SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 8
Download to read offline
Research on Humanities and Social Sciences                                                              www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-5766(Paper) ISSN 2225-0484(Online)
Vol.2, No.6, 2012


     The Impact of Illegal Mining on the Ghanaian Youth: Evidence
                            From Kwaebibirem District In Ghana
                                       Edwin Eric Owusu          Dr. Gabriel Dwomoh*
            Institute of Entrepreneurship and Enterprise Development, Kumasi Polytechnic, Kumasi, Ghana
                               Email of corresponding author:      gabdwumo@yahoo.com
Abstract:
The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of illegal mining on the Ghanaian youth, using Kwaebibirem
district in Ghana as a case study. The prominent of this activity in the district triggered the researchers to undertake
this study to expose some of its effects on the youth in the district which include destruction of farms, pollution of
rivers and destruction of educational infrastructures.       Using a case study approach, the research work used
interviews, observations and documentary sources to obtain data for the study.        In addition, the researchers toured
some of the mining areas such as Akwatia, Kade, Wenchi, Topremang, Apinamang, Takrowase, Adankrono and
Soabe (all towns in the Kwaebibirem District of Ghana), to acquaint themselves with the activities of the miners and
how these affect the youth.    Finally, the researchers contacted Chief Nursing Officer of Kade Government Hospital
and Educational Officers of the statistical division of Kade Education Office to interview and had discussions with
them over the attitudes of the youth towards school before and after “their illegal mining activities”.      The research
through the sources identified above showed that poverty, ignorance and get rich quick attitude of the youth have
been identified as the motivational factors for illegal mining activities in the Kwaebibirem District. It also showed
that illegal mining activities have negative impact on the youth in relation to high rate of student turnover, increase in
teenage pregnancy, disrespect towards the elderly and engaging in undesirable behaviours such as smoking of hard
herbs.   The study gives it main recommendation as the need for the government of Ghana to put measures to
discourage the youth from illegal mining activities if the country wants to reap full benefits from these youth in the
future in terms of their potentials.
Keywords:      Illegal mining, gold, diamond, youth, inhabitants, Ghana
1.    Introduction
Small scale mining in Ghana generally refers to artisanal mining of precious minerals particularly gold and diamonds.
It should be noted that, other industrial minerals like salt, sand, gravel, granite, quartzite, clay, kaolin are also mined
on small scale basis in Ghana.         Artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) in developing countries is a largely
poverty-driven activity.    It is a practice that involves rudimentary techniques of mineral extraction, highly manual
processes, hazardous working conditions, and frequently negative human and environmental health impacts (Barning,
2002).   An estimated 80–100 million people worldwide are currently engaged in this industry and directly or
indirectly depend on it for their livelihood (Petra and Kamini, 2007).     While ASM has the potential to contribute to
poverty reduction, it often perpetuates poverty through high sensitivity to physical hazards, illness, and accidents,
and lack of knowledge about more efficient, safer, and environmentally friendly techniques. These factors tend to
keep miners trapped in a vicious cycle of poverty and vulnerability (Dawkins, 2005; Kesse, 2006).         In Ghana, ASM
mostly of diamond and gold has expanded dramatically in recent years. The country is currently Africa’s second
largest gold producer after South Africa, with gold exports accounting for more than 40% of total export earnings
(Berger, 2008; Airo, 2009). Over the past ten decades, Ghanaian gold production from ASM activities has risen

                                                            86
Research on Humanities and Social Sciences                                                             www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-5766(Paper) ISSN 2225-0484(Online)
Vol.2, No.6, 2012

tenfold and doubled since 1998, accounting for an estimated contribution of $461.1 million to the national economy
since 1989 (Yakubu., 2000). Researchers have found ample evidence to suggest that small-scale artisanal mining in
Ghana started some 2000 years ago.        It was the mineral wealth of ancient Ghana which made the ancient empire of
                  th      th
Ghana in the 7 and 8 century AD.           According to them, Portuguese sailors who first visited Ghana in 1470 were
bewildered at the amount of gold dust, nuggets, and ornaments found in the country and had to name it the Gold
Coast appropriately (Afrenya 2002).       The forefathers of Ghana mined gold and diamond on small scale before the
white man arrived on the shores of Ghana as noted above.             The gold was used as ornaments especially in the
Ashanti Kingdom (one of the kingdoms in Ghana), for barter and as a treasure.        Diamond and gold mining has been
practiced in Ghana since the pre-independence era. In diamondiferous areas like Akwatia, the forefathers of Ghana
used diamond to decorate their rooms and headgear. The mining was done along the banks of rivers and streams by
digging out gold and diamonds bearing gravels and panning to recover diamonds, gold nuggets and gold dust.            It is
well known among the Ghanaian public that exportation of precious minerals such as gold, diamond and manganese
forms the second highest foreign-exchange earner to Ghana apart from cocoa but it is believed that the way and
manner these minerals are being mined in the various communities in Ghana cause more harm than good to the
inhabitants especially the youth.      Furthermore, it is believed that the illegal mining activities have been affecting
standard of education among the youth in the communities and as such reducing enrollment in Ghana schools. (Daily
Graphic number 13861 Wednesday 28/6/1995 issue)
Looking from these two problems identified above, one is tempted to investigate the impact of illegal mining on the
standard of education in Ghana as well as the inhabitants of those in the various communities were this practice tends
to be dominant.
2.   Local dialect and terms commonly used in illegal mining in Ghana
‘Galamsey’ is the local dialect used to describe the activities of illegal mining in Ghana.      Ghanaians started using
this term in the western areas of Ghana such as Tarkwa and Awaso.         From the statement of an old time miner whom
the researchers had discussions with, the term was coined from the statement ‘gather them and sell’. It actually
became popular in the mid-seventies when the Ghanaian economy began to deteriorate and people started looking
elsewhere to supplement their incomes.        This type of mining was the most attractive venture because of perceived
quick remuneration.       Though not internationally recognized, the following are the most common terms used in
illegal mining in Ghana:
Ayaa:    It is a term used to describe a sandy soil which contains diamond.     This type of soil is normally found in the
short pit which has a depth below two meters.
Baabode:        It is a term used to describe overburden soil.    It is not obvious that ‘baabode’ contains diamonds but
those with diamonds are the loamy type of soil. It is believed that diamonds found in ‘baabode’ are of poor quality
compared to the rest of the soil.
Laka:    It is a term used to describe a clayey soil which contains diamond.      This type of soil is normally found in a
long pit which can extend to a depth of above four (4) meters.       Diamonds found in ‘laka’ are always fine and of best
quality among all the types of soil.
Carat:    It is a unit of measure.   One (1) carat = 0.2g.   Diamonds are priced in carats and               sub-division
of the carat.
Pound:     It is a unit of measure of gold.   40 carats = 1 Pound.
Boart:   The lowest grade of diamonds normally black and charcoal – like.

                                                             87
Research on Humanities and Social Sciences                                                               www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-5766(Paper) ISSN 2225-0484(Online)
Vol.2, No.6, 2012

