UKOLN is supported by: The Tools of our Trade: AACR2/RDA and MARC Guest lecture at London Metropolitan University 13 th March 2009 Ann Chapman Community and Outreach Team

What are our Tools? AACR/RDA = content standard for resource description and access MARC = communication and exchange format providing a structure for encoding the content of bibliographic and authority data Related to: ISBD = rules that organise the display of a bibliographic description of an item in a catalogue FRBR = a entity-relational model of the data required to find, identify, select and obtain resources

AACR/RDA = content standard for resource description and access

MARC = communication and exchange format providing a structure for encoding the content of bibliographic and authority data

Related to:

ISBD = rules that organise the display of a bibliographic description of an item in a catalogue

FRBR = a entity-relational model of the data required to find, identify, select and obtain resources

ISBDs International Standard Bibliographic Descriptions Developed 1969 onwards by IFLA Defined seven areas of description and their order Title Statement of Responsibility Edition Resource specific information Publication details Physical description Series information Notes and standard identifiers

International Standard Bibliographic Descriptions

Developed 1969 onwards by IFLA

Defined seven areas of description and their order

Title

Statement of Responsibility

Edition

Resource specific information

Publication details

Physical description

Series information

Notes and standard identifiers

FRBR Functional Requirements of Bibliographic Records IFLA study; report published 1998 Entity-relationship model that defines: Tasks : find, identify, select, obtain Resource relationships : work, expression, manifestation, item Entities : people, corporate bodies (agents) Entities : concepts, objects, events, places

Functional Requirements of Bibliographic Records

IFLA study; report published 1998

Entity-relationship model that defines:

Tasks : find, identify, select, obtain

Resource relationships : work, expression, manifestation, item

Entities : people, corporate bodies (agents)

Entities : concepts, objects, events, places

AACR Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules A content standard for bibliographic description and access Bibliographic – not just books Built on other, earlier sets of rules Key principles One principle entry per resource Catalogue from item in hand Chief source of information

Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules

A content standard for bibliographic description and access

Bibliographic – not just books

Built on other, earlier sets of rules

Key principles

One principle entry per resource

Catalogue from item in hand

Chief source of information

AACR timeline 1967 UK and US editions 1978 Second unified edition, consistent with ISBDs; several further revisions 1997 Toronto conference on AACR2 1998 FRBR 2005 Develop RDA not AACR3 2009 RDA launch (provisional)

1967 UK and US editions

1978 Second unified edition, consistent with ISBDs; several further revisions

1997 Toronto conference on AACR2

1998 FRBR

2005 Develop RDA not AACR3

2009 RDA launch (provisional)

AACR 2 Part 1: Description Chapter 1: General rules Chapters 2 -12: Resource type - specific rules Chapter 13: Analytic entries Part 2: Headings, Uniform Titles, References Chapter 21: Choice of access points Chapters 22 – 26: Construction of access points Appendices A: Capitalisation, B: Abbreviations, C: Numerals, D: Glossary, E: Initial articles

Part 1: Description

Chapter 1: General rules

Chapters 2 -12: Resource type - specific rules

Chapter 13: Analytic entries

Part 2: Headings, Uniform Titles, References

Chapter 21: Choice of access points

Chapters 22 – 26: Construction of access points

Appendices

A: Capitalisation, B: Abbreviations, C: Numerals, D: Glossary, E: Initial articles

What’s wrong with AACR? Increasingly complex Lack of logical structure Mixing content and carrier data Hierarchical relationships missing Anglo-American centric viewpoint Written before FRBR Not enough support for collocation Unclear relationship with MARC Format

Increasingly complex

Lack of logical structure

Mixing content and carrier data

Hierarchical relationships missing

Anglo-American centric viewpoint

Written before FRBR

Not enough support for collocation

Unclear relationship with MARC Format

RDA – The Aims Rules should be easy to use and interpret Be applicable to an online, networked environment Provide effective bibliographic control for all types of media Encourage use beyond the library community Be compatible with other similar standards Have a logical structure based on internationally agreed principles Separate content and carrier data Examples – more of them, more appropriate

