNTAIN BE ALERT AND DRIVE SLOWLY TURN LIGHTS ON MORE... 4-107 TC 21-305

BLACK ICE DANGEROUS BECAUSE YOU CAN’T SEE IT! COMMON AREAS YOU FIND IT 1. Bridges/Overpasses 2. Shaded areas

BLACK ICE REACTION DO NOT PANIC! MAKE NO SUDDEN CHANGES IN SPEED OR DIRECTION! EASE OFF ACCELERATOR! STEER IN DIRECTION THAT THE REAR OF THE VEHICLE IS SKIDDING!

FOG WHEN DRIVING IN FOG, USE LOW-BEAM HEADLIGHTS STOP, OFF THE ROADWAY, AND WAIT FOG

COLD INJURY PREVENTION

TYPES OF COLD WEATHER INJURIES
Chilblains
Immersion Foot
Trench Foot
Frost Bite
Hypothermia
Snow Blindness
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Dehydration
Heat Exhaustion

SUSCEPTIBILITY FACTORS
1. Previous Cold Weather Injury
2. Fatigue
3. Race and Geographic Origin
4. Nutrition: 3000 to 4000 calories
5. Overactive or Immobile

SUSCEPTIBILITY FACTORS Cont.
6. Alcohol, Drugs, or Tobacco
7. Exposed Situation: Guard Duty, Sleeping Areas, Vehicles
8. Wind Velocity
9. Temperature of Exposure
10. Duration of Exposure

USE OF ACRONYM C.O.L.D.
a. C = keep it clean
b. O = avoid overheating
c. L = wear it in loose layers.
d. D = keep it dry.

CHILBLAINS Inflammatory swelling or sore, usually below 50 degrees F with high humidity.

CHILBLAINS 1. Symptoms
Pale and colorless
Upon re-warming, red in color
Hot, tender, and itchy
Skin may blister

CHILBLAINS 2. First Aid
Mild Case: Warm and dry gently
Severe Case: Dry sterile dressing and protect from further exposure

CHILBLAIN 3. Prevention
Protect exposed areas with adequate clothing
Use the “Buddy System”

TRENCH/IMMERSION FOOT Results from prolonged exposure of skin to cold or wet conditions, usually at 50 degrees F or colder

TRENCH/IMMERSION FOOT 1. Symptoms
Cold toes and feet
Swollen
Discolored
Waxy and numb
Blisters may develop

TRENCH/IMMERSION FOOT 2. First Aid
Dry feet carefully
Apply foot powder
Clean and wrap loosely
Do Not break blisters
Evacuate to nearest medical facility

TRENCH/IMMERSION FOOT 3. Prevention
Keep feet dry
Avoid tight boots
Exercise feet and legs
Wear proper clothing

FROSTBITE Freezing of tissue or moisture in the skin due to exposure to temperatures below 32 degrees F

FROSTBITE 1. Symptoms
Loss of sensation or numb feeling
Sudden blanching of the skin, followed by tingling feeling
Redness of skin in light-skinned people Grayish color in dark-skinned people

FROSTBITE Symptoms cont.
Blisters may develop: 24-36 hours (superficial) 12-30 (deep)
Swelling or tender areas
Loss of previous sensation of pain in affected areas
Pale, yellowish, waxy looking skin
Frozen tissue, solid to the touch

FROSTBITE 2. First Aid
Protect injury from further cold
Move casualty to warm area
Warm affected area evenly with body heat
Improve circulation by exercise
Remove constricting clothing and jewelry
Reassure the casualty

FROSTBITE First Aid cont.
Do Not rub the affected area with snow
Do Not re-warm the affected area by massaging or exposing to open flame
Do Not allow the casualty to walk if feet are frozen
Do Not attempt to thaw seriously frozen areas

FROSTBITE 3. Prevention
Eat properly and often
Wear clothing properly
Avoid direct skin exposure
Do Not stay inactive for long periods
Use the “buddy system” to check exposed areas

HYPOTHERMIA Medical term for lowered core body temperature, caused by exposure to cold. Aggravated by wet conditions.