3.   How illegal mining is done in Ghana
Since this type of mining is illegal, it normally takes place under cover of darkness (at night) or at a hidden place
such as forests, existing farms, river beds, valleys and remote locations.         This is a job that needs no education,
qualification or experience.      It is patronized by all categories of persons who are physically strong; men, women,
children, teenagers and even the aged engage in the winning of diamonds.
Manual and traditional methods are practiced by the illegal miners.            Simple tools or materials like pick-axes,
shovels, barrels, head pans, sticks, sacks and nets are used. The miners in groups of three to five dig holes along the
banks of rivers and streams, collect diamondiferous gravels (soil) with sacks, pour them into barrels and then use
sticks and water to wash away the smooth sand from the stones. Perforated metal containers (normally referred to as
‘Top’) are used for the separation and the sands are collected for further treatment.      Jigs (a wooden rectangular tray
with net below) are used to pick the diamonds from concentrates in the jig.
4.   Methodology
The main objective underlying the study is to investigate the impact of illegal mining on the Ghanaian youth using
the Kwaebibibrem district of Ghana as a case study.         In collecting data for the study, the researchers used mainly
observation and interviews although other documentary sources were also used to collect data for the study.           With
regard to the observations, the researchers visited Akwatia, Kade, Wenchi, Topremang, Apinamang, Takrowase,
Adankrono and Soabe (all towns in Ghana where illegal mining is done) to observe how this activity is done in those
areas.      The choice of these areas was based on the fact that it is noted to be one of the most common areas were the
youth engage in illegal mining.       Interviews were also conducted with 10 illegal miners each from only two towns
among those visited above (Akwatia and Kade) by using convenience sampling.                   The choice of this type of
sampling was based on the willingness of the illegal miners to talk to the researchers since they were afraid that any
information released by them will be used to prosecute them in future.           The assurances given by the researchers
enabled them to get 10 illegal miners each from the two towns to be used for the study.          The interviews conducted
centered on why they engage in illegal mining and assuming if they had to choose between going to school and
engaging in illegal mining; which one of them will make their life better in future.        Interview was also conducted
with the Chief Nursing Officer of Kade Government Hospital to find out the effect of illegal mining on the female
teenagers in the town with emphasis on teenage pregnancy.          Secondary data was also collected from the Education
Office in Kade in relation to student turnover rate.      The data was analyzed and together with the observations and
interviews conducted, conclusion was drawn with regard to the impact of illegal mining on the youth in Ghana.
5.   Presentation and discussion of findings
The study found out that although ‘illegal mining’ started long time ago, those who were involved were mostly adults
and it was then believed that the job was meant for Northners (one of the tribes in Ghana) since they were believed to
be strong.      In view of this, the youth and for that matter school children in Kwaebibirem district at that time were
regular and punctual at their respective schools since they did not find it expedient and profitable to engage in that
activity.     The study through the interviews with the illegal miners found out that that illegal mining got to its peak in
1983 when the Ghanaian returnees from Nigeria arrived in Ghana.              Before that time, the youth were regarding
education as the only means for survival.          As a result of that, both the parents and their wards directed their
attention to acquiring quality education with the view of securing better occupation. The parents and guardians
encouraged their wards to attend school every day, as they did their best to provide them with their basic needs.
Records from Kade Education Office in Ghana (Table 1) shows that the rate of school dropout in two towns ( Kade

                                                              88
Research on Humanities and Social Sciences                                                               www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-5766(Paper) ISSN 2225-0484(Online)
Vol.2, No.6, 2012

and Apinamang) is on the high side.        For instance in Akwatia (one of the towns in the district), out of a total of 88
students enrolled, only 42 were able to complete. The total percentage of school dropout was 52.27%.            In terms of
Apinamang which is also one of the towns in the Kwaebibirem district, the percentage dropout was 42.28%.
Interviews conducted with 6 illegal miners who were among the dropouts from school gave their main reason as lack
of support from family members to finance their education.        They believe that with the illegal mining, it gives them
all the money they need to start life.     Looking at the responses of these illegal miners, the researchers were of the
view that the dropout from school of illegal miners is due to the high premium they place on this illegal activity as
compared to education.       Talking about the attitude of the youth from 1980s up to present where illegal mining has
become common among the youth in the districts selected for the study, it was revealed through the observations by
the researchers that the youth and for that matter school children attitude towards school changed when they get
involved in illegal mining as they begin to get money from diamond and gold prospecting.            Some of them through
observations have become disrespectful and put up behaviours which go contrary to school regulations.                It also
came to light that after illegal mining, the youth tend to be truants preferring diamond and gold prospecting to school.
For instance, a visit to one of the Junior High Schools in Ghana (Apinamang Junior High School) revealed that not
more than two-thirds of the enrolments have attended school even a single day since the beginning of the 2009/10
academic year.       Furthermore, it was also gathered that some teachers also involved themselves in illegal mining
activities and as such absent themselves frequently from school.       In view of this, those children who always come to
school and hear about the teachers’ absence tend to play truant since they find no need to come to school while the
teachers are not around.     Other observations made by the researchers also revealed that educational infrastructures
are affected as a result of this illegal mining.    As it has been already stated, illegal mining normally takes place at
night.      In view of this, the illegal miners take the opportunity to do what they like without taking into account
whatever is on the land if only they find out that there are deposits of precious minerals.           In this vein, school
environments are destroyed.        For instance, notwithstanding the vast and possibly rich area for prospecting diamonds
in Akwatia (one of the towns in the district selected for the study), the people in the town have virtually removed the
soil around the Anglican primary school (one of the primary schools in the district) to prospect for diamond. With
regard to illegal mining and its effect on the inhabitants, observations revealed that farmlands have been destroyed as
illegal miners destroyed them in prospect of gold or diamond.          This can be evident from Figure 1 which shows
illegal miners busy destroying farmlands for diamonds and gold.         Other rivers in the district used for the study such
as river Birim and streams in the district shows very high levels of contamination by bacteria which is a major cause
of diarrhea disease.
Interviews again conducted with the illegal miners revealed that because the work of illegal mining is difficult, they
need to take in some drugs which will serve as catalyst or stimulant.         Thus, the youth tend to take in drugs like
alcohol, marijuana, cocaine and other hard drugs to enable them work hard for longer periods.          Eventually, some of
them become addicted to the drugs and become social “misfits” thus increasing the rate of school dropouts in the
district selected for the study.    Immoral activities are also one of the effects of illegal mining among the youth in the
district.    As they get money from the illegal mining, they use it to influence the female to have sex with them which
normally leads to teenage pregnancy.         Statistics gathered from Kade Government Hospital which is one of the
hospitals in Ghana (Table: 2) shows that teenage pregnancy had increased since the male youth have enough money
through the illegal mining to influence the female youth by having sex with them. For instance, out of 1,468 of the
number of birth deliveries recorded at Kade Government Hospital, 260 teenagers representing 18% was included in

                                                             89
Research on Humanities and Social Sciences                                                            www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-5766(Paper) ISSN 2225-0484(Online)
Vol.2, No.6, 2012

this number.    Interviews conducted with the Chief Nursing Officer at the hospital indicated that most of these
teenagers who delivered at the hospital had their husbands engaging in these illegal mining activities.      This means
that the money these illegal miners get from gold and diamond prospecting enable them to have the edge to influence
these female teenagers to sleep with them which at the end of the day results in unexpected pregnancy.                In
choosing between engaging in illegal mining and education; which one of them will make their life better in the
future, 14 out of the 20 illegal miners prefer to engage in this type of activity rather than going to school.   Though
they gave different reasons for their choice of illegal mining over going to school but majority of them focus their
reason on the fact that education is a long way of getting rich in the society since it will take them more than 10 years
starting from Nursery to University before they can get good wage employment in Ghana.           With this, they believe
illegal mining offers them the quick money they need which will make their life better in future.     Looking from the
majority of the respondents who assigned this reason for their choice of illegal mining over education, they are
ignoring the fact that illegal mining cannot be done for a very long period of time taking the fact that the work is too
physical and as time goes on they cannot engage in this type of activity anymore.       Second, external environmental
factors like political such as change of government can bring stringent policies that will make illegal mining
impossible in the country.     From this response, it is therefore necessary for more education to be done on the
benefits of choosing school over this kind of illegal activity.


6.   Conclusion
The study concluded by affirming that the increase in illegal mining activities have brought about retrogression in
educational sector in Ghana using Kwaebibirem District as a test case and hardship on majority of the people who
are farmers as their farms are destroyed by these illegal miners. The increase in teenage pregnancy, high student
turnover rate, high levels of truancy and disrespect among the youth are the most common impact of illegal mining
among the youth in Ghana. There is therefore the need for chiefs and people in Ghana to re-examine the activities of
miners and institute appropriate measures in order to preserve cultural values and ensure that development now and
in the future is geared towards long-standing benefits to the society in general.
7.   Recommendations for the study
In view of the negative impacts that illegal mining is having on the educational development in particular and
general life of the youth in the Kwaebibirem district, the following recommendations have been made to help arrest
the situation and restore the balance in the social life of the people:
         Parents and guardians should constantly be educated on the need to provide the needs of their children and
         wards to ensure that they are restrained from immediate prospective economic activities which tend to
         hinder achievement of educational goals.
         The traditional communities and the District Assemblies in Ghana should as a matter of urgency, institute
         sanctions against parents who neglect their responsibilities towards their children.
         Ghana Education Service (GES) should try as much as possible to employ experts in Guidance and
         Counselling in every school to guide and remind the pupils/students of the long-run effects of truancy and
         the indulgence in anti-social and immoral activities.




