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The Pharmacy
  Technician 4E
       Chapter 10
Basic Biopharmaceutics
Topic Outline
   How Drugs Work              Distribution
   Concentration & Effect      Metabolism
   ADME Processes &            Excretion
    Diffusion                   Bioequivalence
   Absorption
How Drugs Work
   Receptor:
      The cellular material directly involved in the action

       of the drug. Receptors are located on the surface of
       cell membranes.
      Described as a lock into which the drug molecule fits

       as a key.
      Only those drugs able to bind chemically to the

       receptors in a particular site of action can produce
       effects at that site..
      Specific cells only respond to certain drugs, even

       though their receptors are exposed to any drug
       molecules that are present in the body.
How Drugs Work
   Site of Action:
      The place where a drug causes an effect to occur.

   The objective of drug therapy is to deliver the right
    drug, in the right concentration, to the right site of
    action, and at the right time to produce the desired
    effect.
   When a drug produces an EFFECT,
    it is interacting at a molecular
    level with cellular material or
    structure.

                    A diagram showing drug molecules penetrating a cell membrane.
How Drugs Work

   When drugs interact with the site of action, they can
     Modify the metabolic activity of pathogens, as

      with antibiotics.
     React chemically, as with antacids the reduced

      excess gastric acidity.
     Act directly and change the physical action, as

      with the ointment upon topical application.
Agonists vs. Antagonists
   When drug molecules bind with a receptor,
    they can cause a reaction that stimulates
    (agonists) or inhibits (antagonists) cellular
    functions.
   Agonists are substances that activate receptors
    and produce a higher response.
      e.g. Epinephrine causing increased heart
       rate) or a slower response (acetylcholine like
       drugs to cause slow heart rate).
   Antagonists are drugs that blocks the action of
    the receptor.
Concentration & Effect
              Dose Response Curve
   It is difficult to measure the amount of a drug at the
    site of action (inside a tissue or an organ) and
    therefore to predict an effect based upon the
    measurement.
   One way to monitor the amount of a drug in the
    body and its effect at the site of action is to use a
    dose-response curve.
   By increasing the dose of Tylenol® you measure the
    degree of relief and you graph the results.
Concentration & Effect
              Dose Response Curve
   A specific dose is administered to many subjects and
    the effect is measured.
   Some people respond to low doses and others require
    a higher dose to get an equal response. This is called
    human variation.
   Not deal for relating the
     amount of drug in
     the body to its effect.
Concentration and Effect
                Drug Concentration
   A better way to relate the amount of drug in the body.
   Its effect is to determine drug concentrations in the
    body’s fluids.
   Blood is generally used because of its rapid equilibrium
    between the site of administration and the site of
    action.
   Knowing a drug’s concentration in the blood can be
    directly related to its effect.
Blood Concentration-Time Profiles
   Minimum effective dose (MEC)
      Smallest concentration of the drug that is sufficient
       to cause an effect.
   Minimum Toxic Concentration (MTC):
      Smallest concentration beyond which the there are
       undesirable or toxic effect.
   Therapeutic window
      Range between MEC and MTC.

   Duration of action
      Time the drug should above the MED.
Blood Concentration-Time Profiles
ADME Processes & Diffusion
            Basic Pharmacology
   The blood concentrations are the result of four
    simultaneously occurring process.
   ADME are aspects of elements of a drug disposition.
              *     Absorption
              *     Distribution
              *     Metabolism
              *     Excretion

      How Drugs Move Through the Body
    Absorption
      Process by which a drug is transferred from the dosage
       form to the blood.
   Distribution
      Drug travels through the blood and into various cells or
       tissues.
   Metabolism
      Chemical changes made to the drug by the body, often
       by the liver but sometimes by the gastrointestinal tract
       wall, kidneys lungs or blood.
   Excretion
      Most drugs and their metabolites are excreted by the
       kidneys through urine.
Half-life
   Amount of time it takes for the blood concentration of a drug to
    decline to one- half an initial value.