Rules should be easy to use and interpret

Be applicable to an online, networked environment

Provide effective bibliographic control for all types of media

Encourage use beyond the library community

Be compatible with other similar standards

Have a logical structure based on internationally agreed principles

Separate content and carrier data

Examples – more of them, more appropriate

Who is working on RDA? Joint Steering Committee (JSC) 1 representative each from: ACOC, ALA, BL, CCC, CILIP, LC JSC reps consult with their ‘constituency’ In UK, CILIP/BL Committee on RDA plus specialist groups (e.g. Rare Books Group, IAML(UK & Ireland) RDA Editor: Tom Delsey RDA Project Manager: Marjorie Bloss

Joint Steering Committee (JSC)

1 representative each from: ACOC, ALA, BL, CCC, CILIP, LC

JSC reps consult with their ‘constituency’

In UK, CILIP/BL Committee on RDA plus specialist groups (e.g. Rare Books Group, IAML(UK & Ireland)

RDA Editor: Tom Delsey

RDA Project Manager: Marjorie Bloss

And also Task focused working groups RDA GMD/SMD Working Group RDA and ONIX Initiative RDA Examples Working Groups and DCMI RDA Task Group

Task focused working groups

RDA GMD/SMD Working Group

RDA and ONIX Initiative

RDA Examples Working Groups

and

DCMI RDA Task Group

How is RDA being developed? Draft – (responses – revised drafts – further responses, etc.) – acceptance Latest draft released 17 Nov. 2008; responses from: ACOC, ALA, BL, CCC, CILIP, LC France, Germany, New Zealand, Norway, Spain, Sweden ISSN International Centre Final product – the publishers ( ALA , CILIP, CLA)

Draft – (responses – revised drafts – further responses, etc.) – acceptance

Latest draft released 17 Nov. 2008; responses from:

ACOC, ALA, BL, CCC, CILIP, LC

France, Germany, New Zealand, Norway, Spain, Sweden

ISSN International Centre

Final product – the publishers ( ALA , CILIP, CLA)

RDA Timelime 2005 Prospectus issued Draft of chapters relating to description Content and carrier studies 2006 and 2007 Further drafts of chapters on description and access Work on appendices and glossary 2008 Screenshot demo in August at IFLA conference 2009 Launch of online product (late February 2009?)

2005

Prospectus issued

Draft of chapters relating to description

Content and carrier studies

2006 and 2007

Further drafts of chapters on description and access

Work on appendices and glossary

2008

Screenshot demo in August at IFLA conference

2009

Launch of online product (late February 2009?)

RDA Outline Structure Introduction Attributes Sections 1 to 4 (chapters 1 to 16) Relationships Sections 5 to 10 (chapters 17 to 37) Appendices A to M Glossary

Introduction

Attributes

Sections 1 to 4 (chapters 1 to 16)

Relationships

Sections 5 to 10 (chapters 17 to 37)

Appendices A to M

Glossary

What will RDA look like? - 1 Section 1: Recording manifestation attributes Ch. 1 General guidelines Ch. 2 Identifying manifestations and items Ch. 3 Describing carriers (technical description) Ch. 4 Providing acquisition and access information (terms of availability, etc.)

Section 1: Recording manifestation attributes

Ch. 1 General guidelines

Ch. 2 Identifying manifestations and items

Ch. 3 Describing carriers (technical description)

Ch. 4 Providing acquisition and access information (terms of availability, etc.)

What will RDA look like? - 2 Section 2: Recording attributes of work and expression Ch. 5 General guidelines (incl. construction of access points for works and expressions) Ch. 6 Identifying works and expressions (e.g. uniform and collective titles , etc.) Ch. 7 Describing additional attributes of works and expressions (incl. nature and coverage of content, intended audience, etc.)

Section 2: Recording attributes of work and expression

Ch. 5 General guidelines (incl. construction of access points for works and expressions)

Ch. 6 Identifying works and expressions (e.g. uniform and collective titles , etc.)

Ch. 7 Describing additional attributes of works and expressions (incl. nature and coverage of content, intended audience, etc.)

