Chapter : Historical Timeline (1893-present)

1890s: Art Movements and Artists/Designers (1 of 2) Arts and Crafts Movement proponents continued to disseminate information about design. European art was deeply affected by an influx of Japanese prints. American artists and designers were influenced by European trends and movements. The Art Nouveau movement influenced all the visual arts, from design through architecture. Toulouse-Lautrec embraced the poster.

Arts and Crafts Movement proponents continued to disseminate information about design.

European art was deeply affected by an influx of Japanese prints.

American artists and designers were influenced by European trends and movements.

The Art Nouveau movement influenced all the visual arts, from design through architecture.

Toulouse-Lautrec embraced the poster.

1890s: Art Movements and Artists/Designers (2 of 2) Companies hired Art Nouveau artists, such as Alphonse Mucha, to create posters to advertise their products. American advertising agency, N.W. Ayer & Son, opened a design department to “design” their own ads. Ethel Reed -- an American woman –became a noted graphic designer and illustrator.

Companies hired Art Nouveau artists, such as Alphonse Mucha, to create posters to advertise their products.

American advertising agency, N.W. Ayer & Son, opened a design department to “design” their own ads.

Ethel Reed -- an American woman –became a noted graphic designer and illustrator.

1890s: Technology Advances in printing technology in both Europe and American In France, color lithography significantly advanced by Jules Cheret, allowed for great color and nuance in poster reproduction. Advances in lithography helped give rise to the poster as a visual communications vehicle.

Advances in printing technology in both Europe and American

In France, color lithography significantly advanced by Jules Cheret, allowed for great color and nuance in poster reproduction.

Advances in lithography helped give rise to the poster as a visual communications vehicle.

1890s: Key Dates 1870s-1890s – (last decades of the nineteenth century) Art and Crafts movement 1890 – Art Nouveau movement begins 1891 – “La Goulue” Toulouse-Lautrec’s first poster 1893 – Coca-Cola registered as a trademark 1897 – Vienna Secession formed 1898 – Advertising agency N.W. Ayer created the slogan, "Lest you forget, we say it yet, Uneeda Biscuit," to launch the first prepackaged biscuit, Uneeda, produced by the National Biscuit Co. (today, a company called Nabisco).

1870s-1890s – (last decades of the nineteenth century) Art and Crafts movement

1890 – Art Nouveau movement begins

1891 – “La Goulue” Toulouse-Lautrec’s first poster

1893 – Coca-Cola registered as a trademark

1897 – Vienna Secession formed

1898 – Advertising agency N.W. Ayer created the slogan, "Lest you forget, we say it yet, Uneeda Biscuit," to launch the first prepackaged biscuit, Uneeda, produced by the National Biscuit Co. (today, a company called Nabisco).

1900s: Fine Art (1 of 2) Two groups of German painters form art philosophies. Die Brücke ( The Bridge ), with Ernst Ludwig Kirchner as a leading proponent Der Blaue Reiter ( The Blue Rider ) with Russian artist Wassily Kandinsky, a leading member Kandinsky is credited with the first non-objective painting and was a great influence on modern art. In France, major artists Henri Matisse and Pablo Picasso (b. Spain) create rippling, everlasting effects in all the visual arts.

Two groups of German painters form art philosophies.

Die Brücke ( The Bridge ), with Ernst Ludwig Kirchner as a leading proponent

Der Blaue Reiter ( The Blue Rider ) with Russian artist Wassily Kandinsky, a leading member

Kandinsky is credited with the first non-objective painting and was a great influence on modern art.

In France, major artists Henri Matisse and Pablo Picasso (b. Spain) create rippling, everlasting effects in all the visual arts.

1900s: Fine Art (2 of 2) A very noteworthy influence (to this day), on typography was the Italian Futurists’ challenge to grammatical and typographic conventions. They saw typography as a way to “redouble the force of expressive words.” Dadaists used type and image as expressive visual elements. Artists such as Kurt Schwitters in his Merz magazine, used the idea of “randomness” as a guiding principle.

A very noteworthy influence (to this day), on typography was the Italian Futurists’ challenge to grammatical and typographic conventions.

They saw typography as a way to “redouble the force of expressive words.”

Dadaists used type and image as expressive visual elements.

Artists such as Kurt Schwitters in his Merz magazine, used the idea of “randomness” as a guiding principle.

1900s: Design (1 of 2) Milestones in graphic design history occurred. Principles of grid composition were taught in Germany. Birth of pictorial modernism The work of architect/designer Peter Behrens is watershed, exemplifying the relationship between design and industry. He sought a ‘modern’ visual language to express the age of mass production. In 1907, Peter Behrens designed what might be thought of as the first corporate identity for AEG, a German electrical manufacturing corporation.

Milestones in graphic design history occurred.

Principles of grid composition were taught in Germany.

Birth of pictorial modernism

The work of architect/designer Peter Behrens is watershed, exemplifying the relationship between design and industry.

He sought a ‘modern’ visual language to express the age of mass production.

In 1907, Peter Behrens designed what might be thought of as the first corporate identity for AEG, a German electrical manufacturing corporation.