                                                            90
Research on Humanities and Social Sciences                                                            www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-5766(Paper) ISSN 2225-0484(Online)
Vol.2, No.6, 2012

         Again, the Guidance and Counselling Co-ordinators should organize lectures on career guidance for the
         youth in schools to explain to them what their fully utilized educational and academic potentials can help
         them become in future.        Programmes must be undertaken in these schools to help students know their
         areas of excellence and must be guided into what vocation they can enter and the possible prospects
         available to them since the Ghana Labour Act 2003 prohibits the engagement of minors in mining activities
         In addition, persons who employ young children (minors) for mining activities should be brought before the
         traditional authorities.
         There should be regulative and monitoring measures to ensure sound and environmentally sustainable
         mining practices.    This is because pits dug by illegal miners pose great dangers to the inhabitants.
         Ghana Consolidated Diamond (GCD) Limited under whose area the concession falls should try as much as
         possible to rehabilitate mined lands by refilling them with the spent laterite and soil excavated during
         prospecting before handing them over to the communities.
         Ghana Education Service should do well to employ security personnel especially night security men to take
         care of school properties in the mining areas.    This will go a long way to prevent illegal mining workers
         from destroying educational infrastructure.

8.   References
Afrenya, P. M. (2002). Ghana’s Mineral Resources for small scale mining industries, Association of Geoscientists
International Department Workshop. Kenya, 26-28
Airo, J. A. (2010).   Financing Small – Scale Mining: Strategies for Small Scale Miners, Association of Geoscientists
International Department Workshop. Kenya, 12-18
Barning, K.    (2002). The Future of Small-Scale Mining, Association of Geoscientists International Department
Workshop, Kenya, 5-9
Berger, A R (2008). The Importance of Small-Scale Mining- A General Overview, Engineering Geology, 59(1),
24-29
Dawkins A P (2005). Assessment, Management and Rehabilitation of Surface Water Losses, Minerals Council of
Australia, 24th Annual Environmental Workshop, Queensland, 17-19
Kesse, G O (2006). New Direction in Mineral Development Policies in Ghana, Association of Geoscientists
International Department Workshop, Baguada, Nigeria, 3-9
Petra Tschakert A and Kamini Singha B (2007). Marginalization in Ghana’s Artisanal Mining Sector, Journal of Rock
Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 38(7), 1057-1063
Yakubu B R (2000). Mining: The Environment and Sustainable Development, Ibadan, Education Cita Printing,
(Chapter 3)
Ghana’s Daily Graphic, Number 13861, Issued: Wednesday 28/6/1995




                                                           91
Research on Humanities and Social Sciences                                                       www.iiste.org
   ISSN 2224-5766(Paper) ISSN 2225-0484(Online)
   Vol.2, No.6, 2012

   Table 1: Student enrollment and completion rate within Akwatia and Apinamang in 2011
                          Akwatia                                                      Apinamang
             Enrolled               Completed        %        Enrolled                         Completed        %
                                                     Drop                                                       Dropout
School            Boys    Girls     Boys     Girls   out      School            Boys   Girls   Boys    Girls
Akwatia           17      20        5        14      48.65    Apinamang         24     17      14      9        43.90
Methodist                                                     LA
Akwatia LA        6       10        5        2       56.25    Apinamang         19     20      14      13       30.77
                                                              Presby
Akwatia           13      22        10       6       54.29    Apinamang         21     22      14      7        51.16
Amanfrom                                                      R/C
Total             36      52        20       22      52.27                      64     59      42      29       42.28
   Source:     Kade Education Office
   Table 2:    Teenage pregnancy rate recorded at Kade Government Hospital
              Year                  Number of deliveries               Teenagers                    % of teenagers
              2003                           553                          70                               13
              2004                           568                          66                               12
              2005                           580                          78                               13
              2006                           514                          88                               17
              2007                           581                          81                               14
              2008                           803                          137                              17
              2009                           1,228                        157                              13
              2010                           1,270                        212                              17
              2011                           1,468                        260                              18
   Source: Kade Government Hospital


   Figure 1:    Miners busy destroying farmlands for diamonds and gold




   Source:     Researchers fieldwork, 2012



                                                             92
This academic article was published by The International Institute for Science,
Technology and Education (IISTE). The IISTE is a pioneer in the Open Access
Publishing service based in the U.S. and Europe. The aim of the institute is
Accelerating Global Knowledge Sharing.

More information about the publisher can be found in the IISTE’s homepage:
http://www.iiste.org


The IISTE is currently hosting more than 30 peer-reviewed academic journals and
collaborating with academic institutions around the world. Prospective authors of
IISTE journals can find the submission instruction on the following page:
http://www.iiste.org/Journals/

The IISTE editorial team promises to the review and publish all the qualified
submissions in a fast manner. All the journals articles are available online to the
readers all over the world without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than
those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. Printed version of the
journals is also available upon request of readers and authors.

IISTE Knowledge Sharing Partners

EBSCO, Index Copernicus, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, JournalTOCS, PKP Open
Archives Harvester, Bielefeld Academic Search Engine, Elektronische
Zeitschriftenbibliothek EZB, Open J-Gate, OCLC WorldCat, Universe Digtial
Library , NewJour, Google Scholar

More Related Content

What's hot

Lectures on metal mining
Lectures on metal miningLectures on metal mining
Lectures on metal miningRanjeet Kumar
 
Inundation
InundationInundation
InundationVR M
 
Flame safety lamp fsl
Flame safety lamp fslFlame safety lamp fsl
Flame safety lamp fslSathwik Sunny
 
Illegal mining and its impacts in India presentation
Illegal mining and its impacts in India presentationIllegal mining and its impacts in India presentation
Illegal mining and its impacts in India presentationnachiketvyawahare
 
Taj Mahal: As a case study in Environmental Legislations
Taj Mahal: As a case study in Environmental LegislationsTaj Mahal: As a case study in Environmental Legislations
Taj Mahal: As a case study in Environmental LegislationsJegan Nadar
 
Traning report on Khetri Copper Mine
Traning report on Khetri Copper MineTraning report on Khetri Copper Mine
Traning report on Khetri Copper MineAnurag Jha
 
Western Coalfield Limited- Industrial Training Report
Western Coalfield Limited- Industrial Training ReportWestern Coalfield Limited- Industrial Training Report
Western Coalfield Limited- Industrial Training ReportSushant Kumar
 
Presentation on mining plan (1).pptx
Presentation on mining plan (1).pptxPresentation on mining plan (1).pptx
Presentation on mining plan (1).pptxpk singh
 

What's hot (12)

Cut and Fill mining
Cut and Fill miningCut and Fill mining
Cut and Fill mining
 
Lectures on metal mining
Lectures on metal miningLectures on metal mining
Lectures on metal mining
 
Self Help Groups
Self Help GroupsSelf Help Groups
Self Help Groups
 
Inundation
InundationInundation
Inundation
 
Flame safety lamp fsl
Flame safety lamp fslFlame safety lamp fsl
Flame safety lamp fsl
 
highwall mining know - how
highwall mining know - howhighwall mining know - how
highwall mining know - how
 
Illegal mining and its impacts in India presentation
Illegal mining and its impacts in India presentationIllegal mining and its impacts in India presentation
Illegal mining and its impacts in India presentation
 
Taj Mahal: As a case study in Environmental Legislations
Taj Mahal: As a case study in Environmental LegislationsTaj Mahal: As a case study in Environmental Legislations
Taj Mahal: As a case study in Environmental Legislations
 
Traning report on Khetri Copper Mine
Traning report on Khetri Copper MineTraning report on Khetri Copper Mine
Traning report on Khetri Copper Mine
 
Western Coalfield Limited- Industrial Training Report
Western Coalfield Limited- Industrial Training ReportWestern Coalfield Limited- Industrial Training Report
Western Coalfield Limited- Industrial Training Report
 
Mining law
Mining lawMining law
Mining law
 
Presentation on mining plan (1).pptx
Presentation on mining plan (1).pptxPresentation on mining plan (1).pptx
Presentation on mining plan (1).pptx
 