What will RDA look like? - 3 Section 3 : Ch. 8, 9, 10, 11 Recording attributes of person, family and corporate body (= name headings ) Section 4 : Ch. 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 Recording attributes of concept, object, event and place (= subject headings ) Section 5 : Ch. 17 Recording primary relationships between work, expression, manifestation and item Section 6 : Ch. 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 Recording relationships to persons, families and corporate bodies associated with a resource

Section 3 : Ch. 8, 9, 10, 11 Recording attributes of person, family and corporate body (= name headings )

Section 4 : Ch. 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 Recording attributes of concept, object, event and place (= subject headings )

Section 5 : Ch. 17 Recording primary relationships between work, expression, manifestation and item

Section 6 : Ch. 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 Recording relationships to persons, families and corporate bodies associated with a resource

What will RDA look like? – 4 Section 7 : Ch. 23 Recording subject relationships Section 8 : Ch. 24, 25, 26, 27, 28 Recording relationships between works, expressions, manifestations and items Section 9 : Ch. 29, 30, 31, 32 Recording relationships between persons, families and corporate bodies Section 10 : Ch. 33, 34, 35, 36, 37 Recording relationships between concepts, objects, events and places

Section 7 : Ch. 23 Recording subject relationships

Section 8 : Ch. 24, 25, 26, 27, 28 Recording relationships between works, expressions, manifestations and items

Section 9 : Ch. 29, 30, 31, 32 Recording relationships between persons, families and corporate bodies

Section 10 : Ch. 33, 34, 35, 36, 37 Recording relationships between concepts, objects, events and places

What will RDA look like? - 5 Appendices A: Capitalisation B: Abbreviations C: Initial articles D: Record syntaxes for descriptive data (ISBD, M21, DC) E: Record syntaxes for access point control data F: Additional instructions on names of persons G: Titles of nobility, rank, etc. H: Conversion of dates to Gregorian calendar J, K, L, M: Relationship designators Glossary Index

Appendices

A: Capitalisation

B: Abbreviations

C: Initial articles

D: Record syntaxes for descriptive data (ISBD, M21, DC)

E: Record syntaxes for access point control data

F: Additional instructions on names of persons

G: Titles of nobility, rank, etc.

H: Conversion of dates to Gregorian calendar

J, K, L, M: Relationship designators

Glossary

Index

Using RDA Analyse the resource being described What is the content type? Held in what carrier form? To what other resources is it related? To which persons, families or corporate bodies is it related? To what concepts, events and places is it related?

Analyse the resource being described

What is the content type?

Held in what carrier form?

To what other resources is it related?

To which persons, families or corporate bodies is it related?

To what concepts, events and places is it related?

One rule for all … Mostly: Rules apply to all content types Rules apply to all media types With Examples of application to specific content and media Occasionally: Rules apply to specific materials or contents (e.g. treaties, religious texts, music)

Mostly:

Rules apply to all content types

Rules apply to all media types

With

Examples of application to specific content and media

Occasionally:

Rules apply to specific materials or contents (e.g. treaties, religious texts, music)

Words, words, words … Can look opaque or ‘going round in circles’ Trying to avoid reference to specific content and carriers Hope to improve wording over time ‘ Use as the preferred source of information a source forming part of the resource itself that is appropriate to (a) the type of description and (b) the presentation format of the resource .’ Means preferred source of information may vary according to Comprehensive or analytical description Multiple pieces, early print, moving images, or ‘all other materials’

Can look opaque or ‘going round in circles’

Trying to avoid reference to specific content and carriers

Hope to improve wording over time

‘ Use as the preferred source of information a source forming part of the resource itself that is appropriate to (a) the type of description and (b) the presentation format of the resource .’

Means preferred source of information may vary according to

Comprehensive or analytical description

Multiple pieces, early print, moving images, or ‘all other materials’

RDA – What will it be? Initially an online resource Complete text Pricing, subscription, etc. – still not decided Potentially: Concise text Tailored texts (law, music, serials, etc.) Training resource Incorporated into LMS cataloguing modules Loose-leaf print version(s)

Initially an online resource

Complete text

Pricing, subscription, etc. – still not decided

Potentially:

Concise text

Tailored texts (law, music, serials, etc.)

Training resource

Incorporated into LMS cataloguing modules

Loose-leaf print version(s)

RDA and beyond RDA aims to be: Independent of communication formats UNIMARC, MARC, MARCXML, MODS/MADS DC, EAD, ISBD, VRA, MPEG7 Compatible / better aligned with other similar standards Archives: ISAD(G) Museums: Cataloging Cultural Objects

RDA aims to be:

Independent of communication formats

UNIMARC, MARC, MARCXML, MODS/MADS

DC, EAD, ISBD, VRA, MPEG7

Compatible / better aligned with other similar standards

Archives: ISAD(G)

Museums: Cataloging Cultural Objects

RDA and MARC Mapping RDA and MARC 21 Report issued in Nov. 2006; various proposals subsequently go through MARBI process How will RDA impact on MARC 21? Some new fields / subfields are being defined How will MARC 21 impact on RDA? Data provisions in MARC 21 not covered in current draft of RDA

Mapping RDA and MARC 21

Report issued in Nov. 2006; various proposals subsequently go through MARBI process

How will RDA impact on MARC 21?

