On the Road to High Performance, Net-Zero Energy Buildings: Policy Outlook and Practical Steps

通往高效率零能耗建筑之路政策展望和实施步骤 On the Road to High Performance , Net-Zero Energy Buildings: Policy Outlook and Practical Steps Brian T. Castelli Executive Vice President for Programs and Development 5th International Conference on Intelligent, Green & Energy Efficient Buildings Beijing , China March 27-29,2009 布莱恩 · 卡斯特里常务副主席（主管项目开发）美国节能联盟

联盟组成：工商企业，政府和社会各界 Forging Alliances: Business, Government & Public

Alliance Associates represent 150+ organizations

Operate in all 50 states and a number of countries

All economic sectors, with aggregate revenues of $1.5 trillion

Public agencies and utilities serving half of the US population

美国节能联盟现有超过 150 的会员机构

会员地域分布于全美 50 个州和几个国家

会员涉及各个经济部门，其经济总量超过 1 万 5 千亿美元。

会员中的公共机构和公共事业部门为半数美国人口提供服务

政策展望：最佳时间和最糟时间 Policy Outlook: The Best of Times – the Worst of Times

Worst economic downtown since 1930s, but …

A new Administration committed to Green Infrastructure; investing in people & technology

A Congress willing to spend $ (for now!)

Slow growth buys time for climate policy, but…

Low oil prices encourage wasteful practices, and…

Carbon (or gasoline) taxes difficult in a recession

遇到 30 年代以来最糟糕的经济衰退 , 但是 …

新一届政府致力于绿色基础设施建设 , 投资决策以人和技术为本

新一届国会非常愿意立刻拨款 ( 就现在 !)

注：美国国会向来因拨款审批冗长而出名

经济增长缓慢给制定气候变化政策赢得时间 , 但是 …

低油价鼓励能源浪费的行为 , 同时

碳税 ( 或燃油税 ) 在经济衰退时实施比较困难

能效是美国最大的能源资源 Energy Efficiency is Already Our FIRST Energy Resource 自 1973 年以来，能源效率和节能改造已经带来每年 50 Quads 节能成效能效和节能石油天然气煤炭核电生物质能水电地热，太阳能及风能 2007 本国产量净进口 1 Quad 等于 36 百万吨标煤

为什么要对建筑进行节能 Why Buildings? 全美能耗： 100 Quads ，美国能源部 U.S. Department of Energy 40% of Energy and CO 2 ; 70% of Electricity 全美建筑使用近 40% 的能源，占近 40% 的碳排放，消耗全美近 70% 的电力商业建筑耗能增长最快 And the fastest growth is in commercial buildings ~2/3 envelope & installed equipment ~1/3 appliances & “other”

政策环境不断改变 The Policy Landscape is Changing

Architecture2030 Challenge (Mayors!)

ASHRAE Std 90.1, Std 189, Advanced Guidelines

Energy Independence & Security Act (EISA)

Federal goals – existing & new buildings; green leasing

Zero Net Energy Commercial Buildings Initiative

“ Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009”

~ $20 Billion for EE for States & Cities, much of it for buildings

建筑 2030 挑战行动 ( 市长们 !)

美国采暖、制冷与空调工程师协会标准 90.1, 标准 189, 先进指标

2007 美国能源独立和安全法 (EISA)

联邦目标 – 现有、新建建筑 ; 绿色租赁

零能耗商业建筑倡议

2009 美国复苏和再投资法 (ARRA)

大约 200 亿美元用于各州和城市的能效项目 , 大部分为建筑节能

能效标准 + 成效报告卡 Efficiency Standards + Report Cards

公共建筑 Public Buildings

政府采购 Public Procurement

政策工具 : 公共部门主导 Policy Tools: Public Sector Leadership 联邦建筑能耗强度： 2005- 降低 30% ； 2010- 降低 35% 。

制定长期目标：“零能耗” Setting a Long-term Goal: “Net-Zero Energy”

A building that is designed, constructed, and operated:

To greatly reduce energy use (i.e. ~80%)

… and meet remaining energy needs from renewable sources

Carbon-neutral

Economically viable (net-zero cash flow)

建筑物在设计，建设和运行时达到以下几点：

大量减少能源消耗 ( 大约减少 80%)

其他用能需求通过可再生能源满足

碳中和

经济可行 ( 净现金流为零 )

净零能耗 – 当前水平如何？ “ Net Zero” Energy – Where Are We Today? Source: R. Anderson, NREL 现有商业建筑能效最佳外加光伏系统商业建筑能效最佳商业建筑按节能标准改造后所有建筑案例研究净零能耗英热单位 / 平方呎 / 每年 “ Net-Zero”

净零能耗政策组成 Elements of an NZE Policy

Research and Development – Create new technology

RD&D Partnerships with Industry

Incentives & voluntary programs – Create buyer demand

Tax incentives, rebates, loan guarantees, etc.