Similar to The impact of illegal mining on the ghanaian youth

International Journal of Business and Social Science Vol. 2
International Journal of Business and Social Science Vol. 2International Journal of Business and Social Science Vol. 2
International Journal of Business and Social Science Vol. 2nurul fadhilla yuzia putri
 
International Journal of Business and Social Science Vol. 2
International Journal of Business and Social Science Vol. 2International Journal of Business and Social Science Vol. 2
International Journal of Business and Social Science Vol. 2nurul fadhilla yuzia putri
 
Alluvial Mining Background
Alluvial Mining BackgroundAlluvial Mining Background
Alluvial Mining BackgroundDr Lendy Spires
 
Operations Manual Sale of Gold Coins
Operations Manual Sale of Gold CoinsOperations Manual Sale of Gold Coins
Operations Manual Sale of Gold Coinspleasure16
 
Implications of illegal mining in Gauteng Province
Implications of illegal mining in Gauteng ProvinceImplications of illegal mining in Gauteng Province
Implications of illegal mining in Gauteng Provinceinventionjournals
 
Ruby sapphire rush near didy madagascar
Ruby sapphire rush near didy madagascarRuby sapphire rush near didy madagascar
Ruby sapphire rush near didy madagascarbuygems
 
Placer Vs Quartz Mining Research Paper
Placer Vs Quartz Mining Research PaperPlacer Vs Quartz Mining Research Paper
Placer Vs Quartz Mining Research PaperAlison Hall
 
Synthesis Essay On Gold
Synthesis Essay On GoldSynthesis Essay On Gold
Synthesis Essay On GoldKatie Gulley
 
Introduction To The Mining Industry
Introduction To The Mining IndustryIntroduction To The Mining Industry
Introduction To The Mining IndustryRebecca Buono
 
The Nigerian gemstones path and value chain
The Nigerian gemstones path and value chainThe Nigerian gemstones path and value chain
The Nigerian gemstones path and value chainAdesoji Adesugba
 
Sub saharan africa globalization proj2013
Sub saharan africa globalization proj2013Sub saharan africa globalization proj2013
Sub saharan africa globalization proj2013Joe Scozzaro
 
Advantages And Disadvantages Of Pyrite
Advantages And Disadvantages Of PyriteAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Pyrite
Advantages And Disadvantages Of PyriteVeronica Garcia
 
Galamsey and the making of a deep state in ghana
Galamsey and the making of a deep state in ghanaGalamsey and the making of a deep state in ghana
Galamsey and the making of a deep state in ghanaAlexander Decker
 
Graphene Structure, Physical Properties, And Fabrication...
Graphene Structure, Physical Properties, And Fabrication...Graphene Structure, Physical Properties, And Fabrication...
Graphene Structure, Physical Properties, And Fabrication...Brooke Lord
 
Artisanal and Small-scale Gold Mining: Local Problems, Global Challenges. Pre...
Artisanal and Small-scale Gold Mining: Local Problems, Global Challenges. Pre...Artisanal and Small-scale Gold Mining: Local Problems, Global Challenges. Pre...
Artisanal and Small-scale Gold Mining: Local Problems, Global Challenges. Pre...Yuyun Ismawati Drwiega
 
Tanzanian Gold Presentation
Tanzanian Gold PresentationTanzanian Gold Presentation
Tanzanian Gold Presentationtherdman
 
Ensuring harmonious relations among investors and communities in an emerging ...
Ensuring harmonious relations among investors and communities in an emerging ...Ensuring harmonious relations among investors and communities in an emerging ...
Ensuring harmonious relations among investors and communities in an emerging ...Alexander Decker
 

Similar to The impact of illegal mining on the ghanaian youth (20)

International Journal of Business and Social Science Vol. 2
International Journal of Business and Social Science Vol. 2International Journal of Business and Social Science Vol. 2
International Journal of Business and Social Science Vol. 2
 
International Journal of Business and Social Science Vol. 2
International Journal of Business and Social Science Vol. 2International Journal of Business and Social Science Vol. 2
International Journal of Business and Social Science Vol. 2
 
Morgan Gold Mining
Morgan Gold MiningMorgan Gold Mining
Morgan Gold Mining
 
Alluvial Mining Background
Alluvial Mining BackgroundAlluvial Mining Background
Alluvial Mining Background
 
10
1010
10
 
Operations Manual Sale of Gold Coins
Operations Manual Sale of Gold CoinsOperations Manual Sale of Gold Coins
Operations Manual Sale of Gold Coins
 
Implications of illegal mining in Gauteng Province
Implications of illegal mining in Gauteng ProvinceImplications of illegal mining in Gauteng Province
Implications of illegal mining in Gauteng Province
 
Ruby sapphire rush near didy madagascar
Ruby sapphire rush near didy madagascarRuby sapphire rush near didy madagascar
Ruby sapphire rush near didy madagascar
 
Placer Vs Quartz Mining Research Paper
Placer Vs Quartz Mining Research PaperPlacer Vs Quartz Mining Research Paper
Placer Vs Quartz Mining Research Paper
 
Synthesis Essay On Gold
Synthesis Essay On GoldSynthesis Essay On Gold
Synthesis Essay On Gold
 
Introduction To The Mining Industry
Introduction To The Mining IndustryIntroduction To The Mining Industry
Introduction To The Mining Industry
 
The Nigerian gemstones path and value chain
The Nigerian gemstones path and value chainThe Nigerian gemstones path and value chain
The Nigerian gemstones path and value chain
 
Sub saharan africa globalization proj2013
Sub saharan africa globalization proj2013Sub saharan africa globalization proj2013
Sub saharan africa globalization proj2013
 
Advantages And Disadvantages Of Pyrite
Advantages And Disadvantages Of PyriteAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Pyrite
Advantages And Disadvantages Of Pyrite
 
Galamsey and the making of a deep state in ghana
Galamsey and the making of a deep state in ghanaGalamsey and the making of a deep state in ghana
Galamsey and the making of a deep state in ghana
 
Graphene Structure, Physical Properties, And Fabrication...
Graphene Structure, Physical Properties, And Fabrication...Graphene Structure, Physical Properties, And Fabrication...
Graphene Structure, Physical Properties, And Fabrication...
 
Artisanal and Small-scale Gold Mining: Local Problems, Global Challenges. Pre...
Artisanal and Small-scale Gold Mining: Local Problems, Global Challenges. Pre...Artisanal and Small-scale Gold Mining: Local Problems, Global Challenges. Pre...
Artisanal and Small-scale Gold Mining: Local Problems, Global Challenges. Pre...
 
Tanzanian Gold Presentation
Tanzanian Gold PresentationTanzanian Gold Presentation
Tanzanian Gold Presentation
 
Nation branding ghana
 Nation branding ghana Nation branding ghana
Nation branding ghana
 
Ensuring harmonious relations among investors and communities in an emerging ...
Ensuring harmonious relations among investors and communities in an emerging ...Ensuring harmonious relations among investors and communities in an emerging ...
Ensuring harmonious relations among investors and communities in an emerging ...
 

More from Alexander Decker

Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
 
A validation of the adverse childhood experiences scale in
A validation of the adverse childhood experiences scale inA validation of the adverse childhood experiences scale in
A validation of the adverse childhood experiences scale inAlexander Decker
 
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websites
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesA usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websites
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
 
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banks
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksA universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banks
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
 
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized d
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dA unique common fixed point theorems in generalized d
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
 
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistance
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceA trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistance
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
 
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifham
A transformational  generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamA transformational  generative approach towards understanding al-istifham
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
 
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibia
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaA time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibia
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
 
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school children
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenA therapy for physical and mental fitness of school children
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
 
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banks
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksA theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banks
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
 
A systematic evaluation of link budget for
A systematic evaluation of link budget forA systematic evaluation of link budget for
A systematic evaluation of link budget forAlexander Decker
 
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjab
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabA synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjab
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
 
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
 
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incremental
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalA survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incremental
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
 
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniques
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesA survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniques
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesAlexander Decker
 
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo db
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo dbA survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo db
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo dbAlexander Decker
 
A survey on challenges to the media cloud
A survey on challenges to the media cloudA survey on challenges to the media cloud
A survey on challenges to the media cloudAlexander Decker
 
A survey of provenance leveraged
A survey of provenance leveragedA survey of provenance leveraged
A survey of provenance leveragedAlexander Decker
 
A survey of private equity investments in kenya
A survey of private equity investments in kenyaA survey of private equity investments in kenya
A survey of private equity investments in kenyaAlexander Decker
 
A study to measures the financial health of
A study to measures the financial health ofA study to measures the financial health of
A study to measures the financial health ofAlexander Decker
 

More from Alexander Decker (20)

Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...
 