1900s: Design (2 of 2) In 1919, Gropius founded the Weimar Bauhaus in Germany. The Weimar Bauhaus – very influential design school – laid the foundation for much of modern thinking about architecture and design.

In 1919, Gropius founded the Weimar Bauhaus in Germany.

The Weimar Bauhaus – very influential design school – laid the foundation for much of modern thinking about architecture and design.

1900s: Key Dates (1 of 2) 1901-1905 – Picasso’s ‘Blue’ period 1905 – Lucien Bernhard designs the Priester match poster 1905 – Salon d’Automne, Paris, important French art exhibit 1907 - Peter Behrens’ corporate identity for AEG 1909-1914 – Pablo Picasso and George Braque, the period of ‘Analytical Cubism’ 1909 – Futurist Manifesto proclaims enthusiasm for speed, war, and the machine age

1901-1905 – Picasso’s ‘Blue’ period

1905 – Lucien Bernhard designs the Priester match poster

1905 – Salon d’Automne, Paris, important French art exhibit

1907 - Peter Behrens’ corporate identity for AEG

1909-1914 – Pablo Picasso and George Braque, the period of ‘Analytical Cubism’

1909 – Futurist Manifesto proclaims enthusiasm for speed, war, and the machine age

1900s: Key Dates (2 of 2) 1910-1914 – Die Brücke (The Bridge) flourishes in Berlin 1910 – Kandinsky and Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider) 1910 – Analytical Cubism 1913 – Synthetic Cubism 1916 – Dada founded 1919-1933 – Bauhaus; founded in Weimar, 1919, under the direction of architect Walter Gropius. Staff included Paul Klee, Johannes Itten, Vasily Kandinsky, Laszlo Moholy-Nagy.

1910-1914 – Die Brücke (The Bridge) flourishes in Berlin

1910 – Kandinsky and Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider)

1910 – Analytical Cubism

1913 – Synthetic Cubism

1916 – Dada founded

1919-1933 – Bauhaus; founded in Weimar, 1919, under the direction of architect Walter Gropius.

Staff included Paul Klee, Johannes Itten, Vasily Kandinsky, Laszlo Moholy-Nagy.

1920s: Fine Art (1 of 2) Fine art movements Cubism, Futurism, De Stijl, Constructivism, Dada, Surrealism Greatly affected design and advertising Picasso’s work continued to have a powerful effect on the visual arts. The popular geometric style of the 1920s was Art Deco. Significantly manifested in all the visual arts

Fine art movements

Cubism, Futurism, De Stijl, Constructivism, Dada, Surrealism

Greatly affected design and advertising

Picasso’s work continued to have a powerful effect on the visual arts.

The popular geometric style of the 1920s was Art Deco.

Significantly manifested in all the visual arts

1920s: Fine Art (2 of 2) In 1921, a group of Russian artists led by Constructivists Vladimir Tatlin and Alexander Rodchenko rejected “art for art’s sake,” to pursue the duty of artist as citizen. Constructivists viewed visual communications, industrial design, and the applied arts as mediums that could best serve their ideals and ideas for society.

In 1921, a group of Russian artists led by Constructivists Vladimir Tatlin and Alexander Rodchenko rejected “art for art’s sake,” to pursue the duty of artist as citizen.

Constructivists viewed visual communications, industrial design, and the applied arts as mediums that could best serve their ideals and ideas for society.

1920s: Design (1 of 2) Many graphic designers absorbed artistic movements creating a popular visual aesthetic. A.M. Cassandre, who was a renowned poster designer, created a visual language clearly influenced by Cubism, and brought it to the greater public via poster design. Cassandre’s success in both typeface design and poster design, established him as a purveyor of style.

Many graphic designers absorbed artistic movements creating a popular visual aesthetic.

A.M. Cassandre, who was a renowned poster designer, created a visual language clearly influenced by Cubism, and brought it to the greater public via poster design.

Cassandre’s success in both typeface design and poster design, established him as a purveyor of style.

1920s: Design (2 of 2) Also greatly influenced by Cubism, Futurism and Art Deco movements, American graphic designer E. McKnight Kauffer created a body of work that, included 141 posters for the London Underground, as well as others for major corporations. American advertising reflected designers’ great interest in Modernism and European art ideas as well. Charles Coiner for the N. W. Ayer agency reflected an avant-garde influence. In an attempt to visually express their dynamic modern age, both artists and designers are highly concerned with the relationship between form and function.

Also greatly influenced by Cubism, Futurism and Art Deco movements, American graphic designer E. McKnight Kauffer created a body of work that, included 141 posters for the London Underground, as well as others for major corporations.

American advertising reflected designers’ great interest in Modernism and European art ideas as well.

Charles Coiner for the N. W. Ayer agency reflected an avant-garde influence.

In an attempt to visually express their dynamic modern age, both artists and designers are highly concerned with the relationship between form and function.