Utility programs (DSM, Demand Response)

Public Education – Build market share

Consumer education and awareness campaigns

Labeling (ENERGY STAR, LEED, GreenGlobes, etc.)

Standards – Set a floor & trigger innovation

Buildings, equipment, vehicles

Utility Energy Efficiency Resource Standards (EERS)

Public sector leadership – Reduce market risk

研发 – 开发新技与工业部门合作进行研发和推广

激励和自愿性计划 – 拉动消费税收刺激，消费返还，贷款保证等

公共事业项目（需求侧管理，需求响应计划）

公众宣传教育 – 建立市场份额用户节能教育和宣传

能效标识（能源之星认证， LEED 绿色建

筑认证，绿色环球认证）

标准 – 设定基准面，引导创新建筑，设备和车辆

公共事业部门能源效率资源标准 (EERE)

公共部门领导 – 减少市场风险

建筑能源效率水平：标识，标识，任何地方 Building Energy Performance: Labels, Labels, Everywhere!

让市场看到能效水平 Making Energy Performance Visible to the Market

Energy rating and disclosure must be:

Technically valid – and perceived as valid

Empirical – based on available data

Practical – consider information cost vs value

Universal (mandatory not voluntary)

Key Data Elements

Asset rating (buy/sell/rent/finance)

Operational rating (manage, retrofit)

Key features (all)

能效审定和公布必须 :

技术上有效 – 同时也要让人感觉有效

经验 – 根据可获得数据

实际 – 考虑信息成本和价值

通用 – 强制而不是自愿

重要数据

建筑物审定 ( 购买 / 销售 / 租赁 / 融资 )

运行审定 ( 管理 , 改造 )

重要特征 ( 全部 )

参与方有 : A. 建筑设计专业人员 - 建筑设计师和工程人员 B. 开发单位，施工单位，融资机构和地产经纪 C. 建筑业主和运营单位 – 公共和私营部门 D. 学术和研究机构，及国家实验室 E. 建筑法规部门和能源法规执行模范机构 F. 高效绿色建筑协会或委员会 G. 室内空气质量和环境专家 H. 智能建筑和建筑信息系统专家 I. 电力公司能效项目 J. 设备生产厂家和供货商 K. 公共交通专家 L. 非政府能源效率机构网站 http://www.hpcgbp.org/ 高效能商业绿色建筑合作组织 Partnership participants: A. Design professions - architects and professional engineers B. Development, construction, financial, and real estate C. Building owners and operators - public and private sectors D. Academic and research organizations, including national laboratories E. Building code agencies and model energy code organizations F. High-performance green building associations or councils G. Experts in indoor air quality and indoor environment H . Experts in intelligent buildings and building information systems I. Utility energy efficiency programs J . Equipment manufacturers and suppliers K. Public transportation experts L. Nongovernmental energy efficiency organizations

奥巴马总统：能源效率倡导者 President Obama: Energy Efficiency Advocate

Reduce electricity use 15% by 2020

Net-zero energy buildings by 2030

Overhaul federal appliance standards

By 2014, reduce energy use in new federal buildings 45%; 25% in existing federal buildings

Flip incentives for utilities

Invest in a “smart grid”

Weatherize 1 million homes/year

Investment incentives for “livable cities ”

到 2020 年，减少 15% 电力消耗

到 2030 年，实现建筑零能耗

大幅修改联邦家电和电器标准

到 2014 年，新联邦建筑减少 45% 能耗，现有联邦建筑减少 25% 能耗

为电力公司节能提供激励措施

投资建设“智能电网”

每年气候化 100 万居民住宅

联邦提供资金，鼓励“宜居城市”建设

延长建筑税收鼓励政策 Building Tax Incentives Extended (10/08 Financial Rescue Bill, H.R.1424)

Commercial Buildings : Deduct $1.80/sq ft (5 years)

New Homes : Builder tax credit $1-2K for 30-50% above standard (1 yr)

Home Improvements : Homeowner tax credit (1 year)

Appliances : Manufacturer tax credit for efficient appliances (+3 years)

Smart Meters : Accelerated 10-year depreciation for utilities

商业建筑 : 税负减免 $1.80/ 平方呎（ 5 年）

新住宅 : 如果新宅能效高出标准 30-50% ，开发商享受税收减免额 1-2 千美元 (1 年 )

房屋改造 : 房主税收减免 (1 年 )

家电和电器 : 厂家生产高效家电和电器可享受 3 年以上税收减免

智能电表 : 电力公司可以采用 10 年加速折旧回收成本

预见将来的最好方式就是创造它 “ The best way to predict the future is to invent it.” - Alan Kay （艾伦 · 开，美国计算机科学家，面向对象编程创始人）前景：商业建筑的 “零能耗未来” Vision: A Zero Energy Future for Commercial Buildings 要是我那时候问别人想要什么，他们会说要更快的马 “ If I had asked people what they wanted, they would have said faster horses.” - Henry Ford （享利 · 福特，美国福特汽车公司的创始人）

EE GLOBAL 2009