HYPOTHERMIA 1. Symptoms
Pale skin
Dizziness
Drowsiness
Disoriented
Slurred speech
Stumbling
Mind dimmed

HYPOTHERMIA Symptoms cont.
Body slows down
Exercise tires you quicker
Casualty stops shivering
Person wants to lay down and sleep
Pulse is faint or undetectable
Unconsciousness
DEATH

HYPOTHERMIA 2. First Aid
Re-warm body evenly and without delay
Keep dry and protect from elements
Give food and warm liquids to produce body heat
Do not massage casualty
Do not give casualty alcohol

HYPOTHERMIA First Aid (Severe)
Evacuate immediately
Avoid further heat loss
Handle gently
Stabilize temperature

HYPOTHERMIA 3. Prevention
Eat properly and often
Dress in layers
Drink plenty of water
Stay physically fit
Keep active
Stay dry

SNOW BLINDNESS Inflammation and sensitivity caused by exposure of the eyes to ultraviolet light rays reflected by the snow or ice

SNOW BLINDNESS 1. Symptoms
Feeling of grit or sand in eyes
Pain in and over the eyes
Watering and redness of the eyes
Headache

SNOW BLINDNESS 2. First Aid
Instruct casualty not to move his/her eyes
Protect eyes with bandages or sunglasses
Seek medical attention

SNOW BLINDNESS 3. Prevention
Wear sunglasses
Use improvised sunglasses
Don’t wait until discomfort begins to wear sunglasses

CARBON MONOXIDE Colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. Created by incomplete combustion.

CARBON MONOXIDE 1. Symptoms
Headache, nausea, dimmed vision, dizziness, and chest pain
Symptoms may or may not give warning prior to collapse
Skin turns cherry red

CARBON MONOXIDE 2. First Aid
Move casualty to fresh air
Artificial respiration if necessary
Keep warm and allow the casualty to rest

CARBON MONOXIDE 3. Prevention
Assure proper ventilation
Don’t use unvented engines or equipment

Clothing Cold-Weather System Principles
INSULATE
LAYER
VENTILATE

Clothing Extended Cold-Weather Clothing System
First Layer-Polypropylene undershirt and shorts
Second Layer-Synthetic Fiber Pile shirt and polyester trouser liners
Third Light jacket and over-trousers

Clothing Cont.
Fourth Layer-Windproof, waterproof parka and trousers

PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE ENSURE WINTERIZATION OF ALL VEHICLES DO BEFORE, DURING, AND AFTER OPERATION MAINTENANCE IAW APPLICABLE TM DO DRAIN ALL AIR TANKS AT THE END OF DAY KEEP ALL FUEL TANKS FULL TO KEEP MOISTURE FROM CONDENSING INSIDE FUEL LINES AND TANKS

TIRES
COOLING SYSTEM
BATTERIES
EXHAUST SYSTEM
WIPERS
LIGHTS
FLUID LEVELS
HEATERS/DEFROSTERS
PERSONAL GEAR
PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE

PROPER MAINTENANCE HABITS ARE EVEN MORE CRITICAL IN COLD WEATHER.
ANTIFREEZE/COOLANT SHOULD BE CHECKED AT REGULAR INTERVALS, OR , AT LEAST TWICE PER YEAR. ( SPRING/FALL)
ENSURE WINDSHIELD WASHER AND, IF APPLICABLE, ALCOHOL BOTTLES ARE REPLENISHED.

MORE PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE
ON BRIEF HALTS DURING EXTREMELY COLD WEATHER, LET THE ENGINE RUN AT A FAST IDLE SO THAT THE AMMETER SHOWS A CHARGE.
WHY! * BURNS FUEL BETTER * MAINTAINS EVEN ENGINE TEMPERATURE

MORE PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE
WHEN PERFORMING MAINTENANCE, DO NOT TOUCH METAL WITH YOUR BARE HANDS.
WHEN CLIMBING ON VEHICLES, USE EXTREME CAUTION. REMEMBER, THREE POINTS OF CONTACT.