   Example – Estimate the half-life.
        Time                 Concentration
        at 6 hrs             30 mcg/ml
        at 15 hrs            15 mcg/ml

         Answer: 15 hours minus 6 hours = 9 hours
   Five times the half-life is used to estimate how long it takes to
    essentially remove the drug from the body.
      This would be 5 x the half-life of 9 hours or 45 hours.
Ionization and Unionization
   Most drugs are weak acids and basis.
   They dissociate (come apart) and associate (reattach to other
    chemicals) in solutions.
     • When acids dissociate, they become ionized.

     • When basis dissociate, they become unionized.

   Unionized drugs penetrate biological membranes more EASILY
    than ionized drugs.
     • Unionized drugs are more lipid soluble.

     • Charges on biological membranes bind or repel ionized drugs.

     • Ionized drugs associate with water molecules, creating larger

       particles with reduced penetrating capability.
Absorption
   Absorption
      The process where a drug is taken
       up from the site of administration
       and is transported to the blood      stomach
       stream.
   Absorption occurs rally, topically,     large
    rectally, and by inhalation.            intestine
   Gastric emptying time                   small
      The time a drug will stay in the     intestine
       stomach before it is emptied into
       the small intestine.
   Most drugs are given orally and
    absorbed into the blood from the
    small intestine.
Distribution
   Distribution
      Movement of a drug within the body once it reaches
       the blood to exert its pharmacological effects.
   The first pass effect
      Occurs with drugs given orally and a portion of the drug
       is eliminated before distribution throughout the body.
   Protein Binding
      Many drugs bind to proteins in blood plasma to form a
       complex that is too large to penetrate cellular
       openings.
      The drug remains inactive.

   Rapidly administered intravenous solutions (i.e., bolus) do
    not have an absorption site.
Metabolism
   Metabolism
     • Breakdown of a drug or the disappearance of a drug from
       the body.
     • Takes place in many body organs primarily in the liver.
     • The breakdown of drugs into metabolites is caused by
       Enzymes.
     • The transformed drug is called metabolite.
   Enzymes
     • Complex proteins that catalyze (facilitate) chemicals
       reactions into other substances.
   Enterohepatic Cycling
     • The transfer of drugs and their metabolites from the liver to
       the bile in the gall bladder, then into the intestine, and then
       back into circulation.
Metabolism
   First-Pass Metabolism
      With oral administration, before it reaches the circulatory
        system, the drug has to go through the liver. During this
        process it can be substantially degraded or destroyed by the
        liver’s enzymes. This is called “first-pass metabolism”
   Enzyme induction
      the increase in hepatic enzyme activity that results in greater
        metabolism of drugs.
   Enzyme inhibition
      the decrease in hepatic enzyme activity that results in
        reduced metabolism of drugs.
Excretion
   Excretion: the process by which the drug is eliminated
    from the body primarily by the kidney
     • Drugs can be excreted through urine, feces, lungs,
       skin, etc.
     • The kidneys filter the blood and remove waste
       materials including drugs and metabolites
   Nephron are the functional unit of the kidney that
    involved in filtration of waste products from the body.
     • Most drugs and their metabolites are eliminated in
       the urine by the kidneys by the process called
       glomerular filtration.
   Elimination is the term used for metabolism and
    excretion.
Excretion

The three process of nephrons:
 Glomerular filtration

 Secretion

   Reabsorption
Bioequivalence
   Bioavailability
      The amount of a drug that is delivered to the site of action.
      The rate at which it becomes available.
   Bioequivalent
      Drugs that have the same bioavailability.
   Pharmaceutical Equivalent
      Similar bioavailability and include
         active ingredients
         drug amounts
         dosage form
      They may NOT have the same Inactive ingredients can be
       different.
Bioequivalence

   Pharmaceutical Alternative
      Drug products that have

         same active ingredients

         amounts can be different

         dosage form can be different

         inactive ingredients can be different

   Therapeutic Equivalents
      Drug products that produce the same effects in patients.
Orange Book

