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Al-Azhar University-Gaza
Master Program of Water and Environmental
Science

Soil Moisture and
Groundwater Recharge
prepared by

Safaa A. EL Derawi
 Introduction
The uppermost layer of the earth may contain a three phase
system of material:
 solid
 liquid
 gaseous
The earth layer that
contain the three phase

system is called the:
vadose zone also know
as zone of aeration, and
unsaturated zone .
Porosity and water content of soil
 Porosity
 The void ratio of the soil
is the ratio of volume of the voids to the volume of the solids.
V= Vv + Vs ,
n= Vv/V
n= Vv / Vv +Vs

divide by Vs

V= Vv + Vs ,
e= Vv/Vs
e= Vv / V - Vv

divide by V
 The gravimetric water content

 The volumetric water content

 The saturation ratio
Bulk Soil = Particle volume + pore volume

 The dry bulk density :

 The particle density:
 Porosity can be calculated in practice:
Soil Water Measurement
Measures mass water content
 Take field samples
 weigh(Wm)

 oven dry at 105 C
 weigh ( Ws) until a constant mass is
obtained Ww=Wm-Ws
Gravimetric water content = Wm-Ws / Ws
and Vw = (Wm - Ws / w )/V
Volumatric water content =Vw/V
Chapter 6 Fetter Soil moisture and groundwater recharge
Electrical Resistance Blocks & Meters
 Capillarity and the capillary fringe
Capillary forces :
The forces acting on soil
moisture in the
unsaturated zone,
attributable to molecular
attraction between soil
particles and water.
The capillary rise in cm is :

Capillary Rise
Capillary fringe :
The zone of aeration is best defined as the zone where the

soil moisture is under tension
 Pore-water tension in the vadoes zone
 Fluid pressures in the vadose zone are negative
 The negative pressure head is measured in the field
with a tensiometer
Tensiometer for Measuring Soil Water Potential
Water Reservoir
Variable Tube Length (12 in- 48 in)
Based on Root Zone Depth

Porous Ceramic Tip
Vacuum Gauge (0-100 centibar)
 soil water
is the water in the vadoes zone, that is available to
growing plants.
Soil moisture depend on:
1.

Change in the amount
of precipitation.

2.

Change in the amount
of evapotranspiration
Types of soil water
Chapter 6 Fetter Soil moisture and groundwater recharge
Field Capacity - Wilting Point
Chapter 6 Fetter Soil moisture and groundwater recharge
 Theory of Unsaturated Flow
The infiltration of water into the unsaturated can be

considered in terms of:
 Gravity potential, Z
 Moisture potential, ψ
Darcy’s law is valid for flow in the unsaturated zone.
Is not constant ,
content

is a function of the volumetric water
Idealized curves showing relationships of volumetric water
content, hydraulic conductivity, and soil-moisture head
 Water-Table Recharge
When the front of

infiltrating water reaches
the capillary fringe, it
displaces air in the pore
spaces and cause the water
table to rise.
Rate of Recharge
The rate of water-table recharge depends on:

1. Thickness of the unsaturated zone
(The thinner zone, the faster rise of water table)
2. The vertical unsaturated hydraulic conductivity
3. The permeability .

May generate a localized ground-water mound
Chapter 6 Fetter Soil moisture and groundwater recharge

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Chapter 6 Fetter Soil moisture and groundwater recharge

  • 1. Al-Azhar University-Gaza Master Program of Water and Environmental Science Soil Moisture and Groundwater Recharge prepared by Safaa A. EL Derawi
  • 2.  Introduction The uppermost layer of the earth may contain a three phase system of material:  solid  liquid  gaseous
  • 3. The earth layer that contain the three phase system is called the: vadose zone also know as zone of aeration, and unsaturated zone .
  • 4. Porosity and water content of soil
  • 6.  The void ratio of the soil is the ratio of volume of the voids to the volume of the solids.
  • 7. V= Vv + Vs , n= Vv/V n= Vv / Vv +Vs divide by Vs V= Vv + Vs , e= Vv/Vs e= Vv / V - Vv divide by V
  • 8.  The gravimetric water content  The volumetric water content  The saturation ratio
  • 9. Bulk Soil = Particle volume + pore volume  The dry bulk density :  The particle density:
  • 10.  Porosity can be calculated in practice:
  • 11. Soil Water Measurement Measures mass water content  Take field samples  weigh(Wm)  oven dry at 105 C  weigh ( Ws) until a constant mass is obtained Ww=Wm-Ws Gravimetric water content = Wm-Ws / Ws and Vw = (Wm - Ws / w )/V Volumatric water content =Vw/V
  • 14.  Capillarity and the capillary fringe Capillary forces : The forces acting on soil moisture in the unsaturated zone, attributable to molecular attraction between soil particles and water.
  • 15. The capillary rise in cm is : Capillary Rise
  • 17. The zone of aeration is best defined as the zone where the soil moisture is under tension
  • 18.  Pore-water tension in the vadoes zone  Fluid pressures in the vadose zone are negative  The negative pressure head is measured in the field with a tensiometer
  • 19. Tensiometer for Measuring Soil Water Potential Water Reservoir Variable Tube Length (12 in- 48 in) Based on Root Zone Depth Porous Ceramic Tip Vacuum Gauge (0-100 centibar)
  • 20.  soil water is the water in the vadoes zone, that is available to growing plants.
  • 21. Soil moisture depend on: 1. Change in the amount of precipitation. 2. Change in the amount of evapotranspiration
  • 22. Types of soil water
  • 24. Field Capacity - Wilting Point
  • 26.  Theory of Unsaturated Flow The infiltration of water into the unsaturated can be considered in terms of:  Gravity potential, Z  Moisture potential, ψ
  • 27. Darcy’s law is valid for flow in the unsaturated zone. Is not constant , content is a function of the volumetric water
  • 28. Idealized curves showing relationships of volumetric water content, hydraulic conductivity, and soil-moisture head
  • 29.  Water-Table Recharge When the front of infiltrating water reaches the capillary fringe, it displaces air in the pore spaces and cause the water table to rise.
  • 30. Rate of Recharge The rate of water-table recharge depends on: 1. Thickness of the unsaturated zone (The thinner zone, the faster rise of water table) 2. The vertical unsaturated hydraulic conductivity 3. The permeability . May generate a localized ground-water mound