Cold Hard Facts
Adjust to Conditions
Hills and Grades
Following Distance
Steering
Skids

DEFENSIVE DRIVING TECHNIQUES
COMMUNICATION
MANAGE SPEED
SITUATIONAL AWARENESS
DRIVING SPACE

COMMUNICATION ... LET OTHERS KNOW WHERE YOU ARE LET OTHERS KNOW WHAT YOU PLAN TO DO
USE HEADLIGHTS, BRAKE LIGHTS, AND TURN SIGNALS
USE HORN
POSITION YOUR VEHICLE SO IT CAN BE SEEN
USE EMERGENCY SIGNALS
USE EMERGENCY HAZARD SIGNALS (4-WAYS)
SIGNAL CHANGE OF DIRECTION
SIGNAL WHEN SLOWING/STOPPING
FLARES
WARNING TRIANGLES

COMMUNICATION ... USING HEADLIGHTS
ON RAINY, SNOWY, OR FOGGY DAYS
GRAY DAYS
WHEN USING WINDSHIELD WIPERS
PRIOR TO DARKNESS
TO COMMUNICATE A HAZARD
WHENEVER IT IS DIFFICULT TO SEE
WHEN MOVING AND LIGHTS ARE NECESSARY
TO GET ATTENTION
4-47 TC 21-305

COMMUNICATION ... USING HORN
TO GIVE WARNING ONLY
A LIGHT TAP IF NO IMMEDIATE DANGER WHEN:
SOMEONE IS WALKING CLOSE TO ROAD OR ON A BIKE
PASSING (AS A WARNING)
USE SHARP BLAST WHEN REAL DANGER
EXISTS, SUCH AS:
CHILD RUNNING INTO STREET
IN DANGER OF BEING HIT
APPROACHING INATTENTIVE DRIVER
HAVING TROUBLE SEEING AHEAD
LOST CONTROL OF VEHICLE

COMMUNICATION ... KEEP YOUR VEHICLE WHERE IT CAN BE SEEN
AVOID DRIVING IN VEHICLE "BLIND SPOTS"
GET THROUGH BLIND SPOTS QUICKLY

COMMUNICATION ... USING EMERGENCY SIGNALS
EMERGENCY STOPS
OFF THE ROAD, OUT OF TRAFFIC
TURN ON 4-WAYS
LIFT THE HOOD & TIE WHITE CLOTH TO DOOR HANDLE
IF NO WARNING DEVICES, GIVE HAND WARNING
ALSO USE 4-WAY FLASHERS WHEN:
UNLOADING
IF IN TRAFFIC, STOP WHERE YOU CAN BE SEEN
GIVE WARNING (FLARES AND/OR WARNING TRIANGLES)
AT ACCIDENT SCENE
DRIVING SLOW
DO NOT DO MAINTENANCE IN TRAFFIC

COMMUNICATION ... SIGNAL WHEN CHANGING DIRECTION
USE TURN SIGNALS BEFORE:
CHANGING LANES
PASSING
TURNING AT AN INTERSECTION
PULLING OVER TO THE SIDE OF THE ROAD
APPROACHING A PARALLEL PARKING PLACE
RULES FOR SIGNALING DIRECTION CHANGES
ENTERING/LEAVING A FREEWAY
PULLING AWAY FROM A CURB
SIGNAL AS A HABIT
SIGNAL EARLY
MERGING INTO TRAFFIC
SIGNAL AFTER INTERSECTION, PRIOR TO TURN
ENSURE SIGNAL IS OFF AFTER TURNING

COMMUNICATION ... SIGNAL WHEN SLOWING OR STOPPING
LIGHTLY TAP BRAKE PEDAL - TO FLASH BRAKE LIGHTS - TO
STOPPING AT A PLACE THAT IS UNEXPECTED
SLOWING BECAUSE OF NO DECELERATION LANE
TURNING INTO A DRIVEWAY (PRIOR TO INTERSECTION)
AVOID SOMETHING IN THE ROAD AHEAD
INDICATE:

MANAGE SPEED WHAT IS SPEEDING? SPEEDING IS:
EXCEEDING THE LEGAL OR POSTED SPEED LIMIT
DRIVING TOO FAST FOR CONDITIONS
YOU SLOW DOWN

MANAGE SPEED ... CONDITIONS AFFECTING SAFE SPEED
TRACTION:
MEANS TIRE'S GRIP ON THE ROAD
DECREASED TRACTION = INCREASED STOPPING DISTANCE
STOP WITHIN SEEING DISTANCE
VISIBILITY:
ADJUST SPEED TO VISIBILITY CONDITIONS
TRAFFIC CONDITIONS:
MAINTAIN SAFE SPACE CUSHION
ADJUST SPEED TO VOLUME AND FLOW
ROAD CHARACTERISTICS
SHAPE AFFECTS TRACTION AND VISIBILITY
ADJUST SPEED FOR CURVES AND HILLS
ADJUST SPEED FOR DECREASED TRACTION

MANAGE SPEED ... SPEED AND STOPPING DISTANCE
PERCEPTION DISTANCE
ABOUT 3/4 SECOND
AT 55 MPH = 60 FEET
AT 55 MPH = ADDED 60 FEET
ABOUT 3/4 SECOND
BRAKING DISTANCE
AT 55 MPH - ABOUT 4 1/2 SECONDS
OR ABOUT 150 FEET AT 55 MPH
= TOTAL STOPPING DISTANCE
AT 55 MPH = ABOUT 6 SECONDS
= ABOUT 270 FEET (300 FEET = FOOTBALL FIELD)
REACTION DISTANCE

MANAGE SPEED ... EFFECT OF SPEED ON STOPPING DISTANCE
DOUBLE SPEED = FOUR TIMES STOPPING DISTANCE
SLOW DOWN = REDUCED BRAKING DISTANCE
CONDITIONS = SLOW DOWN
STOP WITHIN DISTANCE YOU CAN SEE
AT NIGHT - LOW BEAMS = SLOW DOWN
SPEED AND TRAFFIC FLOW
SAFE SPEED = SPEED OF TRAFFIC
SAFE FOLLOWING DISTANCE
FASTER SPEEDS = CRASH OR FATIGUE
SAFEST IS LEGAL SPEED OF OTHER VEHICLES
SPEED AND DISTANCE AHEAD

MANAGE SPEED ... MATCHING SPEED TO THE ROAD SURFACE...
TRACTION = STEERING AND BRAKING
TRACTION = FRICTION
REDUCED TRACTION = LOWER SPEEDS:
WET ROADS - REDUCE SPEED BY ONE THIRD
WET ROADS = DOUBLE STOPPING DISTANCE
PACKED SNOW - REDUCE SPEED BY HALF OR MORE
ICE - STOP ASAP
SLIPPERY ROADS = TURNING/STOPPING

MANAGE SPEED ...MATCHING SPEED TO ROAD SURFACE
SLIPPERY ROADS
SHADY AREAS
BRIDGES
VEHICLE ICING
BLACK ICE
RAINS
HYDROPLANING
MELTING ICE

MANAGE SPEED ... SPEED AND CURVES
ADJUST SPEED
TAKING A CURVE TOO FAST =
WHEELS LOSE TRACTION - STRAIGHT AHEAD
BRAKING = SKID
SLOW DOWN BEFORE CURVE
EXIT RAMPS ARE CURVED
SLOW TO RIGHT SPEED
BE READY TO STOP AT BOTTOM OF EXIT
WHEELS KEEP TRACTION - ROLL OVER

FOLLOWING DISTANCE THREE TO ELEVEN TIMES MORE DISTANCE IS REQUIRED TO STOP A VEHICLE ON PAVEMENT COVERED WITH ICE OR SNOW. 100 100 5OO METERS IDEAL ROAD CONDITIONS POOR ROAD CONDITION