1920s: Key Dates (1 of 3) 1922 – Aleksei Gan’s brochure on Constructivist ideology Konstruktivizm 1922. – E. McKnight Kauffer poster for London Underground 1922 – Piet Mondrian mature “Composition” 1923 – Herbert Bayer cover design for Bauhaus catalog 1924 – El Lissitzy poster for the Pelikan corporation

1922 – Aleksei Gan’s brochure on Constructivist ideology Konstruktivizm

1922. – E. McKnight Kauffer poster for London Underground

1922 – Piet Mondrian mature “Composition”

1923 – Herbert Bayer cover design for Bauhaus catalog

1924 – El Lissitzy poster for the Pelikan corporation

1920s: Key Dates (2 of 3) 1924 – Andre Breton’s Manifesto of Surrealism 1924 – Charles Coiner joins N.W.Ayer’s art department 1926 – Fritz Lang’s film “Metroplis” 1927 – Paul Renner designs Futura typeface 1927 – A. M. Cassandre railway poster

1924 – Andre Breton’s Manifesto of Surrealism

1924 – Charles Coiner joins N.W.Ayer’s art department

1926 – Fritz Lang’s film “Metroplis”

1927 – Paul Renner designs Futura typeface

1927 – A. M. Cassandre railway poster

1920s: Key Dates (3 of 3) 1928 – Dr. Mehemed Fehmy Agha is made art director at Vogue magazine. 1928 – Jan Tschichold advocates new ideas about typography in his book Die Neue Typographie William H. Bradley, American, designed a series of covers for the Chap Book (influenced by the British Arts and Crafts movement and art)

1928 – Dr. Mehemed Fehmy Agha is made art director at Vogue magazine.

1928 – Jan Tschichold advocates new ideas about typography in his book Die Neue Typographie

William H. Bradley, American, designed a series of covers for the Chap Book (influenced by the British Arts and Crafts movement and art)

1930s: Design (1 of 3) At the end of the 1920s, the modern movement hit America. Pioneering visual ideas in the United States were American-born designers such as: Lester Beall William Goldin Alvin Lustig Paul Rand BradburyThompson

At the end of the 1920s, the modern movement hit America.

Pioneering visual ideas in the United States were American-born designers such as:

Lester Beall

William Goldin

Alvin Lustig

Paul Rand

BradburyThompson

1930s: Design (2 of 3) Pioneering visual ideas in the United States were émigrés such as: Mehemed Fehmy Agha (Russian-born, emigrated in 1928) Alexey Brodovitch (Russian-born, emigrated in 1930) Will Burtin (German-born, emigrated in 1938) Leo Lionni (Dutch-born, emigrated in 1939) Herbert Matter (Swiss-born, moved to New York in 1936) Sutnar Ladislav (Czech-born, traveled to U.S. in 1939 and stayed)

Pioneering visual ideas in the United States were émigrés such as:

Mehemed Fehmy Agha (Russian-born, emigrated in 1928)

Alexey Brodovitch (Russian-born, emigrated in 1930)

Will Burtin (German-born, emigrated in 1938)

Leo Lionni (Dutch-born, emigrated in 1939)

Herbert Matter (Swiss-born, moved to New York in 1936)

Sutnar Ladislav (Czech-born, traveled to U.S. in 1939 and stayed)

1930s: Design (3 of 3) Many fled the Nazis and immigrated to America, including esteemed Bauhaus members: Mies van der Rohe Josef Albers Laszlo Moholy-Nagy Walter Gropius.

Many fled the Nazis and immigrated to America, including esteemed Bauhaus members:

Mies van der Rohe

Josef Albers

Laszlo Moholy-Nagy

Walter Gropius.

Paul Rand: A Seminal American Designer Paul Rand, started in 1935, as the art director of Esquire and Apparel Arts magazines. Rand also designed covers for Direction , a cultural journal, from 1938 until 1945. Rand’s influence holds to this day. Rand was greatly influenced by the European avant-garde thinkers and designers, though he established his own indelible point of view and visual vocabulary.

Paul Rand, started in 1935, as the art director of Esquire and Apparel Arts magazines.

Rand also designed covers for Direction , a cultural journal, from 1938 until 1945.

Rand’s influence holds to this day.

Rand was greatly influenced by the European avant-garde thinkers and designers, though he established his own indelible point of view and visual vocabulary.

1930s: Key Dates (1 of 2) 1934 – Herbert Matter designs Swiss travel posters. 1934 – Alexey Brodovitch is art director at Harper’s Bazaar . Magazine spread Designer: Alexey Brodovitch

1934 – Herbert Matter designs Swiss travel posters.

1934 – Alexey Brodovitch is art director at Harper’s Bazaar .

1930s: Key Dates (2 of 2) 1935 – WPA hires designers to work for the project. 1937 – Lester Beall designs Rural Electrification Administration poster. 1937 – Picasso’s “Guernica” painting portrays the devastation of the Spanish Civil War. 1939 – Bradbury Thompson designs first Westvaco Inspirations. 1939 – Leo Lionni becomes art director at N.W. Ayer.

1935 – WPA hires designers to work for the project.

1937 – Lester Beall designs Rural Electrification Administration poster.

1937 – Picasso’s “Guernica” painting portrays the devastation of the Spanish Civil War.

1939 – Bradbury Thompson designs first Westvaco Inspirations.