   The FDA annually publishes Approved Drug
    Products With Therapeutic Equivalence
    Evaluations.
   It is available online at
    www.fda.gov/cder/ob/default.htm.
Terms to Remember
1. Metabolite                    8. Pharmaceutical equivalent
2. Minimum effective             9. Protein binding
   concentration                 10. Receptor
3. Minimum toxic concentration   11. Selective (action)
4. Nephron                       12. Site of action
5. Onset of action               13. Therapeutic equivalent
6. Passive diffusion             14. Therapeutic window
7. Pharmaceutical alternative

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Chapter 10 basic pharmaceutics

  • 1. The Pharmacy Technician 4E Chapter 10 Basic Biopharmaceutics
  • 2. Topic Outline  How Drugs Work  Distribution  Concentration & Effect  Metabolism  ADME Processes &  Excretion Diffusion  Bioequivalence  Absorption
  • 3. How Drugs Work  Receptor:  The cellular material directly involved in the action of the drug. Receptors are located on the surface of cell membranes.  Described as a lock into which the drug molecule fits as a key.  Only those drugs able to bind chemically to the receptors in a particular site of action can produce effects at that site..  Specific cells only respond to certain drugs, even though their receptors are exposed to any drug molecules that are present in the body.
  • 4. How Drugs Work  Site of Action:  The place where a drug causes an effect to occur.  The objective of drug therapy is to deliver the right drug, in the right concentration, to the right site of action, and at the right time to produce the desired effect.  When a drug produces an EFFECT, it is interacting at a molecular level with cellular material or structure. A diagram showing drug molecules penetrating a cell membrane.
  • 5. How Drugs Work  When drugs interact with the site of action, they can  Modify the metabolic activity of pathogens, as with antibiotics.  React chemically, as with antacids the reduced excess gastric acidity.  Act directly and change the physical action, as with the ointment upon topical application.
  • 6. Agonists vs. Antagonists  When drug molecules bind with a receptor, they can cause a reaction that stimulates (agonists) or inhibits (antagonists) cellular functions.  Agonists are substances that activate receptors and produce a higher response.  e.g. Epinephrine causing increased heart rate) or a slower response (acetylcholine like drugs to cause slow heart rate).  Antagonists are drugs that blocks the action of the receptor.
  • 7. Concentration & Effect Dose Response Curve  It is difficult to measure the amount of a drug at the site of action (inside a tissue or an organ) and therefore to predict an effect based upon the measurement.  One way to monitor the amount of a drug in the body and its effect at the site of action is to use a dose-response curve.  By increasing the dose of Tylenol® you measure the degree of relief and you graph the results.
  • 8. Concentration & Effect Dose Response Curve  A specific dose is administered to many subjects and the effect is measured.  Some people respond to low doses and others require a higher dose to get an equal response. This is called human variation.  Not deal for relating the amount of drug in the body to its effect.
  • 9. Concentration and Effect Drug Concentration  A better way to relate the amount of drug in the body.  Its effect is to determine drug concentrations in the body’s fluids.  Blood is generally used because of its rapid equilibrium between the site of administration and the site of action.  Knowing a drug’s concentration in the blood can be directly related to its effect.
  • 10. Blood Concentration-Time Profiles  Minimum effective dose (MEC)  Smallest concentration of the drug that is sufficient to cause an effect.  Minimum Toxic Concentration (MTC):  Smallest concentration beyond which the there are undesirable or toxic effect.  Therapeutic window  Range between MEC and MTC.  Duration of action  Time the drug should above the MED.
  • 12. ADME Processes & Diffusion Basic Pharmacology  The blood concentrations are the result of four simultaneously occurring process.  ADME are aspects of elements of a drug disposition. * Absorption * Distribution * Metabolism * Excretion
  • 13. How Drugs Move Through the Body Absorption  Process by which a drug is transferred from the dosage form to the blood.  Distribution  Drug travels through the blood and into various cells or tissues.  Metabolism  Chemical changes made to the drug by the body, often by the liver but sometimes by the gastrointestinal tract wall, kidneys lungs or blood.  Excretion  Most drugs and their metabolites are excreted by the kidneys through urine.