6 SECONDS 4 SECONDS T T T T 37 37 37 37 T 66-10 AM GENERAL T T T T 37 37 37 37 T 66-10 AM GENERAL

HILLS AND GRADES When approaching a hill or upgrade / downgrade remember to do the following: 1. Select the proper gear before approaching, usually a lower gear. 2. Use the same gear going down that you used going up. This will allow the engine to act as a brake, so you will not have to use your brake excessively. * On steep or very slippery grades, use at least one gear lower, and go slower *

SKIDS Result from unexpected forces: 1. Black Ice 2. Driving to fast for conditions 3. Sudden steering corrections or braking 4. Sudden accelerations

SKIDS CONTINUED If your vehicle begins to skids, take the following actions: 1. Front end skids - Release the brake and let the front wheels roll freely to regain traction and steering control. 2. Rear end skids - Take foot off of accelerator and turn wheels in the direction that the rear of the vehicle is skidding, and pump brakes lightly.

Brake before the turn, not in the turn accelerate smoothly and slowly. Decelerate slowly, and ease up on the brakes. Make smooth gear shifts and clutch engagements. Steer in the opposite direction the trailer is skidding, while pumping the brakes lightly. VEHICLE JACKKNIFE PREVENTION 15 DEG.

VEHICLE JACKKNIFE A JACKKNIFE OCCURS WHEN THE ANGLE BETWEEN THE TRACTOR AND TRAILER GETS TO A POINT WHERE IT CANT’T BE STRAIGHTENED OUT BY THE DRIVER. 15 DEG.

RISK ASSESSMENT
EXPERIENCE
LIVING ENVIRONMENT
YEARS AND MILES DRIVEN
SITUATIONS
ROAD CONDITIONS
RED
AMBER
GREEN
OH DARN! I SHOULD HAVE DONE A RISK ASSESSMENT !

WINTER BAG
Minimum Requirements
1. Wet Weather Gear 2. Over Shoes 3. Blanket 4. Wet Weather Bag 5.Field/Gortex Jacket 6. Gloves with Inserts

CHAINS CHAINS GIVE A GOOD BITE IN SNOW OR MUD BUT TEND TO SLIDE AND SLIP ON ICE AND PACKED SNOW. oh no! He should have went to the chain class!

CHAINS Before execution of the mission, the following checks should be made: 1. Ensure vehicle is equipped with snow chains. 2. Snow chains are serviceable, and in good condition. 3. Leadership will ensure the driver has a working knowledge of how to properly apply snow chains

ENSURE MILITARY AND PRIVATELY OWENED VEHICLES HAVE BEEN PREPARED FOR THE WINTER MONTHS AHEAD…
BATTERIES
ANTIFREEZE
CRACKED WINDSHIELDS
EXHAUST SYSTEM
HEATER / DEFROSTER

Winter Driving Hazards Windows cleared 360 Adjust speed for road conditions Bridges freeze before roadways Proper tires all weather / mud & snow Know your abilities

WINTER DRIVING HAZARDS Ice, frost, and snow on bridges and overpasses Poorly marked state and county highways Drifting snow Poor visibility Carbon monoxide Poor traction High water at river crossings Slippery roads caused by wet leaves

VEHICLE OCCUPANT SAFETY Seat belts properly worn by all passengers. Use of approved child safety seats. Infants not seated in front seats of vehicles with Passenger air bags.

POV WINTER DRIVING CHECKLIST Winterize your car, and always check your equipment Ice Scraper Exhaust system tight Antifreeze Check all fluid levels Battery charged Map Lights operational and clean Wiper blades serviceable and clean Properly inflated tires, with sufficient tread Heater/defroster working properly Brakes checked for wear Windshield and mirrors clean and serviceable

WINTER SURVIVAL KIT Flashlight Bag of Kitty litter/sand Non perishable Food Shovel Blanket Warm Clothes Water Jumper Cables Tire Chains Tow rope

SUMMARY
Cold weather greatly affects the operating performance of your equipment.
Winter weather presents unique hazards, i.e.. snow, slush, ice, black ice, etc...
Drivers must continually train and gain experience for safe winter driving.
SLOW DOWN!
INCREASE INTERVALS!

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Winter Driving Safety

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Winter Driving Safety Presentation Transcript