1939 – Leo Lionni becomes art director at N.W. Ayer.

1940s: Fine Art and Design (1 of 2) In the U.S., during 1940s and 1950s, Abstract Expressionism is the primary artistic movement (overshadowing any representational artists), with leading artists such as: Jackson Pollack Willem de Kooning Franz Kline Mark Rothko

In the U.S., during 1940s and 1950s, Abstract Expressionism is the primary artistic movement (overshadowing any representational artists), with leading artists such as:

Jackson Pollack

Willem de Kooning

Franz Kline

Mark Rothko

1940s: Fine Art and Design (2 of 2) In the post World War II years, New York City became the art capital of the world. In Italy, Olivetti corporation hired Giovanni Pintori, who contributed enormously to Italian design. Pintori’s vision, drawing on Futurist visual forms, manifested itself in corporate identity design and advertising.

In the post World War II years, New York City became the art capital of the world.

In Italy, Olivetti corporation hired Giovanni Pintori, who contributed enormously to Italian design.

Pintori’s vision, drawing on Futurist visual forms, manifested itself in corporate identity design and advertising.

1940s: Design and War (1 of 3) In 1939, World War II began. Many artists and designers were called into active duty Others used their great talents to create posters to disseminate public information, support the war effort, pump up morale, and create anti-Nazi vehicles, including: Ben Shahn E. McKnight Kauffer Joseph Binder Abram Games In England, The British Ministry of Information recruited available pre-eminent designers to this cause.

In 1939, World War II began.

Many artists and designers were called into active duty

Others used their great talents to create posters to disseminate public information, support the war effort, pump up morale, and create anti-Nazi vehicles, including:

Ben Shahn

E. McKnight Kauffer

Joseph Binder

Abram Games

In England, The British Ministry of Information recruited available pre-eminent designers to this cause.

1940s: Design and War (2 of 3) Many designers embraced Surrealism using photomontage and bold typography to create war posters, including German graphic artist John Heartfield, whose strong anti-war work satirized the Nazi party.

Many designers embraced Surrealism using photomontage and bold typography to create war posters, including German graphic artist John Heartfield, whose strong anti-war work satirized the Nazi party.

1940s: Design and War (3 of 3) What would eventually become the Advertising Council, a public service advertising organization, began in 1942 as the War Advertising Council, which was organized to help prepare voluntary advertising campaigns for wartime efforts. PSA The Advertising Council

What would eventually become the Advertising Council, a public service advertising organization, began in 1942 as the War Advertising Council, which was organized to help prepare voluntary advertising campaigns for wartime efforts.

1940s: Key Dates 1940s – Paul Rand designs Directions covers. 1946 – Lou Dorfsman joins CBS. 1947 – Armin Hofmann begins teaching graphic design at the Basel School of Design. 1947 – Giovanni Pintori is hired by Olivetti. 1949 – Doyle Dane Bernbach opens. 1949 – Cipe Pineles cover for Seventeen .

1940s – Paul Rand designs Directions covers.

1946 – Lou Dorfsman joins CBS.

1947 – Armin Hofmann begins teaching graphic design at the Basel School of Design.

1947 – Giovanni Pintori is hired by Olivetti.

1949 – Doyle Dane Bernbach opens.

1949 – Cipe Pineles cover for Seventeen .

1950s (1 of 4) The International Typographic Style, or Swiss design, plays a pivotal role in design with an emphasis on clear communication and grid construction, with Max Bill and Ernst Keller as major proponents. In 1959, the movement became a unified international one disseminating ideas in a journal, New Graphic Design. The editors included Josef Muller-Brockmann, Richard P. Lohse, Carlo L. Vivarelli and Hans Neuburg.

The International Typographic Style, or Swiss design, plays a pivotal role in design with an emphasis on clear communication and grid construction, with Max Bill and Ernst Keller as major proponents.

In 1959, the movement became a unified international one disseminating ideas in a journal, New Graphic Design.

The editors included Josef Muller-Brockmann, Richard P. Lohse, Carlo L. Vivarelli and Hans Neuburg.

1950s (2 of 4) Important work created in America by seminal designers such as: Paul Rand William Goldin Lou Dorfsman Saul Bass Bradbury Thompson George Tscherny Ivan Chermayeff Tom Geismar Cipe Pineless Otto Storch Henry Wolf

Important work created in America by seminal designers such as:

Paul Rand

William Goldin

Lou Dorfsman

Saul Bass

Bradbury Thompson

George Tscherny

Ivan Chermayeff

Tom Geismar

Cipe Pineless

Otto Storch

Henry Wolf

1950s (3 of 4) Saul Bass’ movie titles and film promotions set new standards for motion graphics and promotional design.

Saul Bass’ movie titles and film promotions set new standards for motion graphics and promotional design.

1950s (4 of 4) Magazine spread Designer: Bradbury Thompson

1950s: Corporate Identity (1 of 2) Corporate (visual) identity becomes gospel at corporations with in-house designers such as: William Goldin and Lou Dorfsman at CBS Giovanni Pintori at Olivetti

Corporate (visual) identity becomes gospel at corporations with in-house designers such as:

William Goldin and Lou Dorfsman at CBS

Giovanni Pintori at Olivetti

1950s: Corporate Identity (2 of 2) Corporations begin to rely on designers to create visual identities that would differentiate them within a competitive marketplace. Designers, such as Paul Rand created visual identities for IBM, Westinghouse, and ABC.