A validation of the adverse childhood experiences scale in
A validation of the adverse childhood experiences scale inA validation of the adverse childhood experiences scale in
A validation of the adverse childhood experiences scale in
 
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websites
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesA usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websites
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websites
 
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banks
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksA universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banks
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banks
 
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized d
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dA unique common fixed point theorems in generalized d
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized d
 
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistance
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceA trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistance
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistance
 
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifham
A transformational  generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamA transformational  generative approach towards understanding al-istifham
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifham
 
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibia
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaA time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibia
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibia
 
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school children
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenA therapy for physical and mental fitness of school children
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school children
 
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banks
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksA theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banks
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banks
 
A systematic evaluation of link budget for
A systematic evaluation of link budget forA systematic evaluation of link budget for
A systematic evaluation of link budget for
 
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjab
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabA synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjab
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjab
 
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...
 
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incremental
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalA survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incremental
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incremental
 
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniques
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesA survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniques
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniques
 
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo db
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo dbA survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo db
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo db
 
A survey on challenges to the media cloud
A survey on challenges to the media cloudA survey on challenges to the media cloud
A survey on challenges to the media cloud
 
A survey of provenance leveraged
A survey of provenance leveragedA survey of provenance leveraged
A survey of provenance leveraged
 
A survey of private equity investments in kenya
A survey of private equity investments in kenyaA survey of private equity investments in kenya
A survey of private equity investments in kenya
 
A study to measures the financial health of
A study to measures the financial health ofA study to measures the financial health of
A study to measures the financial health of
 

Recently uploaded

To Create Your Own Wig Online To Create Your Own Wig Online
To Create Your Own Wig Online  To Create Your Own Wig OnlineTo Create Your Own Wig Online  To Create Your Own Wig Online
To Create Your Own Wig Online To Create Your Own Wig Onlinelng ths
 
MoneyBridge Pitch Deck - Investor Presentation
MoneyBridge Pitch Deck - Investor PresentationMoneyBridge Pitch Deck - Investor Presentation
MoneyBridge Pitch Deck - Investor Presentationbaron83
 
Introduction to The overview of GAAP LO 1-5.pptx
Introduction to The overview of GAAP LO 1-5.pptxIntroduction to The overview of GAAP LO 1-5.pptx
Introduction to The overview of GAAP LO 1-5.pptxJemalSeid25
 
Project Brief & Information Architecture Report
Project Brief & Information Architecture ReportProject Brief & Information Architecture Report
Project Brief & Information Architecture Reportamberjiles31
 
NASA CoCEI Scaling Strategy - November 2023
NASA CoCEI Scaling Strategy - November 2023NASA CoCEI Scaling Strategy - November 2023
NASA CoCEI Scaling Strategy - November 2023Steve Rader
 
Chapter_Five_The_Rural_Development_Policies_and_Strategy_of_Ethiopia.pptx
Chapter_Five_The_Rural_Development_Policies_and_Strategy_of_Ethiopia.pptxChapter_Five_The_Rural_Development_Policies_and_Strategy_of_Ethiopia.pptx
Chapter_Five_The_Rural_Development_Policies_and_Strategy_of_Ethiopia.pptxesiyasmengesha
 
Borderless Access - Global Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global Panel book-unlock 2024Borderless Access - Global Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global Panel book-unlock 2024Borderless Access
 
Michael Vidyakin: Introduction to PMO (UA)
Michael Vidyakin: Introduction to PMO (UA)Michael Vidyakin: Introduction to PMO (UA)
Michael Vidyakin: Introduction to PMO (UA)Lviv Startup Club
 
Data skills for Agile Teams- Killing story points
Data skills for Agile Teams- Killing story pointsData skills for Agile Teams- Killing story points
Data skills for Agile Teams- Killing story pointsyasinnathani
 
AMAZON SELLER VIRTUAL ASSISTANT PRODUCT RESEARCH .pdf
AMAZON SELLER VIRTUAL ASSISTANT PRODUCT RESEARCH .pdfAMAZON SELLER VIRTUAL ASSISTANT PRODUCT RESEARCH .pdf
AMAZON SELLER VIRTUAL ASSISTANT PRODUCT RESEARCH .pdfJohnCarloValencia4
 
The End of Business as Usual: Rewire the Way You Work to Succeed in the Consu...
The End of Business as Usual: Rewire the Way You Work to Succeed in the Consu...The End of Business as Usual: Rewire the Way You Work to Succeed in the Consu...
The End of Business as Usual: Rewire the Way You Work to Succeed in the Consu...Brian Solis
 
Anyhr.io | Presentation HR&Recruiting agency
Anyhr.io | Presentation HR&Recruiting agencyAnyhr.io | Presentation HR&Recruiting agency
Anyhr.io | Presentation HR&Recruiting agencyHanna Klim
 
UNLEASHING THE POWER OF PROGRAMMATIC ADVERTISING
UNLEASHING THE POWER OF PROGRAMMATIC ADVERTISINGUNLEASHING THE POWER OF PROGRAMMATIC ADVERTISING
UNLEASHING THE POWER OF PROGRAMMATIC ADVERTISINGlokeshwarmaha
 
Team B Mind Map for Organizational Chg..
Team B Mind Map for Organizational Chg..Team B Mind Map for Organizational Chg..
Team B Mind Map for Organizational Chg..dlewis191
 
IIBA® Melbourne - Navigating Business Analysis - Excellence for Career Growth...
IIBA® Melbourne - Navigating Business Analysis - Excellence for Career Growth...IIBA® Melbourne - Navigating Business Analysis - Excellence for Career Growth...
IIBA® Melbourne - Navigating Business Analysis - Excellence for Career Growth...AustraliaChapterIIBA
 
Amazon ppt.pptx Amazon about the company
Amazon ppt.pptx Amazon about the companyAmazon ppt.pptx Amazon about the company
Amazon ppt.pptx Amazon about the companyfashionfound007
 
Lecture_6.pptx English speaking easyb to
Lecture_6.pptx English speaking easyb toLecture_6.pptx English speaking easyb to
Lecture_6.pptx English speaking easyb toumarfarooquejamali32
 
Ethical stalking by Mark Williams. UpliftLive 2024
Ethical stalking by Mark Williams. UpliftLive 2024Ethical stalking by Mark Williams. UpliftLive 2024
Ethical stalking by Mark Williams. UpliftLive 2024Winbusinessin
 
Intellectual Property Licensing Examples
Intellectual Property Licensing ExamplesIntellectual Property Licensing Examples
Intellectual Property Licensing Examplesamberjiles31
 
Q2 2024 APCO Geopolitical Radar - The Global Operating Environment for Business
Q2 2024 APCO Geopolitical Radar - The Global Operating Environment for BusinessQ2 2024 APCO Geopolitical Radar - The Global Operating Environment for Business
Q2 2024 APCO Geopolitical Radar - The Global Operating Environment for BusinessAPCO
 

Recently uploaded (20)

To Create Your Own Wig Online To Create Your Own Wig Online
To Create Your Own Wig Online  To Create Your Own Wig OnlineTo Create Your Own Wig Online  To Create Your Own Wig Online
To Create Your Own Wig Online To Create Your Own Wig Online
 
MoneyBridge Pitch Deck - Investor Presentation
MoneyBridge Pitch Deck - Investor PresentationMoneyBridge Pitch Deck - Investor Presentation
MoneyBridge Pitch Deck - Investor Presentation
 
