INDUSTRIAL INSTRUMENTATION FOR POWER & ENERGY MEASUREMENT

INDUSTRIAL INSTRUMENTATION
POWER AND ENERGY
MEASUREMENTS
M. Awais Yaqoob
2011-ch-32
(University of Engineering and Technology, Laho

SYNOPSIS
Power Measurement
Energy Measurement
Danish Tanvir (2008-chem-05) 2

POWER
MEASUREMENT

POWER MEASUREMENT
 In a direct current circuit it can be
done with the help of a voltmeter,
ammeter and is computed by using a
derivative of Ohm's law
P = VI = I2R = V2/R
 In an AC circuit ,the average power is
given by
Pavg = VI cosφ

BOLOMETER
 A device for measuring the power of
incident electromagnetic radiation via
the heating of a material with a
temperature-dependent electrical
resistance.
 APPLICATIONS:
 It is used to measure very low
powers.
 It is used to measure radiation of sub
millimeter wavelengths.Danish Tanvir (2008-chem-05) 5

TYPES OF BOLOMETER
BOLOMETER
MICROBOLOMETER HOT ELECTRON
BOLOMETER

MICROBOLOMETER

HOT ELECTRON BOLOMETER
 The hot electron
bolometer (HEB)
operates at cryogenic
temperatures,
typically within a few
degrees of absolute
zero. At these very
low temperatures, the
electron system in a
metal is weakly
coupled to the phonon
system.

CALORIMETER
 A device used to measure the quantity
of heat flow in a chemical reaction.The
calorimeters are the most accurate of all
instruments for measuring high power.

TYPES OF CALORIMETER
CALORIMETER
STATIC
CALORIMETER
BOMB
CALORIMETER
THROTTLING
CALORIMETER

STATIC CALORIMETER

BOMB CALORIMETER
Danish Tanvir (2008-chem-05)
It is used to measure heat flows for gases an
high temperature reactions.
12

THROTTLING
CALORIMETER
 An instrument utilizing the principle of
constant enthalpy expansion for the
measurement of the moisture content
of steam; steam drawn from a steam
pipe through sampling nozzles enters
the calorimeter through a throttling
orifice and moves into a well-insulated
expansion chamber in which its
temperature is measured

WATTMETER
 An instrument for measuring the
electric power in watts of any given
circuit.
WATTMETER
ELECTRODYNAMIC
WATTMETER
ELECTRODYNAMOMETER ELECTRONIC WATTMETER

ELECTRODYNAMIC
WATTMETER
 It consists of two coils, a current is
allowed to flow through one coil that
generates an electromagnetic
field around the coil. The strength of
this field is pointed by the needle
attached with the other coil that has a
high-value resistor connected in series
with it to reduce the current that flows
through it.

ELECTRODYNAMOMETER
 It has a fixed coil which is surrounded at
right angle by the second coil i.e
suspended by silk fibres, and to the coil
is also attached a spiral spring the other
end of which is fastened to
a torsion head. If then the torsion head is
twisted, the suspended coil experiences
a torque and is displaced through an
angle equal to that of the torsion head.

ELECTRONIC WATTMETER
 Electronic wattmeters are used for
direct, small power measurements or
for power measurements at
frequencies beyond the range of other
types of wattmeters.

ENERGY
MEASUREMENT

ENERGY MEASUREMENT
 Energy creates the power to drive
tools and machines, to process
materials into manufactured products
and to create structures.
Energy= power × time
 Where power is equal to the product
of voltage and current.So,
Energy=V×I×t

ENERGY METERS
 Energy meters are the instruments
basically used to measure the quantity
of electric energy supplied to a circuit
in a given time.
 Basically, there are two types of
energy meters:
 D.C. meters
 A.C. meters

D.C. ENERGY METERS
D.C. ENERGY
METERS
Electrolytic
Meters
Motor Meters Clock Meters
Intermittent
Registering
Meters

ELECTROLYTIC METERS
 Electrolytic meters are exclusively
ampere-hour meters, measuring
electric quantity directly and electric
energy only indirectly, on the
assumption that the pressure of the
supply is constant. It has further some
types:
Edison meter
C. O. Bastian's meter

MOTOR METERS
 An integrating meter which has a rotor,
one or more stators, a retarding
element which makes the speed of the
rotor proportional to the quantity (such
as power or current) whose integral
over time is being measured, and a
register which counts the total number
of revolutions of the rotor.

CLOCK METERS
 Suppose there are two pendulum clocks,
geared to a single counting mechanism
which records the difference in the rates
of going of the two clocks,one having an
ordinary pendulum and the other having
a pendulum consisting of a fine coil of
wire through which a current is passed
proportional to the potential difference of
the supply. Below this pendulum let there
be placed another coil through which
passes the current to be measured

INTERMITTENT REGISTERING
METERS
 A clock motion electrically driven is
made to take readings at definite
intervals - say, every five minutes -
and to add up these readings upon a
set of registered dials. The
arrangement therefore integrates the
ampere-hours or watthours.

A.C. INDUCTION METERS
 These meters only apply in case of
alternating current supply.
 There are two types of induction
meters:
 SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION
METER
 THREE PHASE INDUCTION
METER

SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION
METER

THREE PHASE INDUCTION
METER
 Use of additional voltage and current
coils.
 The amount of energy represented by
one revolution of the disc is denoted
by the symbol Kh which is given in
units of watt-hours per revolution.
 P=3600*Kh/t

INDUSTRIAL INSTRUMENTATION FOR POWER & ENERGY MEASUREMENT

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