Corporations begin to rely on designers to create visual identities that would differentiate them within a competitive marketplace.

Designers, such as Paul Rand created visual identities for IBM, Westinghouse, and ABC.

1950s: Advertising Doyle Dane Bernbach (DDB) rocked the advertising world. DDB’s Volkswagen campaign began the creative revolution in advertising. DDB teamed art directors and copywriters to generate creative ideas to drive their advertising. DDB didn’t use a hard sell – it set a new standard that winked at the consumer with greater respect.

Doyle Dane Bernbach (DDB) rocked the advertising world.

DDB’s Volkswagen campaign began the creative revolution in advertising.

DDB teamed art directors and copywriters to generate creative ideas to drive their advertising.

DDB didn’t use a hard sell – it set a new standard that winked at the consumer with greater respect.

1950s: Key Dates (1 of 2) 1949 – Hermann Zapf designs Palatino typeface. 1955 – Jackson Pollack’s creates “Autumn Rhythm.” 1950 – William Goldin designs the CBS symbol. 1955 – Roy Kuhlman designs Grove Press paperback covers. 1955 – Rudy deHarak opens his New York studio.

1949 – Hermann Zapf designs Palatino typeface.

1955 – Jackson Pollack’s creates “Autumn Rhythm.”

1950 – William Goldin designs the CBS symbol.

1955 – Roy Kuhlman designs Grove Press paperback covers.

1955 – Rudy deHarak opens his New York studio.

1950s: Key Dates (2 of 2) 1955 – Fogleman defines “corporate identity.” 1954 – Adrian Frutiger creates a family 21 sans-serif fonts named Univers. 1954 – Push Pin Studios is formed. 1955 – Saul Bass designs Man with the Golden Arm film graphics. 1950s – Henryk Tomaszewski creates Cryk.

1955 – Fogleman defines “corporate identity.”

1954 – Adrian Frutiger creates a family 21 sans-serif fonts named Univers.

1954 – Push Pin Studios is formed.

1955 – Saul Bass designs Man with the Golden Arm film graphics.

1950s – Henryk Tomaszewski creates Cryk.

1960s: Corporate Identity Corporate identity design grows in importance, work by: Lester Beall for International Paper Company Chermayeff & Geismar for Mobil, The Chase Manhattan Bank Saul Bass for AT&T, Continental Airlines, and the Girl Scouts Massimo Vignelli and the Unimark office for Knoll

Corporate identity design grows in importance, work by:

Lester Beall for International Paper Company

Chermayeff & Geismar for Mobil, The Chase Manhattan Bank

Saul Bass for AT&T, Continental Airlines, and the Girl Scouts

Massimo Vignelli and the Unimark office for Knoll

1960s: Changes in Design (1 of 3) The poster was extremely popular with great work from: Gunter Rambow, in Germany Wes Wilson, in California Victor Moscosco in California George Lois’ designs covers for Esquire magazine Milton Glaser Poster Designer: Milton Glaser

The poster was extremely popular with great work from:

Gunter Rambow, in Germany

Wes Wilson, in California

Victor Moscosco in California

George Lois’ designs covers for Esquire magazine

Milton Glaser

1960s: Changes in Design (2 of 3) Pop Art movement A movement drawing upon imagery from popular culture, with leading artists Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein, and Robert Indiana Challenged the conventions of Modernist thinking Push Pin in New York and Haight Ashbury/San Francisco music scene designers rocked Modernism’s structural boat.

Pop Art movement

A movement drawing upon imagery from popular culture, with leading artists Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein, and Robert Indiana

Challenged the conventions of Modernist thinking

Push Pin in New York and Haight Ashbury/San Francisco music scene designers rocked Modernism’s structural boat.

1960s: Changes in Design (3 of 3) Wolfgang Weingart was at the forefront of those slowly challenging Modernism’s core. American graphic designers, including the Push Pin Studios, Saul Bass, and Herb Lubalin redefined American graphic design.

Wolfgang Weingart was at the forefront of those slowly challenging Modernism’s core.

American graphic designers, including the Push Pin Studios, Saul Bass, and Herb Lubalin redefined American graphic design.

1960s: Advertising Doyle Dane Bernbach (DDB) continued to be the force behind creative advertising. Employed at DDB were some of the most brilliantly creative art directors and writers of the twentieth century. Bob Gage Helmut Krone George Lois Mary Wells Lawrence Phyllis K. Robinson Julian Koenig Some of these creatives left DDB to open their own creative agencies, such as: George Lois & Julian Koenig (together) Mary Wells Lawrence

Doyle Dane Bernbach (DDB) continued to be the force behind creative advertising.

Employed at DDB were some of the most brilliantly creative art directors and writers of the twentieth century.