Introduction to The overview of GAAP LO 1-5.pptx
Introduction to The overview of GAAP LO 1-5.pptxIntroduction to The overview of GAAP LO 1-5.pptx
Introduction to The overview of GAAP LO 1-5.pptx
 
Project Brief & Information Architecture Report
Project Brief & Information Architecture ReportProject Brief & Information Architecture Report
Project Brief & Information Architecture Report
 
NASA CoCEI Scaling Strategy - November 2023
NASA CoCEI Scaling Strategy - November 2023NASA CoCEI Scaling Strategy - November 2023
NASA CoCEI Scaling Strategy - November 2023
 
Chapter_Five_The_Rural_Development_Policies_and_Strategy_of_Ethiopia.pptx
Chapter_Five_The_Rural_Development_Policies_and_Strategy_of_Ethiopia.pptxChapter_Five_The_Rural_Development_Policies_and_Strategy_of_Ethiopia.pptx
Chapter_Five_The_Rural_Development_Policies_and_Strategy_of_Ethiopia.pptx
 
Borderless Access - Global Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global Panel book-unlock 2024Borderless Access - Global Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global Panel book-unlock 2024
 
Michael Vidyakin: Introduction to PMO (UA)
Michael Vidyakin: Introduction to PMO (UA)Michael Vidyakin: Introduction to PMO (UA)
Michael Vidyakin: Introduction to PMO (UA)
 
Data skills for Agile Teams- Killing story points
Data skills for Agile Teams- Killing story pointsData skills for Agile Teams- Killing story points
Data skills for Agile Teams- Killing story points
 
AMAZON SELLER VIRTUAL ASSISTANT PRODUCT RESEARCH .pdf
AMAZON SELLER VIRTUAL ASSISTANT PRODUCT RESEARCH .pdfAMAZON SELLER VIRTUAL ASSISTANT PRODUCT RESEARCH .pdf
AMAZON SELLER VIRTUAL ASSISTANT PRODUCT RESEARCH .pdf
 
The End of Business as Usual: Rewire the Way You Work to Succeed in the Consu...
The End of Business as Usual: Rewire the Way You Work to Succeed in the Consu...The End of Business as Usual: Rewire the Way You Work to Succeed in the Consu...
The End of Business as Usual: Rewire the Way You Work to Succeed in the Consu...
 
Anyhr.io | Presentation HR&Recruiting agency
Anyhr.io | Presentation HR&Recruiting agencyAnyhr.io | Presentation HR&Recruiting agency
Anyhr.io | Presentation HR&Recruiting agency
 
UNLEASHING THE POWER OF PROGRAMMATIC ADVERTISING
UNLEASHING THE POWER OF PROGRAMMATIC ADVERTISINGUNLEASHING THE POWER OF PROGRAMMATIC ADVERTISING
UNLEASHING THE POWER OF PROGRAMMATIC ADVERTISING
 
Team B Mind Map for Organizational Chg..
Team B Mind Map for Organizational Chg..Team B Mind Map for Organizational Chg..
Team B Mind Map for Organizational Chg..
 
IIBA® Melbourne - Navigating Business Analysis - Excellence for Career Growth...
IIBA® Melbourne - Navigating Business Analysis - Excellence for Career Growth...IIBA® Melbourne - Navigating Business Analysis - Excellence for Career Growth...
IIBA® Melbourne - Navigating Business Analysis - Excellence for Career Growth...
 
Amazon ppt.pptx Amazon about the company
Amazon ppt.pptx Amazon about the companyAmazon ppt.pptx Amazon about the company
Amazon ppt.pptx Amazon about the company
 
Lecture_6.pptx English speaking easyb to
Lecture_6.pptx English speaking easyb toLecture_6.pptx English speaking easyb to
Lecture_6.pptx English speaking easyb to
 
Ethical stalking by Mark Williams. UpliftLive 2024
Ethical stalking by Mark Williams. UpliftLive 2024Ethical stalking by Mark Williams. UpliftLive 2024
Ethical stalking by Mark Williams. UpliftLive 2024
 
Intellectual Property Licensing Examples
Intellectual Property Licensing ExamplesIntellectual Property Licensing Examples
Intellectual Property Licensing Examples
 
Q2 2024 APCO Geopolitical Radar - The Global Operating Environment for Business
Q2 2024 APCO Geopolitical Radar - The Global Operating Environment for BusinessQ2 2024 APCO Geopolitical Radar - The Global Operating Environment for Business
Q2 2024 APCO Geopolitical Radar - The Global Operating Environment for Business
 