  • 14. Half-life  Amount of time it takes for the blood concentration of a drug to decline to one- half an initial value.  Example – Estimate the half-life. Time Concentration at 6 hrs 30 mcg/ml at 15 hrs 15 mcg/ml Answer: 15 hours minus 6 hours = 9 hours  Five times the half-life is used to estimate how long it takes to essentially remove the drug from the body.  This would be 5 x the half-life of 9 hours or 45 hours.
  • 15. Ionization and Unionization  Most drugs are weak acids and basis.  They dissociate (come apart) and associate (reattach to other chemicals) in solutions. • When acids dissociate, they become ionized. • When basis dissociate, they become unionized.  Unionized drugs penetrate biological membranes more EASILY than ionized drugs. • Unionized drugs are more lipid soluble. • Charges on biological membranes bind or repel ionized drugs. • Ionized drugs associate with water molecules, creating larger particles with reduced penetrating capability.
  • 16. Absorption  Absorption  The process where a drug is taken up from the site of administration and is transported to the blood stomach stream.  Absorption occurs rally, topically, large rectally, and by inhalation. intestine  Gastric emptying time small  The time a drug will stay in the intestine stomach before it is emptied into the small intestine.  Most drugs are given orally and absorbed into the blood from the small intestine.
  • 17. Distribution  Distribution  Movement of a drug within the body once it reaches the blood to exert its pharmacological effects.  The first pass effect  Occurs with drugs given orally and a portion of the drug is eliminated before distribution throughout the body.  Protein Binding  Many drugs bind to proteins in blood plasma to form a complex that is too large to penetrate cellular openings.  The drug remains inactive.  Rapidly administered intravenous solutions (i.e., bolus) do not have an absorption site.
  • 18. Metabolism  Metabolism • Breakdown of a drug or the disappearance of a drug from the body. • Takes place in many body organs primarily in the liver. • The breakdown of drugs into metabolites is caused by Enzymes. • The transformed drug is called metabolite.  Enzymes • Complex proteins that catalyze (facilitate) chemicals reactions into other substances.  Enterohepatic Cycling • The transfer of drugs and their metabolites from the liver to the bile in the gall bladder, then into the intestine, and then back into circulation.
  • 19. Metabolism  First-Pass Metabolism  With oral administration, before it reaches the circulatory system, the drug has to go through the liver. During this process it can be substantially degraded or destroyed by the liver’s enzymes. This is called “first-pass metabolism”  Enzyme induction  the increase in hepatic enzyme activity that results in greater metabolism of drugs.  Enzyme inhibition  the decrease in hepatic enzyme activity that results in reduced metabolism of drugs.
  • 20. Excretion  Excretion: the process by which the drug is eliminated from the body primarily by the kidney • Drugs can be excreted through urine, feces, lungs, skin, etc. • The kidneys filter the blood and remove waste materials including drugs and metabolites  Nephron are the functional unit of the kidney that involved in filtration of waste products from the body. • Most drugs and their metabolites are eliminated in the urine by the kidneys by the process called glomerular filtration.  Elimination is the term used for metabolism and excretion.
  • 21. Excretion The three process of nephrons:  Glomerular filtration  Secretion  Reabsorption
  • 22. Bioequivalence  Bioavailability  The amount of a drug that is delivered to the site of action.  The rate at which it becomes available.  Bioequivalent  Drugs that have the same bioavailability.  Pharmaceutical Equivalent  Similar bioavailability and include  active ingredients  drug amounts  dosage form  They may NOT have the same Inactive ingredients can be different.
  • 23. Bioequivalence  Pharmaceutical Alternative  Drug products that have  same active ingredients  amounts can be different  dosage form can be different  inactive ingredients can be different  Therapeutic Equivalents  Drug products that produce the same effects in patients.
  • 24. Orange Book  The FDA annually publishes Approved Drug Products With Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations.  It is available online at www.fda.gov/cder/ob/default.htm.
  • 25. Terms to Remember 1. Metabolite 8. Pharmaceutical equivalent 2. Minimum effective 9. Protein binding concentration 10. Receptor 3. Minimum toxic concentration 11. Selective (action) 4. Nephron 12. Site of action 5. Onset of action 13. Therapeutic equivalent 6. Passive diffusion 14. Therapeutic window 7. Pharmaceutical alternative