Bob Gage

Helmut Krone

George Lois

Mary Wells Lawrence

Phyllis K. Robinson

Julian Koenig

Some of these creatives left DDB to open their own creative agencies, such as:

George Lois & Julian Koenig (together)

Mary Wells Lawrence

1960s: Key Dates (1 of 2) 1960 – John Berg becomes art director at CBS records. 1960 – Lester Beall designs International Paper logo. 1961 – Edouard Hoffman and Max Miedinger design Helvetica typeface. 1962 – Herb Lubalin designs Eros magazine. 1962 – Carl Ally opens Allly & Gargano. 1963 – “The Pepsi Generation” ad

1960 – John Berg becomes art director at CBS records.

1960 – Lester Beall designs International Paper logo.

1961 – Edouard Hoffman and Max Miedinger design Helvetica typeface.

1962 – Herb Lubalin designs Eros magazine.

1962 – Carl Ally opens Allly & Gargano.

1963 – “The Pepsi Generation” ad

1960s: Key Dates (2 of 2) 1964 – “First Things First” manifesto signed by 22 signatories. 1965 – Andy Warhol’s “Campbell’s Soup” 1967 – Jay Chiat opens Chiat/Day. 1968 – Herb Lubalin designs Avante Garde magazine. 1969 – George Lois’ composited Esquire cover of Andy Warhol drowning in an oversized can of Campbell's soup.

1964 – “First Things First” manifesto signed by 22 signatories.

1965 – Andy Warhol’s “Campbell’s Soup”

1967 – Jay Chiat opens Chiat/Day.

1968 – Herb Lubalin designs Avante Garde magazine.

1969 – George Lois’ composited Esquire cover of Andy Warhol drowning in an oversized can of Campbell's soup.

1970s: Design as Differentiator It became clear to clients that design and advertising was going to distinguish their parity goods and services in a highly competitive international marketplace. Identity Design firm: Vignelli Associates

It became clear to clients that design and advertising was going to distinguish their parity goods and services in a highly competitive international marketplace.

1970s: New Thinking (1 of 2) Some critics see the 1970s as the end of Modernism and the beginning of Postmoderism thinking, especially in the typographic directions taken by designers such as: Wolfgang Weingart April Greiman Willi Kunz Dan Friedman

Some critics see the 1970s as the end of Modernism and the beginning of Postmoderism thinking, especially in the typographic directions taken by designers such as:

Wolfgang Weingart

April Greiman

Willi Kunz

Dan Friedman

1970s: New Thinking (2 of 2) Some designers saw the Modernist style as corporate and reacted with alternative creative thinking. Subversive posters emanating from the French design collective GRAPUS in California, April Greiman was experimenting with type, hybrid imagery, and mixing media. A growing response to the perceived ‘objectivity’ of Modernism with highly individual, personal aesthetics grew around the world.

Some designers saw the Modernist style as corporate and reacted with alternative creative thinking.

Subversive posters emanating from the French design collective GRAPUS in California, April Greiman was experimenting with type, hybrid imagery, and mixing media.

A growing response to the perceived ‘objectivity’ of Modernism with highly individual, personal aesthetics grew around the world.

1970s: Key Dates (1 of 2) 1970 – GRAPUS studio, a French design collective, is formed by Pierre Bernard, Francois Miehe, and Gerard Paris-Clavel. 1970 – Raymond Loewy designs the U.S. Mail eagle symbol. 1970 – Shigeo Fukuda designs graphics for Expo 70. 1971 – Saul Bass designs the United Way logo.

1970 – GRAPUS studio, a French design collective, is formed by Pierre Bernard, Francois Miehe, and Gerard Paris-Clavel.

1970 – Raymond Loewy designs the U.S. Mail eagle symbol.

1970 – Shigeo Fukuda designs graphics for Expo 70.

1971 – Saul Bass designs the United Way logo.

1970s: Key Dates (2 of 2) 1974 – Paula Scher designs covers for CBS records. 1975 – Milton Glaser designs “I LOVE NY” symbol. 1978 – Louise Fili becomes art director of Pantheon Books. 1978 – Pentagram opens their New York office. 1979 – M&Co founded by Tibor Kalman with Carol Bokuniewicz and Liz Trovato.

1974 – Paula Scher designs covers for CBS records.

1975 – Milton Glaser designs “I LOVE NY” symbol.

1978 – Louise Fili becomes art director of Pantheon Books.

1978 – Pentagram opens their New York office.

1979 – M&Co founded by Tibor Kalman with Carol Bokuniewicz and Liz Trovato.

1980s: Technology (1 of 2) In 1984, Apple computers introduced the Macintosh computer, which provided graphic designers with the most significant tool since the pencil. The digital revolution enabled designers to have more creative control. Design/layout their own type Become their own compositors Easily manipulate imagery (as opposed to using handcrafted photomontage) Imitate visual effects such as airbrushing

In 1984, Apple computers introduced the Macintosh computer, which provided graphic designers with the most significant tool since the pencil.

The digital revolution enabled designers to have more creative control.

