History: Pre-Tahuantinsuyu to Orellana Atahualpa Fransisco Pizarro

Pre-Incan … refers to the time in the Americas before the Incan empire was created in the 15th century AD. Several native communities inhabited Ecuador and Peru during that era, including: Valdivia, Chorrera, Machalilla, Cotocollao, Carchi, Otavalo, Moche , etc. Many communities united to form more complex communities like the Caranqui, Otavalo, Pastos , Napo, Cañari , etc.

Pre-Columbian … refers to the time in the Americas before the 16th century, before Christopher Columbus arrived in 1492. Most prominent cultures were three major civilizations: Maya culture of Mesoamerica (300?-900?) Aztec Empire (1428-1521) of Mesoamerica Incan Empire (1440?-1532) of the Andes

… refers to the time in the Americas before the 16th century, before Christopher Columbus arrived in 1492.

Most prominent cultures were three major civilizations:

Maya culture of Mesoamerica (300?-900?)

Aztec Empire (1428-1521) of Mesoamerica

Incan Empire (1440?-1532) of the Andes

Periods of Pre-Incan and Pre-Columbian Art the Pre-agricultural period, ~ 40,000-5000 BC the Archaic period, ~ 5000-1500 BC, e.g. Valdivia, Machalilla, Cañari the Pre-Classic period ( Formative), ~1500BC to ~ AD 300; e.g. Chorrera , Moche , Jama-Coaque, Chavin, Sipan the Classic period (or Florescent), ~300 to~900AD e.g. Tolita-Tumaco , Moche , Sipan , Recuay, Paracas, Nazca, Huari, Tiahuanaco the Post-Classic period, ~900 to 1540AD e.g. Inca , Huari, Tiahuanaco, Sican, Cuzco

the Pre-agricultural period, ~ 40,000-5000 BC

the Archaic period, ~ 5000-1500 BC, e.g. Valdivia, Machalilla, Cañari

the Pre-Classic period ( Formative), ~1500BC to ~ AD 300; e.g. Chorrera , Moche , Jama-Coaque, Chavin, Sipan

the Classic period (or Florescent), ~300 to~900AD e.g. Tolita-Tumaco , Moche , Sipan , Recuay, Paracas, Nazca, Huari, Tiahuanaco

the Post-Classic period, ~900 to 1540AD e.g. Inca , Huari, Tiahuanaco, Sican, Cuzco

Moche ~ 200BC – 600AD Classic Period

Moche - Metal Work www.artnet.com;news.nationalgeographic.com; Museo Oro of Peru; David Bernstein Pre-Columbian Art

The Lord of Sipan

Empire across the Andes Manco Capac (~ 1440) Sinchi Roca Lloque Yupanqui Mayta Capac Capac Yupanqui Inca Roca Yahuar Huacac Viracocha Inca Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui Tupac Inca Yupanqui Huayna Capac (+ 1527) Tahuantinsuyu runa-simi

Manco Capac (~ 1440)

Sinchi Roca

Lloque Yupanqui

Mayta Capac

Capac Yupanqui

Inca Roca

Yahuar Huacac

Viracocha Inca

Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui

Tupac Inca Yupanqui

Huayna Capac (+ 1527)

INCA – Road System Ingapirca (Wall of the Inca) Ingapirca

INCA - Mathematics - population: number of people, casualties, and birth and death rates. food supply: harvests, livestock and fish, and agricultural areas. military strength: soldiers, ammunition, fallen in battle. Counters ('Quipucamayo') used it for counting and statistics: Quipu - "to tie" Abacus dsc.discovery.com

- population: number of people, casualties, and birth and death rates.

food supply: harvests, livestock and fish, and agricultural areas.

military strength: soldiers, ammunition, fallen in battle.

INCA – Astronomy Temple of the Sun perfect orientation; eastern room: solstice of Dec western rooms: solstice of June

INCA - Mummies www.nationalgeographic.com accidental mummies (ice mummies) inca burial sites human sacrifices: to provide youth and well being for the Inca

accidental mummies (ice mummies)

inca burial sites

human sacrifices: to provide youth and well being for the Inca

Ice Maiden

Johns Hopkins University

INCA – gold & silver gold = 'sweat of the sun' silver = 'tears of the moon'

1527

1532 260 mercenaries

Rumiñahui

Pizarro and Orellana

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