The impact of illegal mining on the ghanaian youth

  • 1. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-5766(Paper) ISSN 2225-0484(Online) Vol.2, No.6, 2012 The Impact of Illegal Mining on the Ghanaian Youth: Evidence From Kwaebibirem District In Ghana Edwin Eric Owusu Dr. Gabriel Dwomoh* Institute of Entrepreneurship and Enterprise Development, Kumasi Polytechnic, Kumasi, Ghana Email of corresponding author: gabdwumo@yahoo.com Abstract: The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of illegal mining on the Ghanaian youth, using Kwaebibirem district in Ghana as a case study. The prominent of this activity in the district triggered the researchers to undertake this study to expose some of its effects on the youth in the district which include destruction of farms, pollution of rivers and destruction of educational infrastructures. Using a case study approach, the research work used interviews, observations and documentary sources to obtain data for the study. In addition, the researchers toured some of the mining areas such as Akwatia, Kade, Wenchi, Topremang, Apinamang, Takrowase, Adankrono and Soabe (all towns in the Kwaebibirem District of Ghana), to acquaint themselves with the activities of the miners and how these affect the youth. Finally, the researchers contacted Chief Nursing Officer of Kade Government Hospital and Educational Officers of the statistical division of Kade Education Office to interview and had discussions with them over the attitudes of the youth towards school before and after “their illegal mining activities”. The research through the sources identified above showed that poverty, ignorance and get rich quick attitude of the youth have been identified as the motivational factors for illegal mining activities in the Kwaebibirem District. It also showed that illegal mining activities have negative impact on the youth in relation to high rate of student turnover, increase in teenage pregnancy, disrespect towards the elderly and engaging in undesirable behaviours such as smoking of hard herbs. The study gives it main recommendation as the need for the government of Ghana to put measures to discourage the youth from illegal mining activities if the country wants to reap full benefits from these youth in the future in terms of their potentials. Keywords: Illegal mining, gold, diamond, youth, inhabitants, Ghana 1. Introduction Small scale mining in Ghana generally refers to artisanal mining of precious minerals particularly gold and diamonds. It should be noted that, other industrial minerals like salt, sand, gravel, granite, quartzite, clay, kaolin are also mined on small scale basis in Ghana. Artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) in developing countries is a largely poverty-driven activity. It is a practice that involves rudimentary techniques of mineral extraction, highly manual processes, hazardous working conditions, and frequently negative human and environmental health impacts (Barning, 2002). An estimated 80–100 million people worldwide are currently engaged in this industry and directly or indirectly depend on it for their livelihood (Petra and Kamini, 2007). While ASM has the potential to contribute to poverty reduction, it often perpetuates poverty through high sensitivity to physical hazards, illness, and accidents, and lack of knowledge about more efficient, safer, and environmentally friendly techniques. These factors tend to keep miners trapped in a vicious cycle of poverty and vulnerability (Dawkins, 2005; Kesse, 2006). In Ghana, ASM mostly of diamond and gold has expanded dramatically in recent years. The country is currently Africa’s second largest gold producer after South Africa, with gold exports accounting for more than 40% of total export earnings (Berger, 2008; Airo, 2009). Over the past ten decades, Ghanaian gold production from ASM activities has risen 86
  • 2. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-5766(Paper) ISSN 2225-0484(Online) Vol.2, No.6, 2012 tenfold and doubled since 1998, accounting for an estimated contribution of $461.1 million to the national economy since 1989 (Yakubu., 2000). Researchers have found ample evidence to suggest that small-scale artisanal mining in Ghana started some 2000 years ago. It was the mineral wealth of ancient Ghana which made the ancient empire of th th Ghana in the 7 and 8 century AD. According to them, Portuguese sailors who first visited Ghana in 1470 were bewildered at the amount of gold dust, nuggets, and ornaments found in the country and had to name it the Gold Coast appropriately (Afrenya 2002). The forefathers of Ghana mined gold and diamond on small scale before the white man arrived on the shores of Ghana as noted above. The gold was used as ornaments especially in the Ashanti Kingdom (one of the kingdoms in Ghana), for barter and as a treasure. Diamond and gold mining has been practiced in Ghana since the pre-independence era. In diamondiferous areas like Akwatia, the forefathers of Ghana used diamond to decorate their rooms and headgear. The mining was done along the banks of rivers and streams by digging out gold and diamonds bearing gravels and panning to recover diamonds, gold nuggets and gold dust. It is well known among the Ghanaian public that exportation of precious minerals such as gold, diamond and manganese forms the second highest foreign-exchange earner to Ghana apart from cocoa but it is believed that the way and manner these minerals are being mined in the various communities in Ghana cause more harm than good to the inhabitants especially the youth. Furthermore, it is believed that the illegal mining activities have been affecting standard of education among the youth in the communities and as such reducing enrollment in Ghana schools. (Daily Graphic number 13861 Wednesday 28/6/1995 issue) Looking from these two problems identified above, one is tempted to investigate the impact of illegal mining on the standard of education in Ghana as well as the inhabitants of those in the various communities were this practice tends to be dominant. 2. Local dialect and terms commonly used in illegal mining in Ghana ‘Galamsey’ is the local dialect used to describe the activities of illegal mining in Ghana. Ghanaians started using this term in the western areas of Ghana such as Tarkwa and Awaso. From the statement of an old time miner whom the researchers had discussions with, the term was coined from the statement ‘gather them and sell’. It actually became popular in the mid-seventies when the Ghanaian economy began to deteriorate and people started looking elsewhere to supplement their incomes. This type of mining was the most attractive venture because of perceived quick remuneration. Though not internationally recognized, the following are the most common terms used in illegal mining in Ghana: Ayaa: It is a term used to describe a sandy soil which contains diamond. This type of soil is normally found in the short pit which has a depth below two meters. Baabode: It is a term used to describe overburden soil. It is not obvious that ‘baabode’ contains diamonds but those with diamonds are the loamy type of soil. It is believed that diamonds found in ‘baabode’ are of poor quality compared to the rest of the soil. Laka: It is a term used to describe a clayey soil which contains diamond. This type of soil is normally found in a long pit which can extend to a depth of above four (4) meters. Diamonds found in ‘laka’ are always fine and of best quality among all the types of soil. Carat: It is a unit of measure. One (1) carat = 0.2g. Diamonds are priced in carats and sub-division of the carat. Pound: It is a unit of measure of gold. 40 carats = 1 Pound. Boart: The lowest grade of diamonds normally black and charcoal – like. 87
  • 3. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-5766(Paper) ISSN 2225-0484(Online) Vol.2, No.6, 2012 3. How illegal mining is done in Ghana Since this type of mining is illegal, it normally takes place under cover of darkness (at night) or at a hidden place such as forests, existing farms, river beds, valleys and remote locations. This is a job that needs no education, qualification or experience. It is patronized by all categories of persons who are physically strong; men, women, children, teenagers and even the aged engage in the winning of diamonds. Manual and traditional methods are practiced by the illegal miners. Simple tools or materials like pick-axes, shovels, barrels, head pans, sticks, sacks and nets are used. The miners in groups of three to five dig holes along the banks of rivers and streams, collect diamondiferous gravels (soil) with sacks, pour them into barrels and then use sticks and water to wash away the smooth sand from the stones. Perforated metal containers (normally referred to as ‘Top’) are used for the separation and the sands are collected for further treatment. Jigs (a wooden rectangular tray with net below) are used to pick the diamonds from concentrates in the jig. 4. Methodology The main objective underlying the study is to investigate the impact of illegal mining on the Ghanaian youth using the Kwaebibibrem district of Ghana as a case study. In collecting data for the study, the researchers used mainly observation and interviews although other documentary sources were also used to collect data for the study. With regard to the observations, the researchers visited Akwatia, Kade, Wenchi, Topremang, Apinamang, Takrowase, Adankrono and Soabe (all towns in Ghana where illegal mining is done) to observe how this activity is done in those areas. The choice of these areas was based on the fact that it is noted to be one of the most common areas were the youth engage in illegal mining. Interviews were also conducted with 10 illegal miners each from only two towns among those visited above (Akwatia and Kade) by using convenience sampling. The choice of this type of sampling was based on the willingness of the illegal miners to talk to the researchers since they were afraid that any information released by them will be used to prosecute them in future. The assurances given by the researchers enabled them to get 10 illegal miners each from the two towns to be used for the study. The interviews conducted centered on why they engage in illegal mining and assuming if they had to choose between going to school and engaging in illegal mining; which one of them will make their life better in future. Interview was also conducted with the Chief Nursing Officer of Kade Government Hospital to find out the effect of illegal mining on the female teenagers in the town with emphasis on teenage pregnancy. Secondary data was also collected from the Education Office in Kade in relation to student turnover rate. The data was analyzed and together with the observations and interviews conducted, conclusion was drawn with regard to the impact of illegal mining on the youth in Ghana. 5. Presentation and discussion of findings The study found out that although ‘illegal mining’ started long time ago, those who were involved were mostly adults and it was then believed that the job was meant for Northners (one of the tribes in Ghana) since they were believed to be strong. In view of this, the youth and for that matter school children in Kwaebibirem district at that time were regular and punctual at their respective schools since they did not find it expedient and profitable to engage in that activity. The study through the interviews with the illegal miners found out that that illegal mining got to its peak in 1983 when the Ghanaian returnees from Nigeria arrived in Ghana. Before that time, the youth were regarding education as the only means for survival. As a result of that, both the parents and their wards directed their attention to acquiring quality education with the view of securing better occupation. The parents and guardians encouraged their wards to attend school every day, as they did their best to provide them with their basic needs. Records from Kade Education Office in Ghana (Table 1) shows that the rate of school dropout in two towns ( Kade 88