Design/layout their own type

Become their own compositors

Easily manipulate imagery (as opposed to using handcrafted photomontage)

Imitate visual effects such as airbrushing

1980s: Technology (2 of 2) Easily make changes to layout and color Generate type without a typesetter Substitute hand-lettered comps with digitally produced ‘finished-looking’ comps Poster Designer: April Greiman

Easily make changes to layout and color

Generate type without a typesetter

Substitute hand-lettered comps with digitally produced ‘finished-looking’ comps

1980s: Design (1 of 3) Termed the Postmodern (or Late Modernist) period, the 1980s and 1990s were an eclectic and diverse time. Designers experimented with new technology. The political and social climate provided a fertile environment for provocatively creative designers and thinkers, such as Tibor Kalman, founder of M&Co.

Termed the Postmodern (or Late Modernist) period, the 1980s and 1990s were an eclectic and diverse time.

Designers experimented with new technology.

The political and social climate provided a fertile environment for provocatively creative designers and thinkers, such as Tibor Kalman, founder of M&Co.

1980s: Design (2 of 3) In California, Rudy VanderLans (trained in the Netherlands) and Zuzana Licko (b. Czechoslovakia) collaborated to create experimental typography in Émigré . Magazine spread, Émigré Designer: Rudy Vanderlans

In California, Rudy VanderLans (trained in the Netherlands) and Zuzana Licko (b. Czechoslovakia) collaborated to create experimental typography in Émigré .

1980s: Design (3 of 3) David Carson designed Beach Culture magazine and his typographic methodology will eventually divide designers into ‘camp’ divisions about typographic design philosophy. In England, Neville Brody, art director of The Face magazine, challenged both editorial design and typographic design conventions.

David Carson designed Beach Culture magazine and his typographic methodology will eventually divide designers into ‘camp’ divisions about typographic design philosophy.

In England, Neville Brody, art director of The Face magazine, challenged both editorial design and typographic design conventions.

1980s: Advertising (1 of 3) In England, advertising agency Bartle Bogle Hegarty (BBH) created sexy campaigns for Levi’s and Haagen-Dazs. In New York, George Lois’ ad campaign concept “I want my MTV” transforms entertainment. Chiat/Day created one of the great moments in TV advertising with its “1984” spot for Apple Macinstosh.

In England, advertising agency Bartle Bogle Hegarty (BBH) created sexy campaigns for Levi’s and Haagen-Dazs.

In New York, George Lois’ ad campaign concept “I want my MTV” transforms entertainment.

Chiat/Day created one of the great moments in TV advertising with its “1984” spot for Apple Macinstosh.

1980s: Advertising (2 of 3) Advertising agencies outside of the usual ad hubs, made indelible marks, making cities such as Minneapolis and Dallas the homes of creative advertising.

Advertising agencies outside of the usual ad hubs, made indelible marks, making cities such as Minneapolis and Dallas the homes of creative advertising.

1980s: Advertising (3 of 3) Ad Agency: Doyle Dane Bernbach

1980s: Key Dates (1 of 2) 1981 – MTV logo (art director: Fred Seibert, designers: Frank Olinsky, Pat Gorman, and Patti Rogof /Manhattan Design) 1982 – George Lois’ “I want my MTV" 1983 – R/Greenberg Associates film title sequence “The Dead Zone” 1984 – Apple Macintosh TV spot “1984” by Chiat/Day Agency; directed by Ridley Scott 1984 – Rolling Stone “Perception/Reality” campaign by Fallon McElligott and Rice/Minneapolis

1981 – MTV logo (art director: Fred Seibert, designers: Frank Olinsky, Pat Gorman, and Patti Rogof /Manhattan Design)

1982 – George Lois’ “I want my MTV"

1983 – R/Greenberg Associates film title sequence “The Dead Zone”

1984 – Apple Macintosh TV spot “1984” by Chiat/Day Agency; directed by Ridley Scott

1984 – Rolling Stone “Perception/Reality” campaign by Fallon McElligott and Rice/Minneapolis

1980s: Key Dates (2 of 2) 1985 – BBH, London, revitalizes Levi’s brand 1986 – Neville Brody designs Typeface Six for The Face 1988 – Motel 6 “We’ll Leave a Light on for You,” The Richards Group, Dallas 1988 – David Carson designs Beach Culture magazine 1989 – Jonathan Hoefler and Tobias Frere-Jones create type foundry

1985 – BBH, London, revitalizes Levi’s brand

1986 – Neville Brody designs Typeface Six for The Face

1988 – Motel 6 “We’ll Leave a Light on for You,” The Richards Group, Dallas

1988 – David Carson designs Beach Culture magazine

1989 – Jonathan Hoefler and Tobias Frere-Jones create type foundry

1990s: Technology (1 of 2) As the century came to a close, the technological boom continued to deeply affect all the visual arts. In 1990, Adobe released Photoshop, imaging software, providing a tool that enabled individual designers to manipulate imagery effectively, inexpensively, and rapidly. The web would become the home to every brand worldwide as well as set new design challenges.

As the century came to a close, the technological boom continued to deeply affect all the visual arts.

In 1990, Adobe released Photoshop, imaging software, providing a tool that enabled individual designers to manipulate imagery effectively, inexpensively, and rapidly.

The web would become the home to every brand worldwide as well as set new design challenges.

