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REVA: Litigating Ethnic Profiling!
20140215 ABF-huset, Sveavägen 41, Stockholm

Paul Lappalainen,
Senior advisor, Swedish Equality Ombudsman
paul.lappalainen@do.se
The Blue and Yellow Glass House: Structural Discrimination in Sweden
(Det blågula glashuset: strukturell diskriminering i Sverige SOU 2005:56)

With ethnic profiling, we see just ”them”!

paul.lappalainen@do.se
Some issues

Are police stop/search actions concerning
aliens covered by the Discrim Act?
DL 2:17. Contacts with the public. But judgments, official actions not
covered according to legislative history (förarbeten).

Can the DO bring a discrimination case (ECHR)
if the Discrimination Act does not apply???
Not so far…

What about stop documentation like the UK?
Voluntary self-identification recommended in the Glass House
paul.lappalainen@do.se
Problems going forward
The STATE is good. Especially the police.
NGOs want laws but seldom effectively
participate in legislation or litigation
Laws protecting less powerful interests
often lack (effective) remedies
Loser pays system
Lack of a progressive network of lawyers
Interplay of politics/law misunderstood
Finding an individual complainant
paul.lappalainen@do.se
Moving forward
Testing the limits of the DL
Testing penal code 16:9 - unlawful
discrimination by public officials
Testing penal code 20:1 – misuse of
office (tjänstefel) / plus damages
Violation of European conv on HR
Political leadership re police
management
NGO legal actions? Funding?
paul.lappalainen@do.se
That was easy !?!?! Thank you!

Page 6
Step 1 – Civil society advocacy
STEP 2 – Civil society role in
implementation of laws/policies
"Never doubt that a small group of
thoughtful committed people can
change the world. Indeed it is the
only thing that ever has."
Margaret Mead
How to lobby? http://www.united.non-profit.nl/pages/info21.htm

paul.lappalainen@do.se
"Never doubt that a small group of
thoughtful committed people can
change the world. Indeed it is the
only thing that ever has."
Margaret Mead
How to lobby? http://www.united.non-profit.nl/pages/info21.htm

paul.lappalainen@do.se

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Paul Lappalainen 2014-02-15 Reva - Litigating Ethnic Profiling

  • 1. REVA: Litigating Ethnic Profiling! 20140215 ABF-huset, Sveavägen 41, Stockholm Paul Lappalainen, Senior advisor, Swedish Equality Ombudsman paul.lappalainen@do.se
  • 2. The Blue and Yellow Glass House: Structural Discrimination in Sweden (Det blågula glashuset: strukturell diskriminering i Sverige SOU 2005:56) With ethnic profiling, we see just ”them”! paul.lappalainen@do.se
  • 3. Some issues Are police stop/search actions concerning aliens covered by the Discrim Act? DL 2:17. Contacts with the public. But judgments, official actions not covered according to legislative history (förarbeten). Can the DO bring a discrimination case (ECHR) if the Discrimination Act does not apply??? Not so far… What about stop documentation like the UK? Voluntary self-identification recommended in the Glass House paul.lappalainen@do.se
  • 4. Problems going forward The STATE is good. Especially the police. NGOs want laws but seldom effectively participate in legislation or litigation Laws protecting less powerful interests often lack (effective) remedies Loser pays system Lack of a progressive network of lawyers Interplay of politics/law misunderstood Finding an individual complainant paul.lappalainen@do.se
  • 5. Moving forward Testing the limits of the DL Testing penal code 16:9 - unlawful discrimination by public officials Testing penal code 20:1 – misuse of office (tjänstefel) / plus damages Violation of European conv on HR Political leadership re police management NGO legal actions? Funding? paul.lappalainen@do.se
  • 6. That was easy !?!?! Thank you! Page 6
  • 7. Step 1 – Civil society advocacy
  • 8. STEP 2 – Civil society role in implementation of laws/policies
  • 9. "Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful committed people can change the world. Indeed it is the only thing that ever has." Margaret Mead How to lobby? http://www.united.non-profit.nl/pages/info21.htm paul.lappalainen@do.se
  • 10. "Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful committed people can change the world. Indeed it is the only thing that ever has." Margaret Mead How to lobby? http://www.united.non-profit.nl/pages/info21.htm paul.lappalainen@do.se

Editor's Notes

  1. DL 2:17 Discrimination is also prohibited in cases … when a person who is wholly or partly subject to the Public Employment Act (1994:260) 1. assists the public by providing information, guidance, advice or other such help, or 2. has other types of contacts with the public in the course of her or his employment. Legislative history (förarbeten) DL 2:17 does not cover court judgments or other actions where officials are carrying out their legal duties Göteborg court case – exclusion from a public trial for wearing a niqab The DO has a broad legal mandate. But thus far the DO has required a connection to the DL. But other actions are possible – changes in laws, reports to the govt, consultations with key officials. Voluntary self-identification, based on a clear purpose was basically proposed in the Glass House Inquiry. Results - insights to NGOs as well as to the police: effective in other countries
  2. Chapter 20 On Misuse of Office, etc. Section 1 A person who in the exercise of public authority by act or by omission, intentionally or through carelessness, disregards the duties of his office, shall be sentenced for misuse of office
  3. Chapter 20 On Misuse of Office, etc. Section 1 A person who in the exercise of public authority by act or by omission, intentionally or through carelessness, disregards the duties of his office, shall be sentenced for misuse of office
  4. Vi upplever diskriminering/förtryck Mobilisering av de berörda. Gemensamma mål och fokus. Kunskapsbas. Leder till lagar och myndigheter. Framsteg har ofta gjorts pga att vissa faktorer som mobilisering, ”juridik” som fokus och forskning samspelat – dvs när en riktad sprängkraft (RSK) uppnås som samlar den makt som även de berörda besitter och maktstrukturer går med på vissa framsteg Dessa framsteg utgörs av t ex antidiskriminerinslagar och myndigheter Antislaveriet, kvinnorörelsen (den tidiga och dagens), handikapprörelsen, HBT-rörelsen, starting line group…
  5. I normala fall – när civilrättsliga lagar antas finns det parter som är någorlunda jämbördiga som kommer att driva på normutvecklingen genom processer, opinionsbildning, utveckling av praxis. På vissa områden har man kommit fram till att det inte räcker med den normala implementeringsprocessen. Förenklat kan man säga att särskilda myndigheter utses eller andra åtgärder vidtas på grund av obalansen i makten när det gäller sakfrågan. Och en misstanke att förändringsprocessen skulle ske alltför långsamt. Under de sista 50 åren har man sett detta i synnerhet i förhållande till miljörätt, konsumenträtt och lika rättigheter och möjligheter.
  6. Structural discrimination r institutional racism) refers to rules, norms, routines, and attitude and behavior patterns in institutions / structures that are obstacles to ethnic or religious minorities in achieving the same rights and opportunities that are available to the majority of the population. Open or hidden, intentional or unintentional.