Some new fields / subfields are being defined

How will MARC 21 impact on RDA?

Data provisions in MARC 21 not covered in current draft of RDA

MARC – 1960s Library of Congress project Database of catalogue records Production of catalogue cards US & UK versions Reflected differing cataloguing practices Developed in parallel but not identical ways

Library of Congress project

Database of catalogue records

Production of catalogue cards

US & UK versions

Reflected differing cataloguing practices

Developed in parallel but not identical ways

MARC – 1970s Variant formats developed Based on either US or UK formats (AUSMARC, DANMARC, KORMARC, etc.) USMARC developed 8 material formats (Books, Serials, Maps, etc.) UNIMARC developed in 1977 by IFLA Intended as exchange format Used as the Bib format in some countries (e.g. France)

Variant formats developed

Based on either US or UK formats (AUSMARC, DANMARC, KORMARC, etc.)

USMARC developed 8 material formats (Books, Serials, Maps, etc.)

UNIMARC developed in 1977 by IFLA

Intended as exchange format

Used as the Bib format in some countries (e.g. France)

MARC – Recent changes Expansion of USMARC to a family of formats Bibliographic, Holdings, Authority, Classification, Community Information Integration of USMARC bibliographic format Previous 8 formats integrated Widespread adoption of MARC 21 Some countries simply adopt USMARC 1997 – USMARC & CANMARC become MARC 21 2003/4 – MARC 21 enhanced by UK proposals; British Library adopts MARC 21 2006/7 – MARC 21 enhanced by German proposals: this will enable libraries to move from MAB to MARC 21

Expansion of USMARC to a family of formats

Bibliographic, Holdings, Authority, Classification, Community Information

Integration of USMARC bibliographic format

Previous 8 formats integrated

Widespread adoption of MARC 21

Some countries simply adopt USMARC

1997 – USMARC & CANMARC become MARC 21

2003/4 – MARC 21 enhanced by UK proposals; British Library adopts MARC 21

2006/7 – MARC 21 enhanced by German proposals: this will enable libraries to move from MAB to MARC 21

MARC Structure Leader 0xx – control numbers, coded data 1xx – primary access point 2xx – description, GMD, edition, publication 3xx – physical description 4xx – series 5xx – notes 6xx – subject access points 7xx – additional access points 8xx – series added entries 9xx – local fields

Leader

0xx – control numbers, coded data

1xx – primary access point

2xx – description, GMD, edition, publication

3xx – physical description

4xx – series

5xx – notes

6xx – subject access points

7xx – additional access points

8xx – series added entries

9xx – local fields

Maintaining MARC 21 Twice yearly MARBI meetings Discussion papers Proposals UK and MARC 21 BIC Bibliographic Standards Group [email_address] http://www.bic.org.uk/16/Bibliographic-Standards/

Twice yearly MARBI meetings

Discussion papers

Proposals

UK and MARC 21

BIC Bibliographic Standards Group

[email_address]

http://www.bic.org.uk/16/Bibliographic-Standards/

MARC and XML MARC has alpha-numeric 3-digit tags 100.1 Personal Name 245 $a Title $b Subtitle XML has element labels <namePersonIndirectOrder> <title> <titleSubtitle> <titleCoverTitle>

MARC has alpha-numeric 3-digit tags

100.1 Personal Name

245 $a Title $b Subtitle

XML has element labels

<namePersonIndirectOrder>

<title> <titleSubtitle> <titleCoverTitle>

Looking into the crystal ball FRBR Potential influence on cataloguing systems Authority records, uniform titles, work records OPACs Multiple interfaces for different audiences Enhance for accessibility - supports all users Links (actual resources, restrictions, supporting or associated resources) RDA Potential use outside the library domain

FRBR

Potential influence on cataloguing systems

Authority records, uniform titles, work records

OPACs

Multiple interfaces for different audiences

Enhance for accessibility - supports all users

Links (actual resources, restrictions, supporting or associated resources)

RDA

Potential use outside the library domain

Contact details Ann Chapman [email_address] http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/bib-man/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons 2.0 Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike licence .

Ann Chapman

[email_address]

http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/bib-man/

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons 2.0 Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike licence .