1990s: Technology (2 of 2) Designers would be forced to work closely with IT professionals to launch their visual designs. Design and technology are at aesthetic crossroads that are reconciled in various ways with interesting effects on popular visual culture.

Designers would be forced to work closely with IT professionals to launch their visual designs.

Design and technology are at aesthetic crossroads that are reconciled in various ways with interesting effects on popular visual culture.

1990s: Design Community Issues There are hot debates on consumerism, typographic design form/function questions. ‘ Green issues’ are arguments that even become known outside the design community. Besides creating design to earn a living, some designers are tackling social and political issues with their independently conceived, created, and produced posters. Design itself takes on new respect in museums and in media coverage.

There are hot debates on consumerism, typographic design form/function questions.

‘ Green issues’ are arguments that even become known outside the design community.

Besides creating design to earn a living, some designers are tackling social and political issues with their independently conceived, created, and produced posters.

Design itself takes on new respect in museums and in media coverage.

1990s: Design and Advertising (1 of 4) Irony becomes a truly pervasive postmodern approach to all visual communications. Unusual combinations of form and color juxtapositions mark the work of many. Poster Design firm: Sagmesiter Inc.

Irony becomes a truly pervasive postmodern approach to all visual communications.

Unusual combinations of form and color juxtapositions mark the work of many.

1990s: Design and Advertising (2 of 4) Historical stylistic references allow visual communicators to hold fast to the end of the century. Corporations continue to count on branding and visual communications to distinguish their brands across borders.

Historical stylistic references allow visual communicators to hold fast to the end of the century.

Corporations continue to count on branding and visual communications to distinguish their brands across borders.

1990s: Design and Advertising (3 of 4) No longer belonging to the marginalized artist, post-modernism is co-opted by major brands seeking to align themselves with hipsters and be perceived as trendsetters.

No longer belonging to the marginalized artist, post-modernism is co-opted by major brands seeking to align themselves with hipsters and be perceived as trendsetters.

1990s: Design and Advertising (4 of 4) Poster Design firm: Morla Design

1990s: Key Dates (1 of 3) 1990 – Fabien Baron redesigns Interview magazine. 1991 – Paula Scher joined Pentagram, New York. 1993 – David Carson designs Ray Gun magazine. 1993 – Sagmeister Inc. is founded by Stefan Sagmeister in New York.

1990 – Fabien Baron redesigns Interview magazine.

1991 – Paula Scher joined Pentagram, New York.

1993 – David Carson designs Ray Gun magazine.

1993 – Sagmeister Inc. is founded by Stefan Sagmeister in New York.

1990s: Key Dates (2 of 3) 1994 –“Got Milk?” ad campaign by Goodby, Silverstein & Partners, San Francisco for the California Fluid Milk Processor Advisory Board

1994 –“Got Milk?” ad campaign by Goodby, Silverstein & Partners, San Francisco for the California Fluid Milk Processor Advisory Board

1990s: Key Dates (3 of 3) 1995 – Razorfish web design studio is founded 1996 – "Mixing Messages: Graphic Design in Contemporary Culture" at the Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum 2000 – Steven Brower redesigns Print magazine. 2000 – Émigré magazine (and other magazines) publishes “First Things Manifesto 2000”

1995 – Razorfish web design studio is founded

1996 – "Mixing Messages: Graphic Design in Contemporary Culture" at the Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum

2000 – Steven Brower redesigns Print magazine.

2000 – Émigré magazine (and other magazines) publishes “First Things Manifesto 2000”

2000: Advertising Unconventional advertising formats and solutions are redefining advertising, with agencies leading the way. Crispin Porter + Bogusky / Miami Diabolical Liberties / London KesselsKramer / Amsterdam Strawberryfrog / Amsterdam Campaign Agency: Strawberryfrog

Unconventional advertising formats and solutions are redefining advertising, with agencies leading the way.

Crispin Porter + Bogusky / Miami

Diabolical Liberties / London

KesselsKramer / Amsterdam

Strawberryfrog / Amsterdam

2000: Post-9/11 (1 of 2) The convergence of technology in the visual arts has helped redefine what graphic design is, but not what it is not. Visual communications is an ever-evolving discipline that can solve innumerable communications problems. Poster Designer: Milton Glaser

The convergence of technology in the visual arts has helped redefine what graphic design is, but not what it is not.

Visual communications is an ever-evolving discipline that can solve innumerable communications problems.

2000: Post-9/11 (2 of 2) Post 9/11, visual communicators are finding more and more that, as Paula Scher said, “design matters.” Whether it is to: Disseminate information to the public Enhance understanding of editorial content Design better election ballots Design posters to ‘get out the vote’ Communicate across cultures Create public service campaigns to raise awareness There are creative professionals who are constantly challenging us to think and reevaluate.

Post 9/11, visual communicators are finding more and more that, as Paula Scher said, “design matters.”

Whether it is to:

Disseminate information to the public

Enhance understanding of editorial content

Design better election ballots

Design posters to ‘get out the vote’

Communicate across cultures

Create public service campaigns to raise awareness

There are creative professionals who are constantly challenging us to think and reevaluate.