  • 4. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-5766(Paper) ISSN 2225-0484(Online) Vol.2, No.6, 2012 and Apinamang) is on the high side. For instance in Akwatia (one of the towns in the district), out of a total of 88 students enrolled, only 42 were able to complete. The total percentage of school dropout was 52.27%. In terms of Apinamang which is also one of the towns in the Kwaebibirem district, the percentage dropout was 42.28%. Interviews conducted with 6 illegal miners who were among the dropouts from school gave their main reason as lack of support from family members to finance their education. They believe that with the illegal mining, it gives them all the money they need to start life. Looking at the responses of these illegal miners, the researchers were of the view that the dropout from school of illegal miners is due to the high premium they place on this illegal activity as compared to education. Talking about the attitude of the youth from 1980s up to present where illegal mining has become common among the youth in the districts selected for the study, it was revealed through the observations by the researchers that the youth and for that matter school children attitude towards school changed when they get involved in illegal mining as they begin to get money from diamond and gold prospecting. Some of them through observations have become disrespectful and put up behaviours which go contrary to school regulations. It also came to light that after illegal mining, the youth tend to be truants preferring diamond and gold prospecting to school. For instance, a visit to one of the Junior High Schools in Ghana (Apinamang Junior High School) revealed that not more than two-thirds of the enrolments have attended school even a single day since the beginning of the 2009/10 academic year. Furthermore, it was also gathered that some teachers also involved themselves in illegal mining activities and as such absent themselves frequently from school. In view of this, those children who always come to school and hear about the teachers’ absence tend to play truant since they find no need to come to school while the teachers are not around. Other observations made by the researchers also revealed that educational infrastructures are affected as a result of this illegal mining. As it has been already stated, illegal mining normally takes place at night. In view of this, the illegal miners take the opportunity to do what they like without taking into account whatever is on the land if only they find out that there are deposits of precious minerals. In this vein, school environments are destroyed. For instance, notwithstanding the vast and possibly rich area for prospecting diamonds in Akwatia (one of the towns in the district selected for the study), the people in the town have virtually removed the soil around the Anglican primary school (one of the primary schools in the district) to prospect for diamond. With regard to illegal mining and its effect on the inhabitants, observations revealed that farmlands have been destroyed as illegal miners destroyed them in prospect of gold or diamond. This can be evident from Figure 1 which shows illegal miners busy destroying farmlands for diamonds and gold. Other rivers in the district used for the study such as river Birim and streams in the district shows very high levels of contamination by bacteria which is a major cause of diarrhea disease. Interviews again conducted with the illegal miners revealed that because the work of illegal mining is difficult, they need to take in some drugs which will serve as catalyst or stimulant. Thus, the youth tend to take in drugs like alcohol, marijuana, cocaine and other hard drugs to enable them work hard for longer periods. Eventually, some of them become addicted to the drugs and become social “misfits” thus increasing the rate of school dropouts in the district selected for the study. Immoral activities are also one of the effects of illegal mining among the youth in the district. As they get money from the illegal mining, they use it to influence the female to have sex with them which normally leads to teenage pregnancy. Statistics gathered from Kade Government Hospital which is one of the hospitals in Ghana (Table: 2) shows that teenage pregnancy had increased since the male youth have enough money through the illegal mining to influence the female youth by having sex with them. For instance, out of 1,468 of the number of birth deliveries recorded at Kade Government Hospital, 260 teenagers representing 18% was included in 89
  • 5. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-5766(Paper) ISSN 2225-0484(Online) Vol.2, No.6, 2012 this number. Interviews conducted with the Chief Nursing Officer at the hospital indicated that most of these teenagers who delivered at the hospital had their husbands engaging in these illegal mining activities. This means that the money these illegal miners get from gold and diamond prospecting enable them to have the edge to influence these female teenagers to sleep with them which at the end of the day results in unexpected pregnancy. In choosing between engaging in illegal mining and education; which one of them will make their life better in the future, 14 out of the 20 illegal miners prefer to engage in this type of activity rather than going to school. Though they gave different reasons for their choice of illegal mining over going to school but majority of them focus their reason on the fact that education is a long way of getting rich in the society since it will take them more than 10 years starting from Nursery to University before they can get good wage employment in Ghana. With this, they believe illegal mining offers them the quick money they need which will make their life better in future. Looking from the majority of the respondents who assigned this reason for their choice of illegal mining over education, they are ignoring the fact that illegal mining cannot be done for a very long period of time taking the fact that the work is too physical and as time goes on they cannot engage in this type of activity anymore. Second, external environmental factors like political such as change of government can bring stringent policies that will make illegal mining impossible in the country. From this response, it is therefore necessary for more education to be done on the benefits of choosing school over this kind of illegal activity. 6. Conclusion The study concluded by affirming that the increase in illegal mining activities have brought about retrogression in educational sector in Ghana using Kwaebibirem District as a test case and hardship on majority of the people who are farmers as their farms are destroyed by these illegal miners. The increase in teenage pregnancy, high student turnover rate, high levels of truancy and disrespect among the youth are the most common impact of illegal mining among the youth in Ghana. There is therefore the need for chiefs and people in Ghana to re-examine the activities of miners and institute appropriate measures in order to preserve cultural values and ensure that development now and in the future is geared towards long-standing benefits to the society in general. 7. Recommendations for the study In view of the negative impacts that illegal mining is having on the educational development in particular and general life of the youth in the Kwaebibirem district, the following recommendations have been made to help arrest the situation and restore the balance in the social life of the people: Parents and guardians should constantly be educated on the need to provide the needs of their children and wards to ensure that they are restrained from immediate prospective economic activities which tend to hinder achievement of educational goals. The traditional communities and the District Assemblies in Ghana should as a matter of urgency, institute sanctions against parents who neglect their responsibilities towards their children. Ghana Education Service (GES) should try as much as possible to employ experts in Guidance and Counselling in every school to guide and remind the pupils/students of the long-run effects of truancy and the indulgence in anti-social and immoral activities. 90
  • 6. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-5766(Paper) ISSN 2225-0484(Online) Vol.2, No.6, 2012 Again, the Guidance and Counselling Co-ordinators should organize lectures on career guidance for the youth in schools to explain to them what their fully utilized educational and academic potentials can help them become in future. Programmes must be undertaken in these schools to help students know their areas of excellence and must be guided into what vocation they can enter and the possible prospects available to them since the Ghana Labour Act 2003 prohibits the engagement of minors in mining activities In addition, persons who employ young children (minors) for mining activities should be brought before the traditional authorities. There should be regulative and monitoring measures to ensure sound and environmentally sustainable mining practices. This is because pits dug by illegal miners pose great dangers to the inhabitants. Ghana Consolidated Diamond (GCD) Limited under whose area the concession falls should try as much as possible to rehabilitate mined lands by refilling them with the spent laterite and soil excavated during prospecting before handing them over to the communities. Ghana Education Service should do well to employ security personnel especially night security men to take care of school properties in the mining areas. This will go a long way to prevent illegal mining workers from destroying educational infrastructure. 8. References Afrenya, P. M. (2002). Ghana’s Mineral Resources for small scale mining industries, Association of Geoscientists International Department Workshop. Kenya, 26-28 Airo, J. A. (2010). Financing Small – Scale Mining: Strategies for Small Scale Miners, Association of Geoscientists International Department Workshop. Kenya, 12-18 Barning, K. (2002). The Future of Small-Scale Mining, Association of Geoscientists International Department Workshop, Kenya, 5-9 Berger, A R (2008). The Importance of Small-Scale Mining- A General Overview, Engineering Geology, 59(1), 24-29 Dawkins A P (2005). Assessment, Management and Rehabilitation of Surface Water Losses, Minerals Council of Australia, 24th Annual Environmental Workshop, Queensland, 17-19 Kesse, G O (2006). New Direction in Mineral Development Policies in Ghana, Association of Geoscientists International Department Workshop, Baguada, Nigeria, 3-9 Petra Tschakert A and Kamini Singha B (2007). Marginalization in Ghana’s Artisanal Mining Sector, Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 38(7), 1057-1063 Yakubu B R (2000). Mining: The Environment and Sustainable Development, Ibadan, Education Cita Printing, (Chapter 3) Ghana’s Daily Graphic, Number 13861, Issued: Wednesday 28/6/1995 91
  • 7. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-5766(Paper) ISSN 2225-0484(Online) Vol.2, No.6, 2012 Table 1: Student enrollment and completion rate within Akwatia and Apinamang in 2011 Akwatia Apinamang Enrolled Completed % Enrolled Completed % Drop Dropout School Boys Girls Boys Girls out School Boys Girls Boys Girls Akwatia 17 20 5 14 48.65 Apinamang 24 17 14 9 43.90 Methodist LA Akwatia LA 6 10 5 2 56.25 Apinamang 19 20 14 13 30.77 Presby Akwatia 13 22 10 6 54.29 Apinamang 21 22 14 7 51.16 Amanfrom R/C Total 36 52 20 22 52.27 64 59 42 29 42.28 Source: Kade Education Office Table 2: Teenage pregnancy rate recorded at Kade Government Hospital Year Number of deliveries Teenagers % of teenagers 2003 553 70 13 2004 568 66 12 2005 580 78 13 2006 514 88 17 2007 581 81 14 2008 803 137 17 2009 1,228 157 13 2010 1,270 212 17 2011 1,468 260 18 Source: Kade Government Hospital Figure 1: Miners busy destroying farmlands for diamonds and gold Source: Researchers fieldwork, 2012 92
  • 8. This academic article was published by The International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE). The IISTE is a pioneer in the Open Access Publishing service based in the U.S. and Europe. The aim of the institute is Accelerating Global Knowledge Sharing. More information about the publisher can be found in the IISTE’s homepage: http://www.iiste.org The IISTE is currently hosting more than 30 peer-reviewed academic journals and collaborating with academic institutions around the world. Prospective authors of IISTE journals can find the submission instruction on the following page: http://www.iiste.org/Journals/ The IISTE editorial team promises to the review and publish all the qualified submissions in a fast manner. All the journals articles are available online to the readers all over the world without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. Printed version of the journals is also available upon request of readers and authors. IISTE Knowledge Sharing Partners EBSCO, Index Copernicus, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, JournalTOCS, PKP Open Archives Harvester, Bielefeld Academic Search Engine, Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek EZB, Open J-Gate, OCLC WorldCat, Universe Digtial Library , NewJour, Google Scholar